TAP CHI KHOA HOC XA HOl s6 10+11 (242+243) 2018
LIEN KET H 6 I CHI
TRONG BAI VIET CUA SINH VIEN HAN QU6C
NGUYEN THI NGOC HAN'
Trong bai viet cua sinh vien Han Quoe hoc tieng Viet, doi khi ngwai doc bat gap nhwng cau khong the goi la chinh the Van de khong hoan toan nam a loi ngw phap ma la a viec sw dung thieu twang minh cac phwang tien lien kef van ban, eu the ta lien ket hoi ehl Qua khao sat, nhwng loi nhw vay tap trung a ba loai: (1) s£> dung leeh lac ngw doan hoi ehi vai cwang vi la chu ngw cua tieu cu hoac phan de cua cau ke can vai tien van, (2) thieu ving ngw doan hoi ehl vai cwang vi ta dan vi quy chieu ve tien van, (3) dat sai vi tri eua ngw doan hoi ehi. De dieu chinh, viee thay the, bo sung them yeu to hoi ehi, chuyen vj hoi to den dung cho dwac xem la nhij'ng bien phap can thiet.
Tirkhoa: van ban, lien kit, ngu doan hii chi, smh vien Han Quic
Nhan bai ngay: 10/10/2018; dwa vao bien tap: 12/10/2018; phan bien: 14/10/2018;
duyet dang: 25/10/2018
I . D A T V A N D E
N i u xem van ban/diln ngon la mpt chinh the bao gom nhung cau eo m i i lien k i t chat che vol nhau theo mpt mach hoan chinh, ca v i npi dung lan hinh thuc, thi khong t h i khong noi d i n vai tro eua cac phuang thuc lien k i t van ban. "Lien kit, xet tong the, la mot bp (tap hpp) cac he thing ngij phap- t u vung phat trien mot each ehuyen biet thanh mpt nguin lue co the vugt qua cae bien giai cua cau, giup cho cac cau tra thanh mpt chinh the."
{Diep Quang Ban, 2012: 347). De dat dup'c d i i u nay, tue "giup eae eau tra
' Truang Bai hpc Khoa hpc Xa hpi v^ Nhan van, Dai hoc Quoe gia Thanh pho Ho Chi Mmh.
thanh mpt ehinh the", doi vol nguoi v i i t van ban tiing Viet (duoi dang bai v i i t trong lap) ma khong phai la nguai ban ngu, se co nhung ban khoan.
Lam t h i nao 6e c i u true eu phap va c i u true nghTa trong nhOng don vj lien quan nhu ngij doan, cau, doan van co su lien k i t chat che vai nhau? S u dung each d i l n dat nhu t h i nao de tung y i u t i ngon ngu thoa duac yeu cau vua ro rang vua logic d i i vai nguai dpc? Tranh tinh trang v i i t ra (nhung) cau bj xem la ehua t h i hien duoc phep lien k i t van ban, cu the la lien k i t h i i chi, kieu:
(1) Em lam quen vol ban a Viet Nam.
Ban to! rat tot bung.
(2) Ban em va em moi ngay co gang chai bong ro de doat dupe chuc vo
NGUYEN THI NGOC HAN - Ll£N Kc dich d Han Qu6c nhifng chung toi
khong doat difpc.
(3) To! r i t vui vl day la l l n d i u tien da di du ljch nu'O'C ngoai.
(4) Sau khi kSt hon, toi thiy gidng b6 me. Toi cung sieng nang. cung thirc day spm moi ngay.
(5) N i u em co ban Viet thi se giup vp'i nhau.
(6) Sau nay em mudn sing p Jeju. VI thirc an ngpn, ngu'O'i Jeju hiin lanh va Jeju dep.
(7) Dao nay c6 nhOng ngircrl tre bi ton thu'wng hoac t i f sat. NhOng ngu'di tre bi ton thLrcng nhif vay r i t nhiiu.
(8) 0 Jeju khong cd nhiiu trifpng vi c6 ngwdi gia nhiiu hon ngu'O'i tre. Tai vi khi ho ldn len thi qua thanh p h i de lam viec va ngwdl gia qua lai Jeju de song tien lgi.
De tim cau tra IPI cho v i n d i dat ra, viec khao sat quan he lien k i t glifa cac y i u t i ngdn ngif {difPC in dam) trpng tifng cau hoac to hpp cau neu tren la mpt bu'p'c c i n thlit.
