De xuat mo hinh cac nhan to anh hiTorng den su' cam ket
va hieu qua cong viec cua nhan si/
quan ly cap trung & Viet Nam
NGUYEN CONG TINH*
NGOYEN T H A N H LONG"
Tdm tat
Dua vdo ly thuye't gdc vi Cam ke't doanh nghiep cda Meyer vd Allen (1991) vd ke't qud tdng quan cdc cdng trinh nghien cdu trudc ddy, tdc gid dd di xudt ra md hinh cdc nhdn td tdc ddng de'n sU cam ke't cua nhdn syt qudn ly cdp trung vdi doanh nghiep cd vdn nhd nude sau cd phdn hda d Viet Nam cd the cd y nghia trong bdi cdnh Viet Nam. Dd Id cdc nhdn td: (1) Ldnh dqo truyin cdm hdng; (2) Cdng bang doanh nghiep; (3) Vdn hda doanh nghiep; (4) Cam ke't doanh nghiep.
Tilf khda: cam ke't, phong cdch ldnh dqo, vdn hda doanh nghiep, doanh nghiep cd phdn hda Smnmary
Based on the original theory about Enterprise Commitment by Meyer and Allen (1991) and the overall results of previous studies, the authors proposed a model of factors affecting the commitment of middle-level management personnel with state-owned enterprises after equitization in Vietnam which can be meaningful in the context of Vietnam, including the following factors: (1) Inspirational leaders; (2) Fairness in enterprise; (3) Corporate culture;
(4) Enterprise commitment.
Keywords: commitment, leadership style, corporate culture, equitized enterprises
^
Gl6l THIEU
Trong sudt gan nffa the^ ky qua, cd nhieu nghien cffu dffdc thffc bien bdi cac nha khoa bgc va cac nha quan tri doanh nghiep, nham tim ra cac nhan to' anh hffdng tdi sff gan ket cua nhan vien ddi vdi doanh nghiep. Dac biet, nhffng nam gan day, nd trd thanh mdt dd tai thu hut nhieu sif quan tam (Morrow, 1983;
Mowday va cgng sif, 1982). Cho den nay, nhieu nha ngbien cffu van tiep tuc phat trien ly thuyet ve cam ket doanh nghiep, nhff Esra A. va cgng sif (2013)... Va, trd thanh mdt chu de quan trgng trong cac nghien cdu ve hanh vi trong doanh nghiep va tam Iy hgc trong doanh nghiep.
Xua't phat tff phffdng dien ly thuyet, cung nhff nhffng thffc tidn tai cac doanh
nghiep cd vd'n nha nffdc sau cd phan hda d Viet Nam, tac gia thifc hien ngbien cffu nay nham tim ra cac nhan to phong each lanh dao truyen cam hffng, cdng bang, van hda, cam ke't doanh nghiep anh hffdng ddn hieu qua cua nhan sff quan Iy cap trung tai cac doanh nghiep cd vd'n nha nffdc sau cd phan hda d Viet Nam.
C a s d L Y THUYET Cam k§'t doanh nghiep
Md hinh da chieu ve cam ket doanh nghiep cua Meyer va Allen (1991) la mot md hinh phd bien nha't va cd gia tri sau sac. Meyer va Allen (1991) da phat trien mdt khai niem 3 thanh td ve cam ket doanh nghiep, bao gdm: (i) Cam ket difa tren cam xue (cam ket vi tinh cam) (affective commitment); (ii) Cam ket dffa tren tinh toan (continuance commitment); va (iii) Cam ket dffa tren chuan mffe (normative commitment) hay cdn ggi la cam ket vi gia tri. Meyer va Allen (1991) xem 'ThS., Cong ty Dau ttf Tai chinh Nha ntfdc TP. Ho Chi Minh I Email: [email protected]
"IS., Trffdng Dai hoc Cong nghiep TP. Ho Chi Minh I Email: [email protected]
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 02/12/2018; Ngdy phdn Men: 20/12/2018; Ngdy duyet ddng: 27/12/2018
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xet cam ket doanh nghiep dffdi 2 gdc do: each tiep can thai do va each tiep can hanh vi.
Nghien cffu cua Mowday va cdng sff (1982) cho biet, trong qua trinh tdng quan ly thuyet vd cam ket doanh nghiep, cac nghien cffu cho tha'y, cd sff khac biet giffa cac cam ket vd mat thai do va cam ket ve mat banh vi.
Meyer va Allen (1991), Steers (1977) giai thich rang, trong each tiep can ve thai do, ngffdi ta nhan tha'y cd mdt so dieu kien de hinh thanh nen cam ket.
Theo each tiep can ve mat hanh vi, cac nghien cffu tap trung vao viec xac dinh cac dieu kien ma khi mdt hanh vi dffdc lap di lap lai, nd cung anh hffdng tdi Slf thay ddi ve'thai do (b'Reilly va cdng sff, 1981).
Mowday va cgng sif (1982) md ta rang, cam ket vd mat thai do tap trung vao qua trinh ma mot ca nhan nghT tdi md'i quan he cua hg vdi doanh nghiep. Xet tren nhieu gdc do, nd dffdc xem nhff la suy nghi cua mdt ca nhan khi can nhac tdi mffe do gan ket, ma gia tri va muc dich cua hg gan lien vdi doanh nghiep.
