KINH T E - X A Hdi
TANG TRiniNG NHANH VA PHAT TRIEN BEN VONG VE KINH TECUA HAN QUOC
VOlHIH
Tdm tat: Bdi viet phdn tich hien tuang tdng truang nhanh ciia Hdn Quoc trong mdi tucmg quan vdi phdt triin ben vOng ve mat kinh te. Tren ca sd do dua ra mot so chinh sach diiu chinh md Hdn Quoc da dp dimg de dgt duac tdng truang kinh ti ben vOng.
Tir khda: Hin Qudc, Kinh te, Ting trudng nhanh, Phit trien ben viing, Chinh sich dieu chinh
J
ang trudng nhanh (ting trudng dupc hidu li ting nhanh ve quy md v i tdc dp cua mpt nen kinh td dd dat dupc nhiing tidn bp nhanh nhu GDP, GDP/ngudi...) ludn li myc tieu hing diu cua cic qudc gia, die bi?t li ddi vdi cac nudc khi tien hinh cdng nghidp hda. Tuy nhien, duy tri dupc tdc dp ting trudng cao va dim bio siic khde cho nen kinh te trudc nhiing cu sdc ldm la dieu khdng phii qudc gia nio ciing d?t dupc.Thyc tiln cho thiy mdt sd qudc gia da dat dupc miic ting trudng in tupng qua thdi gian va thidt lip mdt nen ting vdng chac cho s\r phat trien ve sau, song nhieu qudc gia van loay hoay trong lira chpn con dudng phit triSn. Cd the ndi, chinh sich kinh te v i cich mi mdi qudc gia thuc thi nhirng chinh sich dd ddng vai trd cdt ydu ddi vol sy thanh cdng cua qudc gia dd.
•Ping trudng nhanh vd mat kinh td li cin thiet, song lim sao di dat dupc ting trudng ben viing qui thyc la mpt viec lim khd khin ddi vdi nhieu qudc gia. Trong bii vidt tic gii s6 lam rd vin de ndi tren dua vio viec phan tich hien tupng tang trudng nhanh cua Han
ThS, Vien Kmh \€ v\ Chinh tri th€ gidi
Qudc v i nhung chinh sich m i qudc gia niy ip dung de d^t dupc muc tieu tang trudng kinh t i bin viing.
1. Quan he giira tang trirdng nhanh vi phat triin bin vung ve kinh tl
Trong nhiing nam gin diy, vin di phat tridn ben viing d i dupc quan tim nhieu hon khi cic bidn cd bit thudmg xiy ra thudng xuydn hon nhu bien ddi khi hau, suy thoii tii nguyen thien nhidn, bit 6n chinh tri hay chenh Ifch phit triin giira cic vung, mien...
Nguyen nhan cua tinh trang niy li do nhieu qudc gia chi chay theo nhirng lpi ich kinh ti trudc mil, dat muc tidu ting trudng kinh ti nhanh ma khdng chu y ddn nhiing hau qua cua nd ddi vdi xa hpi, mdi trudng hay ddi vdi the he tuang Iai. Viec tim ra cac bi?n phap ddi phd kip thai vdi tinh trang niy nham can bing Ipi ich giOa hai yiu td ting trudng nhanh v i ben vOng trd nen cip thidt hom bao gid het d cip dp qudc gia cung nhu d cip dp khu vuc v i toan cau.
v i mit ly thuydt, lien quan den cac khii niem v i ting trudng kinh t i vi cac md hinh ting trudng kinh ti, da sd cac nhi kinh te hpc diu tap trung phan tich nhttng nhan td CO ban nhu vdn, lao dpng, ngudn lyc v i cdng
12
NGHIEN Cda OdNG B A C A. s 6 8(174) 8-201SNghien cihi khoa hoc
ngh?. Mdt sd nghien ciiu cdn cho ring cic nhan td x i hpi v i thi chi cung ddng vai trd quan trpng ddi vdi qui trinh phit trien kinh te cua mpt qudc gia.