2. v e QUAN HE LIEN K^T H 6 1 CHl Nhan djnh v i quan he lien k i t (cohesion) glifa cac cau trong van ban, Cao Xuan Mac (2017: 368-369) viit:
"Cac cau lam thanh mpt tp hpp cau hay doan van co the gom co nhifng so chi chung. Trong tru'dng hpp do so chi cua nhifng danh ngif, vi ngif trong mpt cau, hay cOa ca cau dc (tire la cai sir tinh difPC cau dc biiu thj) co the difPC bleu thj b i n g nhirng y i u t i h i i chi (anaphoric) trong (cac) cau k i theo va b i n g nhifng y i u t i khir chi
(cataphoric) trong (cac) cau di tru-dc".
Tren cp sp nhan djnh vifa neu, co the noi ring cac cau ben tren (1-8) cd diem chung la thieu sir liin lac glifa nhifng y i u t i ngon ngu' trong cau hoac lien cau. Noi each khac, so chi cua nhifng danh ngu' trcng cau chua du'pc "bleu thj b i n g nhifng y i u t i hii chr tu'ong minh, dan den viec pha vp tinh mach lac cua van ban. Su' thiiu lu'p'ng minh dd t h i hien p: 1) viec sir dung lech lac ngir dean h i i chi vpi cu'png vi la chu ngO cua tieu cii hoac phan d i cCia cau k i can vp'i cau/ngir dean dirng tru-dc (tiin van); 2) thiiu v i n g ngu' doan h i i chi vdi cirpng vi la dpn vi quy chieu v i t i i n van; 3) dat sai vj tri CLia ngir doan hSi chi.
Difdi day, chiing tci xin phan tich nguyen nhan ciia nhtrng thiiu sot trong cac cau van tren.
2.1. Sir dung lech lac ngQ' doan hdi chi
Trcng van ban hoac ngon ban, lien k i t du'pc hinh thanh khong chi thong qua cac phifpng tien ngif phap nhu' quy chiiu, tinh lifpc, k i t tir, ma con bang cac phifpng thirc ttr vifng, nhu"
T r i n Ngpc Them (1985) da chi ra:
phep lap, d i i , t h i d i n g nghTa, Hen tirpng, tuyen tinh, t h i dai tir... Nhd d6 tinh mach lac cua van ban se lam nen nhtfng chinh t h i khong chi p cap dp cau ma ccn d lien cau/doan van.
Cu the hpn, Cao Xuan Hao (2017), Diep Quang Ban (2012) da phan djnh:
dai tir (thirdng d ngoi thir ba s6 it hcac s i nhiiu), chi djnh tif (nay, dd, ay, day), hoac cac ngif dpan h i i chi.
TAP U h l KMUA H g u AA HOI SC 1U+11 (242+243) 2018
bao gom danh t u trung tam va djnh t i la cac chi djnh t u . . . la nhi>ng y i u t i hoi chi dugc dung trong van ban nham lien k i t quan he ngu nghTa giua cac t u , cac ngO doan trong npi bp cau hoac to hp'p cae eau. Tuy nhien, khi khao sat quan he Hen k i t giOa hai eau trong truang hgp thu n h i t (cau 1) v i n d i xay ra tuy eung lien quan d i n ngu doan hoi chi nhung tinh hinh co khac. V i phuang dien c i u true cu phap, khong the noi r i n g hai cau trong (1) la nhung don vi sai ngu phap khi xem xet quan he cu phap hoae quan he nghTa giua cac thanh t i trong tung eau rieng le. Xet ve phuang dien lien k i t van ban, ehinh s u eo mat cua ngu dogn dong vai de (b^n toi) trong cau sau lai tra thanh nguyen nhan gay mat mach lac v6'i cau dung lien truac {Em lam quen ban a Viet Nam). Trong cau vi>a neu, d i i vai nguai doe, do nguai v i i t t u xac nhan vai giao t i i p eua minh thap han nen em dugc xem la dai t u thich hgp trong vai 6k eua cau truac. Theo hudng nay, duang nhien theo logic, ngu doan dugc chpn lam 6e cua cau t i i p theo phai giup nguai dpc hinh dung tra lai dung vdi doi tugng duge hudng d i n , ban eua ngudi v i i t {ban em). T h i nhung, tinh hinh ehuyen b i i n khac di khi dmh to {toi) cua trung tam danh ngu {ban) lam sal lech hudng quy chiiu v i t i i n van. T u a n g t u , eau (2), dugc the hien d u d i dang cau phuc c6 k i t t i nhwng, hanh chuc vdi vai tro eua mpt tac t u b i i u thj quan he ngugc logic giua hai menh de. Nhung viec gay l i i
lien k i t khong d c h i k i t t i ma la d dai t u nhan xung ngoi thu nhat s i nhieu {chung toi), dung liin k i sau k i t t i . Trong eau, nhu da noi, viec ngudi v i i t t u ha t h i p ngoi xung ho eua minh (em) khong co gi phai ban.
