THONG TIN TRAO DOI
KINH T€ TRI THUC TRONG H€ SINH THRI NHRN VRN
1. Khoa hgc sinh thai hgc nhan van [Human Eeo/ogyi
1.1. Hinh thanh khoa hge sinh thai hgc nhan van
Khai niem Sinh thai hgc nhan van hay Sinh thai hgc ngudi [Human Ecology) dugc de cap dau tien d Hoa Ky trong ITnh vuc nghien ciru xa hgi hgc. Trudc dd, khai niem nay cung da dugc cac nha nghien ciru dja ly tu nhien de cap den. De cd mdt cd sd khoa hgc toan dien, R.D. McKenzie (1925) da bien soan mdt chuong sach cd ten la Phuang phap tiep can sinh thai hoe trong nghien edu cdng ddng loai ngudi [The Ecological Approach to the Study of the Human Community), trong cudn sach Dd thi [The City, 1925). do Robert E. Park va Ernest W. Burgess chil bien.
Theo dinh nghTa cua McKenzie (1925), thi sinh thai hgc nhan van la bg mdn khoa hgc nghien ciru cac md'i quan he theo be sau va be rdng ciia loai ngudi, dudi anh hudng ciia cac tac ddng dugc lua chgn, dugc phan bd va tap hgp trong mdi trudng sd'ng. Cdng trinh cd sd dat nen mdng cho khoa hge sinh thai hgc nhan van la ciia Amos H.Havi/ley (1950), lan dau tien cdng bd cudn sach, mang tieu de Sinh thai hoc nhan van - Ly thuyet ve eau triic edng ddng loai ngudi.
Nhu vay, khoa hgc sinh thai nhan van bat dau dugc chii y nghien ciru ti; nhifng nam 20 ciia the ky trudc d Hoa Ky. Va tren cd sd
VU QUANG IVIANH Truong DHSP Ha Noi
dd, chuyen nganh khoa hgc sinh thai hgc nhan van da dugc hinh thanh nhu mgt bd mdn khoa hgc rieng biet, trong nhifng nam giifa cua the kyXX.
1.2. Khai niem sinh thai hge nhan van Tren binh dien khoa hgc xa hgi hgc [Sociology), sinh thai hgc nhan van dugc cac chuyen gia nhin nhan nhu mdt phan nganh cua khoa hgc sinh thai hgc [Ecology). Nd nghien ciru ve loai ngudi tri tue, con ngudi hien dai ngay nay [Homo sapiens sapiens).
Sinh thai hgc nhan van ed the dugc xep nhu mdt phan nganh ciia bd mdn xa hdi hgc mdi trudng [Environmental Soeioiogy), hoac dugc xem nhu bd mdn sinh thai hgc chfnh tri [Political Ecology). Trong khoa hgc sinh thai hgc xa hdi [Social Ecology), sinh thai hgc nhan van la mdt bd mdn lien nganh, nghien ciru cac phUdng thirc ma con ngudi va mdi trudng ciing tuong tac lan nhau, tren ca hai binh dien, tu nhien va xa hdi.
Nhu vay, sinh thai hgc nhan van la khoa hgc lien nganh, nghien ciru ve md'i quan he tudng tac giua con ngudi va cac hinh thai xa hgi ciia loai ngugi, vdi mdi trudng tir nhien, mdi trudng xa hdi va mdi trudng nhan tao khac do con ngudi tao ra. Sinh thai hgc nhan van khao sat xem cac he thdng xa hdi ciia loai ngudi ed lien quan va cd tac ddng tuong hd nhu the nao vdi he thdng cac he sinh thai ma chung phu thudc vao.
THbr^G TIN T K A U D O I
1.3. Ddi tu'dng cua sinh thai hge nhan van
Trong he sinh thai nhan van, quan the hay cdng ddng loai ngudi [Human populations) va quan xa cac chiing tdc loai ngudi [Human communities) dugc khao sat nhu mgt thanh phan sinh hgc va xa hdi, tham gia trong cau true ciia he sinh thai trai dat [Ecosystem of Earth).
Nhu vay con ngudi, mang ca hai ban chat, la tu nhien vaxa hgi.
Sinh thai hgc nhan van cd ddi tugng nghien cifu la loai ngudi hien dai trong xa hdi ciia hg,'xa hdi nhan van. Mdt sd ndi dung chfnh ma sinh thai hgc nhan van nghien ciru bao gdm;
1. Nghien ciru td chire va chire nang cac he sinh thai.
2. Nghien cifu con ngudi nhu mdt thuc the ti; nhien va xa hdi.
3. Nghien ciru cac mdi lien quan tuong hd giifa cae he thd'ng xa hdi ciia loai ngudi vdi cac he sinh thai.
4. Nghien ciru cac the che va qua trinh xa hdi cua loai ngudi gdp phan xay dung hay lam suy giam tfnh ben vifng cua cac he thd'ng tir nhien vaxa hdi.