Lien quan den khii niem phat triin ben vihig ve mat kinh td, khai niem niy dupc dit trong mpt khii nidm rdng hem ve phit triin ben viing. Khii niem phit triin bin vOng dupc Uy ban the gidi ve mdi tnrdmg v i phit trien (WCED) dua ra vio nim 1987 khi cho ring: "Phdt trien ben vitng la sic phdt trien dap img nhu cdu hi$n tgi md khong ldm ton hgi den khd ndng dap icng nhu cdu cua cdc the he tuang lai" ''^. 6 gde dp bin vumg ve mJit kinh te, cd the hieu li nen kinh te do phii phit trien cd hidu suat. Phit trien cd hieu suit dat dupc khi dp gia tang cua nd nhiiu hon l i tdng phin tang diu vio, tuc cic phan tang cua cic yeu td sin xuit. Phin nhieu hon do cd dupc do ap dung ngiy cang nhieu cic tien bd khoa hpc, cong nghe, tri thdc quin ly kinh doanh, tu bin vi tii nguydn dung cd hieu suit han v i trinh dp lap dpng ngiy cang cap hom nha diy manh giio due vi dio tao .
Trong mdi quan hp giiia ting trudng nhanh v i phit triin bin vumg v i mat kinh te cho thiy tang trudng nhanh li dieu kien can thiit cho phit triin bin viing. Ting trudng nhanh se lim ting thu nhap, tao dieu kien cho ngudi din cd cudc sdng tdt hom. Ngoii ra, cac chinh phu se cd them nguon thu nhip di dim bao cho cac vin dd an sinh x i hdi, an ninh chinh trj vi giim thiiu cac vin de ve mdi trudng. Tuy nhien, khi ting trudng ' Desta Mebratu, "Sustainability and sustainable development: Historical and concepmal review", Environ Impact Asses Rev. VoIumeI8/1998, p. 501.
^ Tae Hoon Moon, "Sustainable development in Korea, Key issues and government response". International review of public administration.. Volume 11/2006, p. 2.
^ Ng6 Doan vinh (2005), Ban vi phdt triin kinh ti (Nghien cuu con dudng ddn tdi gidu sang), Nxb Chinh trj quoc gia. Hi N§i.
khdng dupc bdn vQng nd sd tic dpng ngupc trd lai vi du nhu khai thic qui mile tii nguyeii de phuc vy cho myc tieu ting trudng kinh te se din den su can ki?t tai nguyen thien nhidn v i day se li nguyen nhan din ddn sy ting gii cua nguydn vat lipu diu vio;
hay nhiing bit dn xa hdi sd tic ddng xiu den cic boat ddng kinh ti.
Mdi quan he giira tang trudng nhanh v i phit triin ben viing thudmg dupc xet trong mdi Uen he giOa ba khia canh kinh ti, xi hdi v i mdi trudng. Tuy nhien khi xet rieng d khia cinh kinh te, ting trudng nhanh v i phit trien ben viing cd mdi quan hp tic dpng qua lai lin nhau. Nhu da di cip d tren, tang trudng nhanh gin lien vdi sy chuyen dich co cau kinh te, sy thay ddi co ciu v i ning suit lao ddng hay tien bd cdng nghp... Chinh nhiing su thay ddi niy, theo chieu hudng tich cyc hay tidu cyc, se tic dpng den tinh ben vOng cua tang trudng trong dii ban. Ngupc lai, sy thjnh vupng vi kinh te se li co sd v i t?o di cho qudc gia do thuc diy ting trudng nhanh hem.
Mdt sd tieu chi hien nay dang duac sd dung de xic djnh mdi quan he gi&a ting trudng kinh te va phit trien ben vimg li cic tieu chi ve ting trudng kinh t i nhu GDP, GDP/ngudi, GNP, GNP/ngudi... Ngoii ra di xem xet tinh hinh tang trudng kinh te ngudi ta cdn dung nhieu tieu chi khic nhu mdc tang trudng xuit - nhip khiu, muc dp np, tham hut ngan sich, ty 1? tiii kipm v i diu tu, dy trO ngoai te, cic chi sd phin inh hipu qui hoat ddng kinh t i nhu ning suit nhin td tdng hpp (TFP). Ngoii ra cdn cd nhdm chi tieu ve thay ddi ca ciu kinh te v i chi tidu phin inh tinh trang phin phdi thu nhip...
* Ngo Do5n vinh (2005), Bdn ve phdt trien idnh te (Nghien cmi con dudng ddn tdi gidu sang), Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia. Hi N$i.