Tuy nhien vdi Iy do ton trpng nhan vat lien quan (nhu ban, b i , me, gia dinh chang han) ngO doan quy chiiu lai co xu hudng dugc ehuyen thanh dai t u nhan xung ngoi t h u nhat s i nhiiu {ehung toi, nhu trudng hgp cua cau 2); hoac y i u t i phu thupc vao danh t u trung tam lai nhd den su co mat cua dai t u nhan xung ngoi thu n h i t s i it {toi, trudng hgp cua cau 1). V i dieu nay, co t h i de dang tim thiy trong bai v i i t eua mpt s i sinh vien ngudi Han nhung cau tuong t u nhu hai cau (9, 10) dudi day:
(9) Em da di hpe d ba trudng tieu hpc khac nhau. Vi gia dinh chung to!
chuyen nha nhiiu lan.
(10) Sau khi hpc xong, em thudng di choi vdi ban be. Thdi gian do la mpt ky niem khong t h i quen duac. Chung toi da choi, glai tri, an mon an ngon va tap the due d cong vien.
Trd lai vdi eau (2) ben tren, eo hai each d i lam ro quan he lien k i t giOa cac thanh p h i n trong cau. Mot la thay dai tLF h i i chi d i n ngoi nhan xung {ehung em thay vi ehung toi). Hai la vien d i n phep tinh luge, ma cu t h i d day la luge bo chu ngu {chung toi) cua menh de dung sau ket t i biiu thj y tuang phan {nhwng).
Neu xem ttnh luac la mpt thu phap n h i m luge bo ngu doan khong e i n
NGUYEN THI NGOC HAN - Ll£N Ki=
thlit, thay vac dp la ngir dpan hpi chi ring/zerp nap dp thi tinh hieu qua se kha cac trcng viec t i i t kiem, tranh lap lai tif ngif da dting. Ngu'pc lai khi thii phap nay bj van dung nhim, he luy khong phai la khong cd. Cac cau (3, 4, 5) la mpt vl du. Trpng cac cau nay, difpng nhif d i l vdl mpt s i sinh vien Han Quic, s y hien dien cua di {tdi rit vui, cau 3; tdi thay, cau 4; A?eu em cd ban Viet, cau 5) ce le du d l trp thanh y i u t i chi p h i i quan he lien k i t gitfa cac thanh p h i n khac trong cau hoac to hop cau. Cf goc dp khac, xem xet v i n d i trong m i i quan he cu phap glifa trung tam va phu ngif, co the ndi menh de trong phan thuyit (cfa dl du ljch nwdc ngoai, cau 3; gling bi me.
cau 4; se giup nhau. cau 5) difPc x i p vac loai thiiu hoan chinh dp vi tri ring cua trung tam-chu ngtr. Hay ndi khac di, nguyen nhan gay 161 la do viec tinh iLfPc, hoac chifa hieu du'pc vai tro cua dai tif hoi chi. Nhy vay vol ngydi hpc tiing Viet, sy ban khpan se cen dd n i u chya biit khi nap can tinh lypc ngtf dpan, va khi nap viec sif dung phep tinh lypc lai gay anh hypng d i n tinh thing nhit v i mat npi dung ciia ca c i u true. Sp sanh cau (2) vpi cac cau dang ban (3, 4, 5) cd le la mpt hydng tra Idl. Vdl (2), viec tinh lypc y i u t i quy chiiu {chimg em) la tuy chpn. NghTa la, s y cd mat hay v i n g mat cua y i u t i nay khong tac dpng d i n quan he nghTa cung nhy quan he cu phap glifa cac thanh t i trcng cau.