2. Kinh te tri thu'c (Know/edge - Based Eco-
nomy) trong he sinh thai nhan van
2.1. Hinh thanh nen kinh tetri thdc Trong he sinh thai nhan van [Human Ecosystem) hien dai, do tac ddng manh me cua cdng nghe thdng tin, cdng nghe sinh hgc, cdng nghe nand ciing nhieu thanh tiru khoa hgc cdng nghe khac, cac nen kinh te tu ban phat trien nha't dang dien ra nhifng thay ddi co ban va sau sac, tren cac khia canh co ca'u va phudng thirc hoat ddng chuyen ti; cho dua
chil yeu vao tai nguyen vat chat sang dua nhieu hon vao tai nguyen tri thirc va thdng tin.
Tir nira sau nhifng nam 90 ciia the ky XX, cac nha iy luan de cap nhieu den su xua't hien nen kinh te toan cau hda va dua vao tri thifc. Cung cd nhieu nha ly thuyet ggi ia nen kinh te hau tu ban chii nghTa, hay kinh te hau cdng nghe, la giai doan phat trien mdi ciia chil nghTa tu ban.
Nhu vay, trong thap ky cud'i ciia the ky XX va dau the ky XXI, luc lugng san xua't eua xa hdi loai ngudi chuyen sang mdt budc phat trien mdi, ti; nen kinh te cdng nghiep chuyen sang nen kinh te tri thire.
2.2. Khai niem kinh tetri thdc Khai niem Nen kinh te dua vao th thdc hay Kinh te th thdc, dugc xay dung tren cd sd thira nhan vj tri quan trgng ciia tri thirc va cdng nghe, ddng gdp cho cac nen kinh te phat trien nha't. Karl Marx cung da tirng dir bao, mdt khi lao ddng dudi hinh thai true tie'p khdng cdn la ngudn ciia cai vT dai ntfa, thi thdi gian lao ddng khdng cdn la hinh thai trt/c tie'p, khdng cdn la thudc do gia trj sir dung ntfa. Lao ddng thang du quan chiing cdng nhan khdng cdn la dieu kien de phat then ciia cai phd bien... Luc dd nen san xua't dira tren gia trj trao ddi se bj sup dd.
Theo djnh nghTa ciia td chire cac nudc OECD (2002), thi kinh te tri thUe la nen kinh te ma trong dd su san sinh, truyen ba va sir dung tri thdc tra thanh yeu to quyet dinh nhat ddi vdi su phat then kinh te, nang eao chat luang cude sdng eua eon ngudi, trong xa hoi nhan van. Theo dd, cd sd chinh lam tien de cho mdt xa hgi tri thirc cd the dugc xem xet nhu sau;
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THONG TIN TRAO DPI
1. Trong khd'i cac qudc gia OECD da hinh thanh rd ret khuynh hudng tie'n tdi mdt xa hdi tri thirc.
2. Tren khia canh khai thac lao ddng [Employment Perspective), thi xa hgi tri thirc d cac qud'e gia nay da va dang phat then tri thirc d mire trung binh, nhung dang nang cao va dan trd thanh cac xa hdi quan ly tri thirc [Knovi/ledge-management Societies). Tren cac cd sd gia trj gia tang [Value-added Perspective), xa hgi ngay nay se dugc md ta mdt each chfnh xac hon, nhu mdt xa hdi phat tnen d mire cd ha tang cd sd tri thirc [Knowledge-Infrastruc- ture Societies).
3. Tuy nhien, cac xa hdi tri thirc dang phat trien [Developing Knowledge Society) cd khac biet rd rang trong ca'u true ciia chiing, nghTa la giifa thanh phan d ben trong va ngoai thanh phan tri thirc.
2.3. Dac trdng ed ban eua Idnh te tri thdc
1. Dac trung dau tien va st; khac biet CO ban nha't ciia nen kinh te tri thirc, chfnh la nen kinh te hoat ddng va phat trien dua chii ye'u vao ngudn tri thirc. Ciia cai tao ra ciia nen kinh te tri thirc se nhieu hon, so vdi nen kinh te dua vao tai nguyen thien nhien va sire lao ddng thdng thudng. Do do, nen kinh te tn thirc dugc dac trung trudc het bdi su chuyen djch CO cau kinh te theo hudng gia tang cac nganh kinh te cd gia trj gia tang cao, nhu cac nganh cdng nghiep thdng tin, cdng nghiep cdng nghe cao, cac nganh djch vu dira vao xir ly thdng tin, tai chfnh ngan hang, giao due dao tao, cdng nghe thdng tin hay cdng nghe sinh hoc.