NGHIEN Cdu OONG BAC it. s6 8(174) 8-2015 13
Nghien cihi khoa hgc
2. Mpt s5 van de trong tang trirdng nhanh va phat triln bin vfing ve mat kinh t l ciia Han Qudc
2.1. Mft sd md td vi giai Sogn tang tru&ng nhanh cua Han Quoc
Trudc nhiing nim 1960, Han Qudc chi l i qudc gia kem phit triin, phu thudc chu yeu vio ngudn vien trp tir nudc ngoii. Nam 1954, tdng sin phim trong nudc (GDP) dat 1,5 ty dd la My v i GDP binh quan diu ngudi chi d muc 70 dd la My. Tuy nhien, ttr 1965
den 1979, qudc gia niy d i cd budc phat trien ngoan muc vdi GDP thyc te ting trung binh 9%/nam. Trong hai giai doan tiep theo 1975- 1984 v i 1987-1996, tdc dp ting trudng GDP trung binh vin dupc ghi nh?n d^t mire tren 8%/nam. Tinh din nam 2014, Hin Qudc da trd thinh qudc gia diing thii 13 tren the gidi v i dung thii 3 trong khu vyc Ddng A vdi mdc GDP dat 1.400 ty do la Mj*. Diy dupc coi l i miic tang trudng chua timg thay trong lich su thi gidi'.
Bieu do 1: Toe do tang tnrdng kinh te ciia Han Quoc 12
, 10 8
1 e 4 1 2
0
-2 1 , -4
1 -6 -8
1975-84 1987-96 1997 c ^
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Nguon: World Bank, World Development Indicators. Available at:
http://data. v/orldbank. org/indicator/
M§c du trai qua nhiing bien dpng manh do chiu inh hudng cua hai cudc khung hoing kinh te nim 1997 v i 2008, nen kinh t i nay di nhanh chdng liy lai di tang trudng v i duy tri d mire ben vOng so vdi cic nin kinh te phit trien khic. Tdc dp ting trudng trung bmh h-ong giai doan 2000-2006 l i 5,2% v i giai doan 2007-2013 li 3,5%.
' World Bank. World Development Indicatoi^ 2014.
Mpt trong nhiing chi tieu quan trpng cho phit triin cua mpt qudc gia dd la mdc GDP binh quan diu ngudi, cung tang vdi tdc dp thin ky d Hin Qudc. Nim 1960, GDP bmh quan diu ngudi cua Hin Qudc chi la 1.106,75 do la My, nhung con sd niy (H vuot qua muc 20.000 dd la My vio nim 2014, tucmg duong vdri mure ting xip xi 20 lan trong vdng 50 nim.
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NGHIEN Cdo Btma B^C A. s 6 8(174) 8-2015Nghien cihi khoa hoc
Bieu a i 2: GDP binh quan dau nguiri cua Han Qudc, 1960-2014
Ban vi: do la My
1»«0 1964
NguSn: World Bank World Development Indicator. Available at:
http://data, worldbank. org/indlcator/
Bieu do 3: Chuyin dich co ciu kinh tl d Han Quoc
Dieh ™ '^'aai neilifp
47.3
ConeHElilfP
DUhnl 59.«
iSfti
Nguon: Korea Development Institute (KDI) (2005) vd Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (sd liiu cap nhdt din 25/6/2015).
Cung vdi ting trudng kinh te manh me, CO ciu kinh t i cua Han Qudc cung chuyen djeh ding k i theo hudng phit trien manh khu vyc sin xuit v i djeh vu. Nim 1960, linh vyc ndng ngu nghipp chiem tdi 36,8% tdng GDP, nhung di giim nhanh chdng xudng chi cdn 2,3% nim 2014. Trong khi dd, khu vuc sin xuit cdng nghipp ting tir 15,9% len tdi
38,3% va khu vyc djeh vu ting tir 47,3% tdi 59,49% trong cung khoing thdi g i a n ' ' ' . Chinh nhd sy chuyen ddi co ciu kinh te nhanh chdng theo hudng cdng nghiep hda v i
' Korea Development Institute (KDI) (2005), The Korean Economy: History of Economic Development.
* Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The world factbook, s6 lifu c§p nhat den 25/6/2015. Available at https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the- world-factbook/geos/ks.html.
NGHIEN Cdu OONG B^C (t. s6 8()174) 8-2015 IS
hpi nhip kinh ti qudc t i da giup Han Qudc cd dupc sy ting trudng kinh te ben vUng nhu tren.