Ngtf dpan dpng vai d i (ban em va em) v i n cc the dam dyang chirc trach lam
trung tam cho p h i n thuyit dirng Hen ke {moi ngiy cd gang chai bdng rd) vi chp ca p h i n thuyet trcng menh de bleu thi k i t qua trai vp'i mong dpi (khdng doat dwac). D i i u nay it nhieu cd Hen quan den s y hien dl?n ciia tac tir danh d i u ranh gldl glifa hai mpnh d i (nhwng). Vdi p h i n d i chiem vj tri p d i u cau phirc cd chira tac tif nay, viec tinh lypc de 6' menh d i sau la cd the.
Trong tiing Viet, khong thiiu nhifng cau k i i u : Nd mua nhiiu giiy nhwng (nd) chi mang dung mgt ddi. P h i biin la vay, nhyng de ap dung thii phap nay cho ba cau tren (3, 4, 5) se kho chip nhan. Vpi cau (3), cau oe chira k i t t i chi nguyen nhan (W), yeu ciu cc trung tam chp p h i n thuyit trong menh di dypc dat ra. Do vay, menh de cd chira y i u t i bac cau trd nen long leo {vi day la lin diu tien da di du ljch nwdc ngoii) khi khdng g i n kit dypc vol p h i n d i d i u cau ((di rit vui).
\lh p h i n cau (4), cau (5) tinh lypc cung khong the ap dung dygc dc bien phap nay gay m i t s y liin mach trong npi bp cau, chp dti dd la cau dpn (cau 4) hay cau phirc cc chifa cap ttf he irng niu... thi... (cau 5). De giai quyet v i n d i , khei phuc quan he Hen kit gitfa cac y i u t i ngcn ngtr trpng hai cau (3, 4), cd the vien d i n chu'ng cir oil phap (syntactic evidence) nhy dai ttf minh. Chang han. Trong tiing Vi?t, dai ttf phan than (minh) ce m i i gin k i t chat che vdi chu ngtf. N i u chu ngif d ngpi nap, s y cd mat cua dai ttr phan than c' vj tri c u i i vj ngif cc chirc trach quy c h i i u vao chinh chii ngCr ay.
TAP C m KHOA n^\^ Art n v i so l u + i i (242+243) 2018
Dieu nay cQng ap dung d y p c cho tryo'ng hpp phuc nguyen lai y i u t i h i i chi vl vo tinh hay c i y da bi tinh lypc.
Theo phypng each nay, hai cau (3, 4) d y p c v i i t 1^1 vpi p h i n them vao dai ttf phan than (minh) hoac dai tir chi ngoi thir n h i t s i It {tdi). ddng vai yeu t i h i i chi.
(11) Toi r i t vui vl day la l i n d i u tien minh/tol da dl du ljch nypc ngoai.
(12) Sau khi k i t hon toi t h i y minh gling bS me. Tdi cung sieng nang, cung thirc day sdm m i i ngay.
Rieng vdi cau con lai, cau (5), viec b i c c i u lien k i t giira d i (niu em cd ban Viet) vdi p h i n thuyit {thi se gliip nhau) d y p c trao cho dai ttf h i i chi ngoi thir nhat s i nhiiu {chung em).
Qua nhtfng phan tich v i nhirng trydng hpp ben tren, d i n day co the di den k i t luan ring "Lien kit, xet cu the, la kieu quan he nghTa gitfa hai y i u t i ngdn ngtf n i m trcng hai cau ma muon hieu nghTa cu the ciia y i u t i nay thi phai tham khao nghTa ciia yeu to kia, va tren cp sd do hai cau (hai menh d i ) chira chiing lien k i t d y p c vpi nhau" (Diep Quang Ban, 2012:
347).
2.2. T h i i u vang hoac dat sai v| tri cua ngO' doan h i i chi
Nhy vay, thcng qua nhifng bleu thirc trong phep Hen k i t h i i chi nhy Hen k i t h i i chi b i n g dai tif nhan xyng, b i n g dai ttf phan than, qua ngif doan h i i chi... cac y i u t i ngon ngtf trcng cau hoac giira cac menh d i dypc g i n vpi nhau mpt each Hen lac. Cdn khi thieu hpac van dung thiiu tydng minh ngtr
doan hpi chi, tinh mach lac, chinh xac v i mat oil phap, ngtf nghTa trong c i u true se gap v i n di. Minh hpa chp d i i u nay la cau (6) ben tren.
Cau (6) lap lai
Sau niy em muon sing a Jeju. Vi thirc an ngon, ngwdi Jeju hiin linh vi Jeju dep.
