NQHIEN Ctfu - TRAO
Dao tao nguon nhan liTc dap iJng nhu cau phat trien kinh t e - x a hoi d Viet Nam trone boi canh mdi
* ^ N G U Y I N MINH HA!*
Trong xu thi toan c i u hoa, chat Itffjfng nguon nhSn Irfc (NNL) chinh la tigu chi quan trpng di danh gia trinh dO phat tri^n cua m§i qufiTc gia. NNL co trinh d0 tay nghi cao chinh la mOt ltfi thi cginh tranh cua qud'c gia do trdn thi trrfcfng thi gim. Tuy nhidn, thcfi gian qua, c6ng tac dao tao NNL 5 Vi$t Nam vSn dang b$c Id nhilu h^n ch^. Trong fod'i canh hdi nh$p sdu, cung tac ddng cua CU0C Cach m^ng Cdng nghi$p 4.0, nhitng han chi trdn c i n drftfc khac phuc di nSng cao chd't Irftfng cdng tac dao tao nhSn Irfc, ddp rfng tdt htfn ydu c i u phat triln cua n i n kinh t^.
NHUlMG KET QUA DAT Dl/aC Hien nay, Idi thd ldn nha't cfia Viet Nam la cd Itfe Itfdng lao ddng d l i dao, t^
Id ngtfdi lao ddng ttong dd ludi eao (ddn sd' vdng) va cd cdu lao ddng tte. Theo Ting cue Thdng kd, ndm 2018, Vidt Nam cd khoang 94 ttidu ngtfdi, ttong dd, Itfe ltfdng lao ddng ttf 15 tudi ttd Idn khodng 55,16 tridu ngtfdi. Ty le lao ddng 15 ludi ttd len cd viec lam tfdc 54 tridu ngtfdi, bao gom 20,9 trieu ngtfdi dang ldm vide d khu vtfc nong, lam nghidp va flifiy san (chidm 38,6%); khu vtfc edng nghidp vd xay dtfng 14,4 ttidu ngtfdi (ehidm 26,7%); khu vtfc dieh vu 18,7 tii$u ngtfdi (ehie'm 34,7%).
Trong thdi gian qua, de khdng tut hau xa so vdi tilnh dg chung efia cde ntfde tidn tid'n ttong khu vtfc vd tren thd gidi. Dang va Nhd ntfde da cd cde chinh sdch ddi mdi cdng tdc ddo tao phat triln NNL. Dien hinh nhtf Van kidn Dai hdi dai bilu todn qud'c lan thtf XII efia Dang chi rd: Xdy dtfng chidn ltfdc phat ttiln NNL cho da't ntfdc, eho tihig ngdnh, ttfng ITnh vtfc, vdi nhffng giai phdp dong bd, ttong do t§p trung cho gidi phdp ddo tao, ddo tao Iai NNL ttong nha trtfdng cung
nhtf ttong qua tiinh sdn xuat, kinh doanh, ehfi ttong ndng cao tinh chuyen nghidp va ky nang Ihtfc hdnh.
Phdt ttiln hdp ly, bieu qud eae loai hinh trtfdng ngodi cdng ldp dd'i vdi giao due nghe nghidp vd gido due dai hgc. Ddi vdi ddn vi stf dung lao dpng (bd mdy qudn ly nha ntfdc va doanb nghidp), edn tap trung tao ddng Itfc dd thu hfit nhan tdi theo htfdng quan tdm dfing mtfc tdi ldi ieh kinh Id' va danh dtf ea nhan gan vdi linh than ddn tde; thay ddi tidu ehi, chddd tuyin dung, dai ngp, stf dung ttdn ed sd tang etfdng quyen Itfe ttdn tbtfc Id' cbo lanh dao cde cap; thtfe hidn ddn chfi, cong khai, minh bach ttong tuyen dung, stf dung vd dai ngd nhan Itfc chdt Itfdng cao, xda bo cdc rdo can v l tdn gido, ddn tde trong vide chgn Itfa ngtfdi tai.