Vdi su phit triin thin ky niy, nhiiu nhi kinh ti da tim hiiu nguyen nhan giii thich cho sy ting trudng nhanh va ben viing trong suit hem bin thap ky qua cua Hin Qudc.
Nghien cdu cua Charles v i Mosayeb (2006) di chi ra ring diu tu, vdn con ngudi, khoa hpc cdng nghd vi tuih md cua nen kmh te cd y nghia quan trpng ddi vdi qua trinh tang trudng kinh t i cua Hin Qudc. Thyc te, vai trd cua cic nhin td sin xuit ddi vdi ting trudng kinh t i di dupc nhic nhiiu din trong cic ly thuyit kinh ti. Mdt qudc gia cd ting trudng bin vting hay khdng phu thudc vao vipc qudc gia dd su dyng ngudn luc nhu the nio. Do dd, theo chiiu ngupc Ijii, ting trudng kinh t i se gdp phin vio viec ting cudng hipu qui sil dung hay chit lupng cua cic nguin luc sin xuit. Ddi vdi Hin Qudc, ting cudng diu tu vio vdn con ngudi, khoa hpc cdng nghe cung nhu thuc diy thuong m?i dupc coi li nhiing chinh sich chu chdt gdp phin vao ting tnrdmg nhanh'.
2.2. Cdc yeu to gap phdn vao tang tru&ng nhanh
Ve von con ngudi, ngudn nhan luc chit lupng cao dupc xem li nen ting chu ydu tao nen sy thanh cdng cua Han Qudc. Tvr nhOng nim 1960, chi tieu cho giio due d Hin Qudc da chiem 9-10% tdng ngin sach cua chinh phu. Con sd niy khdng ngimg gia tang d th^p nien 1970 (17%) vi thip nhien 1980
(21-25%)'. Tir 2000 den 2009, ty le chi tidu cho giio due trong GDP ciing di ting dang ki tir 3,5% len tdi 4,7% (OECD, 2012). Viee chu trpng vio giio due da giup Hin Qudc cd duoc ngudn nhan lyc chat Iupng cao. Biiu dd dudi diy cho thiy, ty le lao ddng cd trinh dp dai hpc, cao ding v i sau dai hpc tang tii miic chi tren 5% nim 1980 len tdi tren 30%
nim 2005, trong khi dd ty Ip lao ddng tit nghiep trung hpc phd thdng (THPT) cung dat gin 45%. Diy l i co sd cho phep Han Qudc diy nhanh sy chuyin djeh ca ciu kinh t i theo hudng tri thiic hda va rdt ngin qui trinh cdng nghidp hda, hidn dai hda nen kinh ti.
Ve thuang mgi, cung theo ket qui nghien cdu cua Charles v i Mosayeb (2006) chi ra ring, mpt phin tram gia ting trong tdng xuit khiu s6 din tdi 0,37 phin trim gia ting trong GDP. Theo ket qui niy, thucmg mai rit cd y nghia ddi vdi ting trudng kinh te ciia Hin Qudc. Thuc te, chien lupc phit trien djnh hudng xuit khiu ngay tir nhumg nim 1960 di dua Hin Qudc trd thinh mdt trong nhiing qudc gia thuong mai ldm v i hpi nhip sau vao nen kinh te the gidi. Kim nghich xuat nhip khiu ting len manh md trong hon hai thip ky qua va viec duy tri cin cin thuang mai thing du trong nhiing nim gin day (tir 2004 din nay) da hd trp tich cyc cho ting trudng kinh t i Hin Qudc sau khung hoing nam 1998. Tinh rieng cho nim 2014, kim ngach xuit khiu dat 653.570 ty won, Uong khi nhip khiu la 531.345 tj won'.
' Charles Harvie vi Mosayeb Pahlavani, Sources of economic growth in South Korea: An application of the ARDL analysis in the presence of structural breaks - I9S0 -2005.2006.
' N g o Xuan Binh va Pham QuJ Long (2000), Hdn Quoc tren dudng phdt triin, Nxb Th6ng kfi, HA N^i.
' S6 li§u dui?c tdc gia ldy theo gii co djnh n3m 2005.