N i u nhy tif cau (5) trd len, van d i vpl ngydi dec la khcng tim thay sy hien dien ciia dai tir nhan xyng hcac ngij' dpan cd lien quan den dai ttr nhan xyng de quy chieu v i tien van thi trong cau (6), v i n d i cd khac. Mach van dang liin lac thep chO de dypc dat ra: ngyc'i viit trinh bay nguyen vpng cua minh la m u i n sing d mpt npi cc ten gpi dao Jeju; cd ba ly do dypc neu:
thirc an, ngypi dan va phpng canh dja phypng. Tuy nhien khi doc d i n cau thir hai, ngypi doc bj hut hang. Trong ba menh de a cau nay, menh di thir hai {ngwdl Jeju hiin linh) va menh de cuii {Jeju dep) d i u la nhtrng chinh the bac g i m trung tam {ngwdl Jeju, Jeju) dirng lien trydc phu ngir {hiin lanh, dep), cd quan he lien k i t chat vdi nhau ca v i ngtr phap l i n ngtf nghTa.
Rieng menh d i d i u tien, le ra vol s y hien dien cua yeu tp bac c i u (vi), mpt cau triic vdi d i y dii thanh p h i n (trung tam - phy ngir) se lam nen sy k i t n i l giira cau trypc va cau sau, nhyng chi vi sy t h i i u v i n g cua y i u t i hci chi ( d i tranh lap ttf qua nhiiu) v i npi ngypi v i i t m u i n s i n g sau nay, quan he lien k i t vpi t i i n van bi dirt dpan. Nhy tren da npi, quy chiiu dypc hieu la s y quay tra lai y i u t i ngcn ngtr dirng
NGUYEN THI NGQC HAN - L|6N KET HOI CHi 1 KUNlj bfll Vlt I trydc nham hieu re hpn don vj ccn
chya re nghTa tir vyng, hien dang P vj tri ciia dinh ngtf, be ngtr trpng cau hpac d cau Hin sau. Va diiu nay chi hieu lyc khi ngti' dean quy chiiu hien dien trcng cau. Mpt khi ngtr doan dypc quy chiiu da tydng minh nhyng khong tim thay bdng dang ciia ngtf doan m i c de tir dd quy v i dan vj t i i n van, thi tinh mach lac chic han se khdng ven toan. Trypng hap cua cau (6) la vay. Dja diem cu the {Jeju) Sa cd, cac y t i i p thep d i u xpay quanh gidi ngif chi nai c h i n {d Jeju). D i i u dang t i i c lai xay ra do trong cau liin k i vpi cau chu d i khdng cd chuyin t i chi npi chin (d') di kem vdi chi dinh tif {do).
ddng vai djnh to. Hay ndi khac di, gidi ngif hoi chi (d dd) vang mat nen sy mil mo" v i npi c h i n trong cau liin sau hiin nhien xay ra. Dc vay, de tao sy mach lac, tranh lap ttr nhiiu l i n gay nang n i cho cau true, cau (6) cd the dypp v i i t lai nhy sau:
(13) Sau nay em m u i n s i n g d Jeju.
V\ d do thirc an ngpn, ngydi dan hiin lanh va phpng canh lai dep.
Nhy vay qua phan tich trydng hpp cua (6), cd the thay rang cac dai ttr day, iy, do, day, thi, vay cOng dypc diing nhy y i u t i h i i chi hoac dinh t i trcng ngtr doan hdi chi de thay cho gipi ngtr chi npi c h i n , hcac nhtrng cau, nhtfng tieu cu, nhirng vj ngtr trcng cau di trydc (Cao Xuan Hao, da din). Thay t h i nao cho chinh xac la ttiy trinh dp ciia ngypi viit. N i u khdng dung, se lai b i t gap nhirng cau typng t y nhy (14) dypl day.
(14) Em da d i n tham dl tich ljch sir d Han Qudc vdl mpt s i ban be. Day ten la "Dja diem di san Sun Sa".