2. Kinh te tri thirc cd tdc do hoat ddng va ddi mdi nhanh, sang tao trd thanh ddng luc tri/c tie'p ciia su phat then. Cai cd gia tri nha't la cai chua biet, cai da biet dugc sir dijng thi mat dan gia tri. Tim ra cai chua biet tife la tao ra cai mdi va cung la cai cu bj thay the. Su phat trien kinh te la do si; khdng ngimg ddi mdi cdng nghe, ddi mdi san pham. San xua't va sang tao ra cdng nghe trd thanh nganh san xua't chu dao.
3. Mang thdng tin trd thanh cd sd ha tang quan trgng nha't cua kinh te va xa hgi. Nhd cd mang thdng tin, tn thirc dugc quang ba rdng rai de'n mgi ngudi, eac hoat ddng san xua't kinh doanh gan chat vdi thj trudng. Mang thdng tin cdn la mdi trudng rat thuan Igi de trao ddi cac y tudng mdi, giiip nang cao nang lire con ngudi, phat trien quan ly, Id'i sdng, giai tri, giao tie'p....
4. Td chire san xua't mang tfnh toan cau va trd nen linh hoat hdn. Nen kinh te tri thifc ra ddi trong dieu kien nen kinh te the gidi toan cau hda, bat cir nganh san xua't, djch vu nao cung deu dua vao ngudn cung irng tir nhieu nudc va dugc tieu thiJ tren toan the gidi.
Vi the ngudi ta thudng ggi nen Kinh te tn thirc la nen kinh te toan cau hda ndi mang. San pham cd xu hudng phi trgng lugng, do chuyen tir san pham che tao sang san pham tri thirc.
2.4. Mpt sd van de eua Idnh te tri thdc
Vdi nen kinh te tri thirc, nhifng van de Idn can dugc ehu trgng la;
1. Tri thirc trd thanh tu lieu san xuat.
2. Van de quan ly tu lieu san xua't tri thirc.
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THONG TIN TRAO DOI
3. Quyen sdhtfu tri tue.
4. Tam quan trgng va vai trd ciia thdng tin cdng nghe cao.
5. Chuyen bien cua xa hdi rat sau sac va mang tfnh toan cau.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO CHINH 1. Buttel, Frederick H. (1986). Sociology and the Environment; The Winding Road toward Human Ecology, Internationai Social Science Journal 38: 337-356.
2. Drucker, P.P., 1994: Knowledge Work and Knowledge Society: The Social Transformations of this Century, Lecture given at the John F.
Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.
3. Fuente, A.D. and Ciccone, A., 2002; Human Capital in a Global and Knowledge-Based Economy. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
4. Godin, B., 2006; The Knowledge-Based Economy: Conceptual Framework or Buzzword?
Journal of Technology Transfer 31(1); 1730.
[CrossRef]
5. Gross, Matthias., 2004; Human Geography and Ecological Sociology: The Unfolding of a Human Ecology, 1890 to 1930 and Beyond, Social Science History 28 (4): 575-605.
6. Havi/ley A. H., 1950; Human Ecology A theory of Community Structure, Ronald Press, New York, xvi + 459 pp.
7. Last, John. M. (1998). Human Ecology and Public Health, McGraw-Hill.
8. Nguyen Xuan Ki'nh. 2009: Con ngudi, Mdi trudng va Van hda, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi, H.1- 356 tr.
9. OECD, 2002: Measuring the Information Economy 2002. Paris; OECD.
10. Vu Quang Manh, 2003; Con ngudi trong su phat then ciia sinh quyen, Hgc vien Chfnh trj Qudc gia Hd Chf Minh; Trung tam Xa hdi hgc, H., 3-58 tr. (Ban in vi tinh).
TIEMG Ar«I VA GIAI^fG B A Y TIEIVG ANH T l / XA
N G U Y £ N T H I MAI
HUONG Truong DHSP Ha No!
mdt dieu trd nen qua quen thudc, thi chiing ta lai thudng khdng chii y tlm hieu ky ve dieu dd.
Trudc day, tieng Anh thudng dugc coi la tai san ciia cac nudc sir dung tieng Anh la ban ngtf nhu Ai-len, Niu-di-lan, Uc, Ca-na- da, Anh, va MT.. Ngay nay, quan niem dd da Trong thdi dai hien nay, viec phan
tich tam quan trgng ciia tie'ng Anh cd ve nhu la mq[ dieu khdng can thiet. Dieu dd da trd thanh hien nhien khi tie'ng Anh da trd thanh mdt ngdn ngif qudc te, hay ngudi ta cdn ggi la Lingua Franca tren the gidi. Tuy vay, khi