16 NGHIEN Cda VtnVi B4C A. S6 8(174) M015
Nghien cihi khoa hoc
Bieu do 4: Ty If lao dpng tdt nghiep THPT va dai hpc, cao ding
I—Til .itl'tp THPT" — P B V C C » l i q
Ngudn: Korea National Statistical Office
Bieu d i 5: Xuat khiu, nhap khau va can can thiromg mai, 1965-2014 Dan vj: trieu won
Nguon: World Bank, World Development Indicators Ve khoa h(?c cong nghe: Cudi nhQng nim 1980, nhin ra tihOng han ehi cua viec tang trudng theo chieu rdng hay ting trudng dya chu yeu vio thim dung vpn va Iao ddng, chinh quyen Hin Qudc bit dau tim kidm nhiing ngudn lyc mdi cho ting trudng. CQng tu dd, diu tu vio khoa hpc v i cdng nghe dupc chu trpng nhieu han.
khoa hpc v i cdng nghe dupc Chinh phu Hin Qudc dit trong chuang trinh nghj sy vdi quan diim dua dit nudc phit triin dua trdn khoa hpc va cdng nghe. K i tu cudi nhiing nim 1980 din 2003, ty trpng diu tu cho R&D trong GDP da ting tir miic 1,8% tdi
2,67% diy l i mdt ty le ngang bing vdi My vi cao hon Phip. Mac du tdc dp gia ting khdng nhiiu, song cimg vdi di ting trudng cua GDP, sy gia tang niy cQng giii thich phin nio cho sy phit triin in tuong cua nin kinh ti giai doan 1987-1996. Tu 2009 din nay, diu tu cho R&D tang nhanh chdn^, giup Han Quoc trd thinh nuoc cd ty le diu tu R&D ttong GDP cao nhit thi gidi, dat hom 4,5% frong nam 2013. Con sd niy chi khoing 3,1% d Nhit Bin va 2,7% d My v i trung binh li 2,3% d cic nudc G E C D ' "
'^ Truy c§p tai: http://www.businessinsidercom/south- koreas-rd-spending-20I4-6.
NGHIEN Cdu OONG BAC A. s6 8()174) 8-2015 17
Nghien cihi khoa hpc
2000 2001 20O2 2C03 Z004 200G .LOO& Z.JD^ 200a 20ua
Ngudn: Morgan Stanley Research, truy cgp tgi: http://www.businessinsider.com/south- koreas-rd-spending-2014-6.
Thdng qua diu tu manh vio khoa hpc cdng nghe, ty trpng nang suit nhin td tdng hpp (TFP) trong viec tang GDP cda Hin Qudc ngay cing tang. Trong kinh te hpc, TFP li chi sd phin anh hidu qui cac ngudn lyc dupc sir dyng vio sin xuit. Ngoii ra, chi sd niy cung phan inh hieu qua do thay ddi cdng nghe, chit lupng lao cpng, co chi quan 1;^, tin dung lpi the so sinh,... Cic nhi kinh te cdn dua ra nhin dinh ring, chi cd tang trudng kinh te nhd vao ting TFP mdi li sy ting trudng cd tinh chit dn djnh vi ben viing. Ddng gdp cua TFP vio tang trudng kinh ti cua Hin Qudc la khi cao so vdi mpt sd nudc frong khu vuc. Ty le TFP frong tang trudng chi d mure 8,3% frong giai doan 1970-1980, da tang len muc 31,5% frong giai doan 1980-1990. Tinh tmng binh giai do?n 1980-2000, TFP chiim tdi 39,96% ting frTrdng kinh ti cua Hin Qudc"-
CIEM (2010), Ndng cao ty trong vd tdc dung cua ndng sudt nhdn to tong hqp.
T6m lai, khi xem xet ting trudng kinh te va cic ngudn Iyc cho ting trudng ciia Han Qudc, chiing ta cd thi thiy ring Hin Qudc da cd nhiing chinh sich thuc diy tang trudng phu hpp va cd ca ciu diu tu vi cac yiu ti tang trudng kinh te khi cin bing v i hieu qui. Tuy nhidn, lieu Hin Qudc cd duy tri dupc tinh bin vumg cua tang trudng kinh te hay khdng cdn phy thupc rit nhieu vao the chi hay kha ning giai quyet nhiing vin di phit sinh do tinh hinh trong nudc va nhiing ddi thay cua bdi cinh kinh te the gidi.
3. Chinh sach dieu chinh ve mat kinh te ciia Han Quoc
Sy thinh cdng v i mat kinh t i ciia Han Qudc phii ke den vai trd khdng nhd cua chinh phu khi dua ra cic quydt sach dung din v i hap ly, tin dyng dupc diiu kien quoc ti v i phit huy dupc cic ngudn luc ben trong.