Trpng tiing Viet, day, dd, iy, day vin la nhirng dai tir tryc chi nhyng khi kit hap vol ti, chiing cd the dyac diing vpi vai trd ciia p h i n d i trong cau. Va m u i n hieu rd nghTa ciia to hop thi phai quy chiiu v i ngtr doan, tieu cu hoac cau dirng trydc. O i lam dypc d i i u nay, trong trydng hap dang ban, each dpn gian nhat la lypc be danh ttf chi ca nhan, ca t h i (ten) dang chen vac giira tp hpp {diy la); thay ttr tryc chi thich hap (day/dd) nham xac dinh nai d y p c quy chiiu v i khcng phai la dja diem hien tai (day). Mpt each khac nira, giif lai danh tir bi cho la cd van de (ten); diing tir tryc chi {iy/dd) nhy met djnh t i han dinh khdng gian ciJa danh tif bleu thi dja d i i m {nai); va dting ngtf doan danh tir nay nhy yiu t i h i i chi v i bo ngtr trong t i i n van {dl tich lich sir d Han Quid). Do vay cau (14) cd the d y p c b i i n dci thanh nhirng cau nhy (15a, 15b) ben dydi.
(15) a. Em da d i n tham di tich ljch sir d' Han Qudc vpl mpt s i ban be.
Diy/dd la "Dia diem di san Sun Sa";
b. Em da d i n tham dl tich lich sir 6' Han Qudc vdi mpt sd ban be. Nai iy/dd ten la "Dja diem di san Sun Sa".
Trong vai nhifng y i u t i dypc diing thay cho nhirng cau, nhirng tiiu cu cdn cd hai dai ttf khao {the, vay). Hal dai ttr nay cd vj tri d d i u cau (hoac dirng sau chuyen t i ) , tai vi tri ciia de - lam d i ; d l i i n sau p h i n d i , tai vi tri ciia thuyit - lam thuyit hoac trong vai
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQI so 10-H1 (242*243) 2018 b i to cua vj tir - lam bo ngtr. N i u m u i n hieu rd s y tinh d y p c quy chiiu, c i n phai quay lai dan v| cd npi dung nghTa cu the han, chang han vdi cau:
Hg ndi chuyin vdi nhau trdng cd ve thin thiet lim. Nhw vay cd IS hg la ban be cu. S y hien dien cua viy/nhw vay la cd muc dich. Tac dung h i i chi cua nhirng y i u t i lpai nay la n h i m giiip ngydi doc hinh dung ra sy tinh bing each xem lai cau Hin trypc. Nhyng v i n d i se khac di khi tieu oil cd ngir doan h i i chi {nhw vgy) bi gian doan vdi trung tam. Khao sat cau (7) se hiiu rd han van de.
Phan biet giira nghTa (sense) va sd chi (referent), Hudson (1991: 125) cho ring nghTa ciia tir la pham trii khai quat nao dd, trong khi sd chi ciia nd la vl dij cu the v i pham trii nay. Do dd nen xem sd chi nhy c i u true tinh than han la thyc the. Xet trydng hpp cy the ciia cau (7), van d i khong nam d tirng ttr hoac tirng ngif doan ma la d SP chi ciia cau. Thydng thi sa chi cua cau tryijc hpac sd chi ciia mpt bp phan cau, nhy p h i n thuyet chang han,
"cd the d y p c bieu thi bang nhirng yeu tc h i i chi trong (cac) cau k i theo"
(Cao Xuan Hao, 2017: 369). Sir dung diing y i u t i h i i chi la mot chuyen, cdn viec dat h i i t i dd d vj tri nao trong cau lai la mpt chuyen ce Hen quan d i n quy t i c t u y i n tinh. Trcng mpt ngir dpan, ngir doan danh tir hoac ngtf doan vi ttr, theo quan diem cua ngtr phap phy thupc (Dependency) vdi khdi dau ttr Tesniere (1959), quan he cu phap giira cac thanh tc trpng cau dyac xem la
quan he theo chiiu ngang (hprizpntal relatlpn). NghTa la neu cac chudi ttr d y p c phan tich nhy la bp phan (parts) cua cai tcan the (whole), chiing cd the d y a c lien k i t vdi nhau b i n g viec quy chiiu v i trung tam. Nel each khac, chiing cting chia se mpt sd chi chung/cting bleu thj mpt sy tinh va sy cc mat ciia trung tam la diiu kien tien quyit, nhyng p h i n han djnh, mieu ta hoac xac djnh pham vl dypc trao cho phu ngir. Trcng vai ciia cai phy thupc, vj tri ciia phy ngtr dyac,mac djnh la dl liin k i sau trung tam. Mdt khi ngir doan d y p c md rpng, ngir phu thudc ban d i u bi tach khdi y i u td chi phii nd;
dypng nhien, p h i n phy dypc them vao sau trp thanh phu ngii' chinh thirc ciia trung tam. Va thanh p h i n phy bi day ra ngoai cd mpt cypng vj mpi, trp thanh phu t i ciia ngir dean di trydc.