Nhd dd, edng tae ddo tao nhan Itfc eao dang, dai hpe d Vidt Nam dat dtfde nhtfng thanh edng nhdl dinh, sd'trtfdng ddo lao ngdy mdt ldng. Ndm 2010, cd ntfdc cd 414 tttfdng dai bge va cao dang, vdi 74.573 gidng vidn thi tdi nam 2015 da tang len tbdnh 445 trtfdng vdi 93.507 gidng vien. Nam 2018, Viet Nam ed 236 trtfdng dai hoc, hpc vien (chtfa k l eae trtfdng thudc khd'i qud'c pbdng an ninh). Trong dd 171 tttfdng cdng ldp, 60 tttfdng ttf tiiuc va ddn ldp, 5 tttfdng co 100%
vd'n ntfdc ngodi. Ty Id sinh vidn cflng thay ddi qua cdc nam. Mdt so'ngdnh nghi thu hfit Itfdng ldn ngtfdi tbeo hpc, nhtf: cd khi, didn, didn ttf, didn lanh, cdng nghd thdng tin...
Vdi ydu edu ve ehat Itfdng va ndng Itfc lao ddng dtfde dao tao ttong giai doan mdi, nhieu trtfdng cao ' TS., Tru'dng Dgi hpc Ngan hang TP. Ho Chi Minh
SQHIEN ccra - TRAO DOI
HiMH 1: THdf HP^^G VE CHi S6 LAO DpNG CO CHUYEN MOM CAO cfiA VlpT NAM VA CAC NCfdC ASEAN
Nguon: WEF. 2018 HiNH 2; THCf HANG v l CHI Sd NNL CfiA VIET NAM
VA cAC NCfdC ASEAN
lo Ptminplnfk -mall.inf Vi#tN,-im Innnnril-i C.-impiirttln Nguon: Trung tam Thong tin - Ti/lieu, CIEM (2018) dang, dai hgc da ed nhtfng ehuyin htfdng nhat dinh trong edng tae ddo tao de tao dtfng vd khang dinh thtfdng hieu cho minh. Mpt so' trtfdng da cd nhttng ddng thdi tich ctfc hdp tde vdi doanh nghidp thu dtfdc kd't qua ban ddu khd quan. Cdng tdc dao lao nhan Itfc da ed nhtfng thay ddi tich ctfc tbeo htfdng tap trung nang cao chd't Itfdng ddo tao gdn kd't vdi nhu edu nhdn Itfe dia phtfdng. Dac biet trong bdi canh cupc Cdnh mang Cdng nghidp 4.0 didn ra manh me, nhilu ca sd gido due ddo tao da chfi ddng triln khai dao lao rapt sd' ngdnh nghi ddp tfng yeu cau thi tttfdng lao ddng ttong bd'i canh mdi. Cdng lac xa hpi hda gido due dao tao da dat dtfde nhttng kdt qua nhdt dinh. Vi thd' cde trtfdng dai hpc d Viet Nam da dtfdc ndng ldn trong bang xd'p hang chau A va the' gidi. Ndm 2018, Viel Nam cd 2 tttfdng Dai hpe Qud'c gia Hd Npi vd Dai hgc Qud'e gia TP. H i Chi Minh ndm trong top 1.000 trtfdng dai hpc danh tie'ng nhdt thd gidi. Ndm hpe 2018-2019, cd ntfdc ed hdn 23,5 ttieu hpc sinh, sinh vien, tang hdn mdt ttidu v l sd' Itfdng so vdi ndm hpe tttfdc.
Chat Itfdng ddo tao dtfdc nang len da giup nang cao chd't Itfdng lao ddng Vidt Nam trong nhflhg ndm qua; lao ddng qua ddo tao da ph^n ndo ddp tfng dtfdc ydu eau cfia doanh nghtdp va thi trtfdng lao ddng.
Ltfe Itfdng lao dpng ky thugt cfia Viet Nam da ldm chfi dtfdc khoa hge - cdng nghd, ddm nhdn dtfde hau bdt cdc vi tti cdng viec phtfc tap ttong san xuat, kinh doanh, md trtfdc ddy pbdi thud chuydn gia ntfdc
ngodi... Ndng sudt lao dgng cfia Vi^t Nam flidi gian qua dd cd stf cdi thidn ddng k l , tang deu qua cdc ndm yd Id qud'c gia cd tdc do tang nang sua't lao ddng cao trong khu vtfc ASEAN. Theo Tdng cue Thdng kd, ndng suat lao dpng loan nen kinh te tinh theo gid hidn hdnh ndm 2018 tfdc tinh dat 102 trieu ding/
lao ddng (ttfdng dtfdng 4.512 USD), tang 346 USD so vdi ndm 2017. Tinh theo gid so sdnb, nang sudt lao dpng ndm 2018 tang 5,93% so vdi ndm 2017, binh qudn giai doan 2016-2018 lang 5,75%/
nam, cao bdn mtfc tang 4,35%/ndm eua giai doan 2011-2015.