Trong nhQng nim 1960 v i 1970,-Han Qudc vin la mot frong nhiing nudc ngheo tren thi gidi, phu thupc ldn vio vien frp tir My. Chinh sach kinh t i chu yiu tir thip kj'
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NGHIEN Cda CONG B^C a S6 80174) 8-2015Nghien cihi khoa hoc
trudc l i thay the nhjp khiu, song duac dinh gii li khdng hieu qui do nhOng han chi v i thj trudng, vdn v i nguyen lieu. Tuy nhien, chinh phu luc bay gid da cd nhting diu tu ding ke cho giio due, giup Hin Qudc cd dupc dpi ngu lao dpng cd frinh dp ve sau.
Ding chu y trong thdi ky niy l i chien luac ting trudng v i phit triin 10 nam (1962- 1971) cua Tdng thing Park-Chung-Hee. Die trung chinh cua chiin lupc niy l i hudng ra ben ngoii, lay xuat khiu lim dpng lyc thuc diy tang trudng. Chinh sich ciia chinh phu tip trung vio nhQng mil hing cd lpi the de xuit khiu la cic nginh cong nghiep nhe nhu:
dpi may, ddng tiu. Chinh phu bii bd thui ddi vdi viec nhap khiu cic miy mdc thiet bi v i nguydn lieu cho xuit khiu, giim thue ddi vdi doanh thu xuit khiu. Ben canh dd, chinh phu cung thdng qua cic ngin hang di phin bd nhiing khoan cho vay uu dii tdi cic doanh nghiep v i thuc hien phi gii ddng ndi tp nhim khuyin khich xuit khiu. Ngoii ra, thdi ky nay, chinh phu cung dua ra chien lupc nudi dudng cic nganh cdng nghiep ning v i hda chit nhim tao co sd cho su chuyin djeh ca ciu vi sau. Chinh nhd nhiing chiin lupc niy, Hin Qudc di cd budc chuyin minh ngoan muc, trd thinh nudc nim ttong khdi cac nudc cdng nghipp mdi (NIC) vio nim 1970. Ting trudng kinh t i binh quan giai doan nay l i 8,8%.
TQ nim 1980, Hin Qudc chumg kiin nhiing thay ddi ldn vi chinh sich kinh te. Do sy syt giim ciia nin kinh te diu nhiing nim 1980, chinh quyin mdi da chuyin hudng sy tap trung chinh sich sang viec dn djnh v i tu do hda nin kinh t i (1980-1989), ttong do nhin manh din ty do thuong mai, ty do tii
chinh, md cua thj tnrdmg, thuc diy cic doanh nghiep vua v i nhd, chdng ddc quyin, thuc diy diu tu nudc ngoii, giim uu dai ddi vdi mdt sd nganh cdng nghiep, va chuyin djeh CO ciu hudng tdi su phit triin cua cic nginh cd hing lupng khoa hpc ky thu|t cao.
Nhd su chuyin hudng kip thdi, nin kinh te di dat dupc nhQng thinh cdng dang mo udc tu giQa nhiing nim 1980: l?m phit giam, tinh canh ttanh, ning suit, sin lupng vi diu tu dupc khdi phuc. Ngoai ra, nhd nhumg dieu kien thuin lpi tu ben ngoii nhu gii diu giim, ddng do la My yeu v i ty le lii suit thip trong giai doan 1986-1989, Hin Qudc di dat dupc thoi ky ting trudng cao cho tdi nim 1997.
Cupc khiing hoing tii chinh nim 1997 da khiin nin kinh ti Hin Qudc sut giim siu vdi tdc dp tang trudng li -6,9%. Tuy nhidn, nhd nhQng cii cich mang tinh diiu chinh manh me ttpng khu vuc doanh nghiep vi tii chinh, nin kinh t i di hdi phuc nhanh chdng. Trong khu vuc doanh nghipp, chinh phu di dua ra khudn khd cin thiit di cii thien hosit dpng quin ly cua cic cdng ty nhu ting obdng tinh minh bach, diiu chinh co ciu vdn, xda bd nhumg bio linh np cheo v i lim ro trich nhiem v i nhi^m vu cua ban quin hi. Trong khu -vyc tii chinh, chinh phu thyc hien viec kiim soat ludng vdn tu cic trung gian tii chinh tdi cic cdng ty, ddng cua cic td chirc tii chmh hoat dpng khdng hipu qua, tii cip vdn cho cic ngan hing, ddng thdi thuc hien viec mua bin, sip nhip cic ngin hing.