D i i u nay cd t h i hinh dung re rang hpn trpng cau (7). Xet quan he cii phap va quan he nghTa ciia tirng cau rieng le, khcng t h i ndi cau dang ban {Nhu'ng ngwdi tre bj tdn thwang nhw vay rit nhiiu) la cd gl dd khdng on.
Cau true cau van bao gom p h i n d i {nhu'ng ngwdi tre bj tin thwang nhw viy) va p h i n thuyit (rat nhiiu). Cac thanh td trong cau van gdp phin lam nen s d chi chung cua ca cau (nhiiu ngwdl tre bj tin thwang). Tuy nhien, neu xem xet v i n de trpng mdi quan he lien k i t vdi cau trydc (Dao nay nhiiu ngwdl tre bj tdn thwang hoac tw sit).
chinh s y lap lai mpt trong hai dinh t i {bj tin thwang), chp gling cau trydc, da gay ra gian dean, tham chi la lam
NGUYEN TH! NGQC HAN - LIEN KET H61 CHi TRONG BAI VIET..
hdng tinh mach lac gitfa hai cau. Nhy tren da phan tich, ngtr doan h i i chi {nhw vay) xuit hien trong cau nhy mpt chirng cir cii phap nham hypng s y lyu y ciia ngypi dpc ve npi dung da dypc trinh bay kha re trpng tien van.
Dp vay, y i u t i ngdn ngir nay du t y each thay chp ngir dpan, tieu ctJ, hcac ca cau di trydc. Vdi cau dang xet, dinh ngtf {bi tdn thwang) bj lap lai tra nen thira, c i n dypc lypc bd, tranh gay anh hydng d i n quan he v i nghTa ttr vyng giira hai cau.
Qua nhtrng phan tich ben tren cd the ndi r i n g , d i i u kien de hai/cac cau lam nen tc hpp pd gan k i t chat la sy liin mach giira cac dan vi lam nhiem vu khai trien d i tai. Cd khi chii d i ciia cau nay ciing chung chii d i vdi cau trypc, cc khi djnh ngir hoac bo ngtr cua cau trypc d y p c the hien d y d i dang ngir doan h i i chi trcng cau sau.
Va t i t ca d i u cd ciing sp chi hpac ndi v i cting mpt sy tinh tuy each t h i hien cd khac nhau. Rieng v i phia ngydi dpc, sy thieu mach lac hcac chya cc sy tydng mmh trpng viec sir dung y i u to hdi chi se gay ra khuynh hydng quay trd lai tien van mdt l i n nira de tim hieu xem y i u t i ngdn ngir trcng vai hdi td trp ai, ngydi gl, viec gl hoac sy tinh nao. Cau (8) la mdt minh hpa.
Cau (8) lap lai
(j Jeju khdng cd nhiiu trwang vi cd ngwdi gia nhiiu han ngwdl tre. Tai vl khi ho Idn len thi qua thanh phd de lam viec va ngwdi gia qua lai Jeju di sing tien lai.