CONG TAC DAO JAO NGU^N NHAN LLfc C6N NHIEU HAN CHE
Mae dfi dang cd rd't nhilu ldi the do dang d ttong thdi ky ty Id ddn sd vdng, tuy nbien, NNL efia Vidt Nam bidn nay v5n edn bde Id nhilu han chd, nhtf:
Mot la, liic Itfdng lao dpng efia Viet Nam tuy doi ddo, nhimg chfi ydu Id lay nghi thap. Thtf trtfdng Bd Lao dong - Thtfdng binh vd Xa hgi Doan Man Diep eho biel ttong 6 tbdng dau ndm 2019, t^
Id lao ddng qua ddo tao mdi dat gin 60%
ttong ting sd' hdn 50 tridu ngtfdi ttong do tuli lao ddng. Cac trtfdng, trung ldm ttong hd tbdng gido due nghi nghidp da tuyin sinh dtfdc hdn 1 tridu ngrfdi, dat 48% ke hoaeh; trong dd tnnh dO eao dang, trung cdp tuyen dtfdc khodng 112.000 ngtfdi; trinh do sd cap va cdc chtfdng trinh dao tao nghi nghidp khde ddo tao eho khodng 969.000 ngtfdi, chid'm tdi hdn 90%. Tinh ttang ndy cung phdn dnh btfc ttanh thi trtfdng Iao dOng dang thidu lao ddng ky ndng nghe, ndng sudt thdp (Trung Thdnh, 2019).
Hai la, chi sdlao dgng co chuyin mon cao cua Viet Nam cdn thdp so vdi cdc nUdc ASEAN. Theo bdo cdo vl mtfc dd san sdng cho nin sdn xuat ttong ttfdng Iai nam 2018 efia Diln dan Kinh id The gidi (WEF) eho flidy, Vidt Nam xdp hang d nhdm cudi v l ehi sd lao dpng cfi chuydn mdn cao thtf 81, ttong cdc niidc ASEAN, Vidt Nam xep sau ca Tbdi Lan vd Philippines (Hinh 1). Hidn ti^ng ndy cho t h ^ , ndu gido due Viet Nam khdng thay doi (phtfdng Uitfc, cdng nghd, vdn, ed sd vat chat hidn dai) de ddo tao nhdn Itfc chdt Itfdng cao dai ehuan qudc td, thi NNL cfia chung ta cd kha ndng "fliua"
ngay iren san nhd.
Cung flieo WEF, Viet Nam thude nbdm cdc qud'e gia chtfa sdn sdng cho cuge Cdch mang Cdng nghidp 4.0 va dtfng flitf 70/100 v l nguln nhdn Itfc (Hinh 2).
Ba Id, chat lugng ddo tgo nghe cia Viet Nam vdn cdn rdt thdp. Hinh 3 cho thd'y, flitf hang ve chi sd Chdt Itfdng dao tao nghi cua Viet Nam khd fliap, dtfng flitf 80/100. So vdi cdc ntfde ASEAN, ehfing ta edn thua xa chi sd' nay so vdi ede ntfde, nhtf: Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia hay Philippines... Dilu ndy ddt ra thdeh flitfc ddi vdi hd flidng cde ed sd giao due ddo tao nghi ehd't Itfdng eao ttong bdi cdnh mdi hign nay.
Hien ttang nay la do nhilu nguyen nhdn, ttong dd, ehfi ydu Id do nhflhg han ehd' trong ddo tao nhdn life cfia Vidt Nam, cu t h i Id:
- Chtfdng ttinh dao tao vin edn xa rdi thtfc id, ehtfa sdt vdi thtfc tiln vd ydu cau cua doanh nghidp. Chtfdng trtnh gido due dai hpc vin nang ve IJ thuyd't, t;^ Id ddo tao chuydn mdn va ddo tao cd ban chtfa phfi hdp vdi ede ngdnh nghi ttong ITnh vtfc cdng nghe, ky thudt doi hdi cao v l chuydn mdn.