Ngoai ra, chinh phu cung ip dyng che dp giam sit tii chinh mdi nhim phdng ngua
NGHIEN Cda D 6 N G B^C A. sd 8(174) 8-2015 19
Nghien cihi khoa hpc.
nhiing nii ro trong tucmg lai, khdi phuc long tin ddi vdi he thdng tii chinh'^
Trong nhiing nim gin diy, Hin Qudc tiep tuc thuc hien viec du>' tri tinh dn djnh cua nen kinh te va khu vyc tii chinh. De dim bio tinh ben virng cua ting trudng kinh te, chinh phu tang cudng diu tu vio khoa hpc cdng nghd nhim thuc day nang suit d cic khu vyc cua nen kinh te, nang cao ning suit Iao ddng, tinh canh franh cua thj trudng v i ting cudng tinh linh hoat cua thj trudng lao ddng ddng thdi ting hieu qui boat ddng cua khu vyc doanh nghidp, dim bio sy giim sit tdt hon cic hoat ddng tii chinh v i giim sy can thiep cua Nhi nudc ttong nen kinh ti.
Trong nhiing giii phap tten, viec phit triin ngudn nhin luc dupc Chinh phu Hin Quoc chu trpng va duac coi l i nhin td then chdt cho su thjnh vupng cua nen kinh te frong tuong lai. Ngoai ra, trudc nhOng nii ro vi thieu hut ngudn lyc do Han Qudc l i dit nudc khdng giiu tai nguyen v i nhQng thich thiic ciia bien ddi khi hau, qudc gia nay da dua ra mpt tim nhin mdi vdi dinh hudng phit triin nen kinh te theo md hinh phat triin "nin kmh te xanh" vao nim 2008. Day li mpt chien lupc toin dien nhim ddi phd vdi biin ddi khi hau, xiy dyng nhiing ddng lyc ting trudng mdi vi cii thien chit lupng sdng cua ngudi din, giup Hin Qudc cd thi tiip ndi
"dieu ky dieu tten sdng Hin".
Qua nhung thdi ky phit triin, chung ta cd the thiy ring Hin Qudc di cd nhQng diiu chinh chien lupc phu hpp vdi diiu kien ndi tai vi bdi cinh qudc ti. Chmh phu da nhin
Ph?m Thi Xuan Mai. "Cai each kinh tg ciia H4n Qu5c ttong thjp ky qua". Nghien ciiu Bong Bde A, s6 6 (88) thing 6/2008.
thirc dung din vai ttd cua cic ngudn lyc phit triin va su dung chiing mpt cich cin ddi, hai hda de dim bio muc tieu phit trien bin vOng.
TAl LifiU THAM KHAO 1. CIEM (2010), Ndng cao ty lrgng vd tdc dimg cua ndng sudt nhdn td tdng hgp.
2. Pham Thi Xuan Mai, "Cii each kinh te ctia Hin CJudc trong thip ky qua", Nghien ctiu Bong Bde A, si 6 (88), thing 6/2008.
3. Ngd Xuin Binh va Pham Quy Long (2000), Hdn Quoc tren dutmg phdt triin, Nxb Thdng ke. Ha Npi.
4. Ngd Doan Vinh (2005), Bdn vi phdt triin kinh te (Nghien cieu con dutmg ddn tdi giau sang), Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia. Hi Npi.
5. Central hitelUgence Agency (CIA). The world factbook, sd lieu cip nhat din 25/6/2015.
Available at https://www.cia.gov/libraTy/pub lications/resources/the-world-
factbook/geos/ks.html.
6. Charles Harvie va Mosayeb Pahlavani (2006), Sources of economic growth in South Korea: An application of the ARDL analysis in the presence of structural breaks - 1980 - 2005.
7. Desta Mebratu, "Sustainability and sustainable development: Historical and conceptual review". Environ Impact Asses Rev.
Volumel8/1998.
8. Korea Development Instimte (KDI) (2005), The Korean Economy: History of Economic Development.
9. Tae Hoon Moon, "Sustainable development in Korea, Key issues and government response". International review of public administration. Volume 11/2006.
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NGHIEN Cda OdNG B^C A. s d 8(174) S-2015