Trpng cau nay, thep each hieu cua ngydi dpc van ban, ngydi viit sir dyng dai tir h i i chi (hg) Se thay cho ngir dean {ngwdi tre) dirng ngay trudc chuyen t i {tai vi). Ly dp la, ngir vj ttf {ldn ten) dl sau dai tir h i i chi va ca p h i n thuyit trong tieu oil lien quan {qua thinh phi di lam viec) dypc hieu la nhifng dan vj mieu ta hoac giai thich v i tinh trang va hoat dpng tyang lai cua nhtfng ngydi tre. Tuy nhien, de thyc hien chirc trach lien k i t cau, dai tir/ngir doan h i i chi nen dypc xem la dong nhit hoac dong nghTa vdl ngif doan danh ttr ma nd thay t h i . Viec chpn ngif doan danh ttr dirng Hin trydc lam d i i t y p n g d y p c quy chieu, trpng khi chya xet d i n quan he ngtr phap gitfa nd vdi danh ngtr khac trpng ngtr dpan vj tir, de d i n d i n tinh trang gay m i t Hen lac trong lien kit cau. Trong ngtr doan vj tir (cd nhiiu ngwdi gia hon ngwdi tre), ca hai danh ngir {ngwdl gia, ngwdl tre) d i u cd kha nang trp thanh dpi typng dypc quy chiiu dp viec sir dung dai tir h i i chi d cau sau khcng rp rang. Dp vay chpn chinh xac y i u td hci chi, chya phai la dieu kien dii. Sap x i p vj tri chp y i u t i nay trpng c i u true sap cho hpp ly cung la viec c i n lyu y, dac biet vdi ngypi nydc ngpai cdn bi anh hydng bpi c i u true tieng me de khi hcc tiing Viet. Mmh hpa chp d i i u nay la nhifng phan tich v i cac cau (3, 4, 5, 6) ben tren. Trp lai vdl cau dang khac sat, d i i u chinh lai vi tri ciia dai tir h i i chi, lap lai ngy dpan danh ttr ddng nghTa vpi y i u t i hoi chi, cd le la mpt each de chtra 161. Khi dc, mpt cau hoan
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HOl so 10+11 (242^243)2018 chinh han v i phuang dien lien k i t co the nhu sau:
(16) O Jeju khSng c6 nhieu trudng vi CO ngudi gi^ nhieu han ngudi tre. Vi khi nhCrng ngu'di tre Idn len, hp qua thanh p h i de lam vi^c va ngudi gia thifdng trd lai Jeju de co cupc s i n g tien lai han.
Thiiu v i n g hoac dat nham vj tri cua ngu doan hoi chi trong eau, d i i vdi ngudi nude ngoai hpc tiing Viet doi khi kho nhan ra, mot khi don vj di^ac xem xet chi ia tung cau rieng le. Quan sat m i i quan he lien k i t vdi nhung dan vj tuang duang, the hien qua quan he nghTa, tinh mach lac, tinh logic trong npi bp cau hoac lien cau, se trd thanh su luu y tat phai co noi ngudi hpe.
3. K^T LUAN
Theo Cao Xuan Hao (2017: 367):
"Mach lac cua mot doan van (doan d i i thoai) le thupc r i t nhiiu vao logic ngon t u cua nhung cau lam nen doan van. Cau true fogic ngon t u phan anh hudng khai trien t u duy trong tung cau, cho nen no phai phCi hgp vdi hudng khai then t u duy trong ca doan van, neu khong phai la trong ea van ban". Khai then thiiu, sai hoac thiiu
tudng minh, ehipc nang h i i chi cua yeu t i ngon ngu khong dugc phat huy, do Id chua noi d i n viec lam sal l?eh hoae gay mat mach lac trong n6i bp eau hoac to hgp cau. Phuang tien lidn k i t hoi chi co nhiiu loai, lien k i t b i n g dai t u , ngu doan, hoac bang chi dinh tu... Lien k i t duge hinh thanh thong qua nhung dai t u h i i ehl, ngu doan hoi chi, vj ngw hoi chi. D i n lugt minh, nhung dan vj nay dam duong chue nang thay t h i cho nhung don vi tuang ung d tien van. Trong trudng hgp cua cac cau (1-8) ben tren, thiiu hoac m i t mach lac trong cau/to hgp cau cung n i m trong pham vi s u dung chua ehinh xac nhung y i u t i h i i chi nhu vua neu. De d i i u chinh, viee thay t h i dai tLF h i i ehi co cung sd chi vdi y i u t i ngon ngu tuang duong trong t i i n van, bo sung them y i u to hoi chi (nhu dai t u nhan xung, dai t u phan than, ngu doan h i i chi), chuyen vj hoi t i d i n dung e h i , sau khi da them vao danh ngu dong vai dan vj dugc quy chiiu, dugc xem la nhung bien phap c i n thiit de bai v i i t cua sinh vien ngudi Han Q u i c ro rang, tudng minh han trong tung don vj cau lan to hgp cau. Q
TAI LIEU TRICH D A N
1. Cao Xuan Hao. 2017. Tieng Viet - Sa thao ngw phap chirc nang (tai ban lan 1). Ha Npi: Nxb. Khoa hoc Xa hpi.
2. Diep Quang Ban. 2012. Giao tiep dien ngdn va ciu tao cua van ban. Ha Npi: Nxb.
Giao due.
3. Hudson, Richard. 1991. English Word Grammar. New York: Basil Blackwell.
4. Trin Ngoc Them. 1985. H$ thdng lien ket van ban. Ha Npi: Nxb. Giao due.