- Gido due nghe nghidp cdn khd khan vl ttang thid't bi phuc vu ddo tao, gido ttinh ddo tao ehtfa edp nhat theo phdt triln khoa hpc, edng nghd va phdt trien cfia kinh td' - xa hdi, ddi ngu gidng vidn chtfa theo kip ede thay doi cfia chtfdng trinh dao tao vd phdt tridn khoa hpe, cdng nghd, cung nhtf ngdnh sdn xudt edng nghidp
- Thie'u stf phdi hdp gitfa nhd trtfdng vd doanh nghidp ttong ddo tao. Chtfa tbtfc hi$n manh me cdc chtfdng tnnh ddo tgo bo ttd cho cdc doanh nghiep do nhd trtfdng va doanh nghidp cfing xdy diftig;
hoge cdc chtfdng ttinh dao tao ndng eao, ddo lao ky ndng m i m vd cdc ky nang ve an lodn lao ddng, thdi do ldm vide cho sinh vidn, cde chtfdng ttinh ndy giup eho sinh vidn tid'p edn dtfdc vdi ehuydn mdn efia doanh nghidp eung nhtf cde ky ndng, tdc phong edng nghidp khi lam vide lai ede doanh nghidp, dac biet Id doanh nghidp ntfdc ngoai, ehtfa ddo tao cho sinh vien theo htfdng giai quydt van d l vd khd ndng sdng tao.
- Vide tid'p can gido due nghi nghidp cfia ngtfdi hpe ehtfa cdng bang: da sd sinh vidn hpc gido due nghi nghidp bao gIm cdc nganh ky thuat, eong nghe d vfing ndng thdn, vfing ngheo, ndn ehtfa
HiNH 3: THCf HANG v t C H ! SO CHAT HTpNG DAO T ^ O NGHE cfiA VIET NAM VA CAC NtfdC ASEAN
Nguon: WEF, Readiness for Future of Production Report 2018 tid'p can dtfdc cdng nghd, chtfa cd ttinh dd tdt kbi hpe phd thdng. Khi vdo hpe trung edp hoge cao dang thtfdng khd theo kip va din ddn bd hpc, hoac khd de theo hgc tbdnh nhttng cdng nhan, ky thuat vidn hoae ky stf gidi.
- Mdt sd' chinh sdch thfic d^y phdt ttiln giao due nghe nghidp da thtfe hidn, nhtfng chtfa tao dtfde ehuyin bid'n tieh ctfc va dnh htfdng ldn ddn phdt ttien NNL.
CAC GIAI PHAP C A N THlJC HIEN D l nang cao chd't Itfdng ddo tao nhan life ddp tfng ydu cau phdt ttien kinh td - xa hdi, thi Vidt Nam can thtfc hidn radt sd' gidi phdp ed bdn sau:
Tha nhdt, hodn thiin chinh sdch gido d^c vd hogt ddng qudn ly nhd nudc vi ddo tgo. Chinh phu cdn quy dinh rd rang v l ttdeh nhiem va nghia vu cua doanh nghidp trong vide dau ttf ddo tao nhan Itfc, dac bidt la NNL dang ldm vide tai doanh nghidp. Vide dao tao cd t h i do doanh nghidp tttfc tid'p thtfe hidn hoae giao eho ddn vi dao tgo phdi bdp vdi doanb nghiep thtfe hidn.
Bd ehfi qudn can rd sodt cdc dtf dn vd chtfdng tnnh mue tieu qudc gia v l ddo tao nghe d l phu bdp vdi ehidn ltfdc phdt triln kinh td' - xa hdi efia ttfng vung, miln, tdp ttung eae vfing kinh te ttpng dilm; tdp trung dlu ttf cde Knh vtfc dgy nghe theo chidn ltfdc phdt trien efia tfifng vfing, mien; cd chlnh sdeh hd ttd eu t h i eae ngdnh xa hdi dang can, nhtftig gap nhieu khd khdn, do chi phi eao ttong dao tao, ngtfdi hpc khdng mudn tbam gia vi dieu kien lam vide khde nghiet.
Ndng cao ehd't Itfdng cdng tac dtf bdo v l nhu elu nhan ltfe loan qud'e va eae xu htfdng nhdn ltfe trong Itfdng lai, ttf dd ldm cd sd xac dinh ehi tidu hoac can dd'i ngdnh nghi ddo tgo.
Dau ttf hidu qud cho gido due nghe nghiep, tgp ttung cho giao due nghe nghidp, bao gom: dau ttf cd sd vdt chat, ttang fliidt bi, ddi ngu giang vidn, dli mdi quan 1;^ eho nhdm ldnh dao efia ddn vi qudn ly nhd ntfdc vd quan ly ed sd ddo tgo theo htfdng sdng tao vd hpi nhdp, thtfc hien ede chinh sdeh hd ttd cbo ngtfdi hge hieu qua hdn vd minh bgch, cd kiem sodt td't hdn hidn nay.
MQHIEN Cilu - TRAO DOI
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Nhu cau ngudn nhan lyc chat Iti^g cao nam a moi nganh nghe va ITnh vyc
Phdi cd chinh sdeh manh me ve phan luong ttong gido due, dao tao vd cdc chinh sdch vide ldm, thu nhdp phu hdp va edng bdng. Tdng etfdng md'i quan hd gitfa ede ed sd ddo lao vdi cdc doanh ngbiep. Dtfa hgc sinh de'n tham quan, ttai nghidm nghe nghidp tai cde ed sd gido due nghi nghidp hode cdc ed sd sdn xud't.
Thii hai, ndng cao hiiu qud ddo tgo tgi cdc co sd gido due. Chu dpng xde dinh thi trtfdng ddo tao, nhu elu dia phtfdng vd chfi dpng phdi hdp vdi cdc doanb nghidp trong ddo tgo. Xay dtfng ngdnh nghi thd manh, ndng cao chd't Itfdng ddo tgo di khang dinh vdi doanh nghidp v l chat Itfdng NNL cfia ddn vi minb cung cap, khi dd radi ed dtfdc stf h6 ttd hdp tde vdi doanh nghidp.
Mli ed sd ddo tao cin cd chid'n ltfdc ddo tgo d^i ngu gidng vien chfi ttgng ca hai mdng chuyen mdn vd ky ndng lam vide thrfe td' tai doanh nghidp, hdp tde vdi ede doanh nghidp theo phtfdng cham "mang doanb nghidp vao nhd trtfdng" va "mang sinh vien de'n doanh nghidp" d l cung nghidn efiti cdi tien cdng nghd, thfic day phdt ttiln vdi doanh nghidp.
Tha ba, ndng cao trdch nhiim cua doanh nghiip ddi vdi ddo tgo NNL. Doanh ngbiep la ngtfdi stf dung vd htfdng ldi ttf nguon nhdn Itfc, nen doanh nghiep pbdi cd ttdeh nhidm ttong vide ho ttd nhd trtfdng ddo tao.
Doanh nghidp cung can cd ttdeh nhidm vdi dia phtfdng, cgng dong d l thtfc bi^n dfing cdc cam kdt v l lao ddng, vide ldm vd h§ trd, hdp tde chat che vdi cdc cd sd ddo tao.
Tha tu, ndng cao chdt lugng ca sd vgt chdt, trang thiit bf hge tgp. D l ldm dtfdc dilu nay can tang ngan sdch dau lit cbo dao tgo, ddy Id ngudn ltfe ehfi ydu d l dau ttf ndng edp ed sd vdt chat ttang fliid't bi hgc tgp. To chtfc can tan dung td'i da mgi nguon Itfc vd stf dung bi^u qud nguln vdn cfia t l ehtfc. Cdc cd sd dgy nghi can tif bd sung kinh pbi d l cd the ttf mua sam ttang thidt bi. Cin tfiiig btfdc tidn hdnh tiiay thd ttang fltidl bi cu lae hdu bang nhihig thidl bi hidn dai da nang, tfng dung cdng nghd tin hpe ttong giang dgy vd hpc tgp Ihdng qua hd thdng ttang thid't hi phu hdp. Ndng cao ehat Irfdng ed sd vdt ehat, ttang thidt bi hgc ldp sd gdp phin quan ttpng vdo nang cao chat Itfdng, hieu qud cdng tdc ddo tgo vd phdt trien NNL.Q
_ T A L L I E U T H A M K H A O .
1. Tdng cue Thdng kd (2018). Bdo cdo Diiu tra Lao ddng viic ldm quy TV/2018
2. Nguyin Van Dilm, NguySn Nggc Qudn (2010). Gido trinh qudn tri nhdn ltfe. Trucmg Dgi hgc Kinh ti Qud'c ddn Hd Ndi. Nxb Dai hgc Kinb tdQud'c ddn
3. Trung tam Thdng tin - Ttf lidu, CIEM (2018). Chuyin di so 10 - Tdc ddng cua cuge CMCS 4.0 din phdt triin NNL cua Viet Nam
4. Tdng cue Tbdng kd (2011-2019). Niin gidm Thdng ke cde ndm, 1^2010 den 2018, Nxb Thdng ke 5. Trung Thanh (2019). 6 thdng ddu ndm 2019 ty li lao ddng qua ddo tgo mdi dgt 60%. tni\
cap ttf https://lhuongtruong.eom.vn/tin-tuc/ttong-nuoc/6-thang-dau-nam-20l9-ty-le-lao-dong-qua- dao-tao-raoi-dat-60-14540.htinl#.XbeQkehKjIU
6. WEF (2018). Readiness for Future of Production Report 2018