Trong khi dd, cam ket vd mat hanh vi lai lien quan tdi qua trinh, ma mot ca nhan gan bd vdi mot doanh nghiep cung nhff each thffc, ma hg giai quyet van de nay nhff the nao. Dieu cdt Idi an sau cac ngbien cffu nay la tim ra each lam the nao de cai thien each suy nghi ctia nhan vien ve cdng viec. Qua dd, hg se trd nen gan bd hdn vdi doanh nghiep. Nhan thffc tinh cap thiet phai thay ddi la tien de quan trgng cho viec khang dinh cam ket tff ban lanh dao va ddi ngu quan ly cap trung. Doanh nghiep can cd nhieu cdng cu truyen thdng ndi bd khac nhau de khang dinh cam ket nay, giup truyen Iffa va tao sff ddng Idng cho ta't ca nhan vien ben dffdi. Bat ky qua trinh chuyen ddi nao cung can cd thdi gian va ngudn life de thifc thi, chinh sff nha't quan va kien tri trong chi dao la nhan to then chdt quyet dinh thanh cdng.
Steers (1977) xem xet gan ket doanh nghiep la thai do va y dinh hanh vi cua nhan vien. Mowday va cdng Slf (1982) dinh nghia gan ket td chffc nhff la niem tin manh me cua nhan vien vao miic tieu va gia tri cua doanh nghiep. Ddng thdi, mong mud'n ddng gdp dang ke vi ldi Ich cua doanh nghiep va miic dich mud'n trd thanh thanh vien lau dai ciaa doanh nghiep.
Cdng bang doanh nghiep
Theo Greenberg (1987), cdng bang doanh nghiep la sff nhan thffc cua nhan vien ve sif cdng bang tai ndi hg lam viec. Dieu dd cd nghia cdng bang doanh nghiep la each thffc, ma nhan vien dd cam tha'y rang, hg cd dffdc dd'i xff cdng bang trong cdng viec ma hg nhan dffdc hay khdng va dieu do cd anh hffdng den hanh vi cua hg trong doanh nghiep hay khdng? Cdng bang doanh nghiep la nhan thffc cua nhan vien vd cac hanh vi hdp Iy tai ndi lam viec va nd cd the dffdc coi la mot phan cua cdng bang xa hdi.
Khai niem vd cdng bang doanh nghiep cd lien quan den cac nhan to'quan trgng, nhff: cam ket, bieu suat, sff hai long ctia nhan vien (Lipponen va cdng sff, 2004).
Trong nghien cffu cua Etemadi va cdng sff (2015), khai niem cdng bang doanh nghiep dffdc phan ra 4 thanh phan, gdm: (1) Cdng bang phan phd'i:
La Slf cdng bang cua ke't qua ma nhan vien nhan dffdc; (2) Cdng bang thu tuc:
La Sff nhan thffc tff qua tnnh dffdc suf dung de phan phd'i cac phan thffdng trong doanh nghiep; (3) Cdng bang tffdng tac:
La sff cdng bang doanh nghiep dffdc ehuyen giao cho cap dffdi va chiu sff giam sat cua cap tren; (4) Cdng bang he thd'ng cho biet nban thffc cua nhan vien ve tinh cdng bang trong hanh vi cua ddng nghiep, cua ngffdi giam sat va cac quy trinh cua toan bg doanh nghiep, ndi hg lam viec.
Van hoa doanh nghiep
Van hda doanh nghiep dffdc nghien cffu khdi ngudn tff nffdc My, sau dd dffdc Nhat Ban xay dffng va phat trien manh me. Van hda doanh nghiep chinh la tai san vd hinh cua mdi doanh nghiep. Sif hieu bie't ve tam quan trgng cua van hda doanh nghiep la dieu hien nhien khi hau bet cac doanh nghiep cd van hda doanh nghiep dffdc xay dffng tdt deu dat dffdc thanh cdng trong cac linh vffc (Flamholtz va cdng sff, 2007). Co the lay vai vi du dien hinh, nhff: Cdng ty Contiental Airlin, KFC, Ernst va Young cua My; Huyndai Car eua Anh da trd thanh nhffng doanh nghiep dan dau thi trffdng khi thay ddi van hda doanh nghiep thanh cdng va sif thay ddi nay da mang lai nhffng tac ddng tich cffc to Idn de^n ke^t qua cua doanh nghiep. Hay cd the ke den Cdng ty ca phe Starbuck cbi vdi 2 cffa hang ban le tai My trong nhffng ngay dau thanh lap, de^n nay co hdn 2.500 cffa hang tren toan the' gidi chi trai qua vai thap nien. Dd la ket qua vffdt bac ma van hda doanh nghiep mang lai khi cac doanh nghiep nay da nhan tha'y rang van hda doanh nghiep la nban td' thiet nhan mang lai thanh cdng cho doanh nghiep va dffa ra quan diem la "each thffc ma chung tdi dd'i xff vdi nhan vien anh hffdng den each ma nhan vien chung tdi dd'i xff vdi khach hang va thanh cdng cua chung tdi anh hffdng bdi hieu qua lam viec cua nhan vien"
(Flamholtz va cdng sff, 2007).
De kiem tra md'i quan be giffa van hda doanh nghiep va sif cam ke^t vdi lanh dao cua nhan sff cap quan Iy doanh nghiep, cac nghien cffu cua Prajogo va McDermott (2005) da dffa ra 4 loai hinh van bda doanh nghiep: (i) Van bda hdp tac; (ii) Van hda sang tao; (iii) Van hda canh tranh; (iv) Van hda kiem soat). 4 loai hinh nay la cac bie'n dgc lap ddu co
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Kinh te' \ a Dif baoHINH: MO HINH DE XUAT
tac ddng den bien phu thudc la sif cam ket cua lanh dao cap trung.
TONG QUAN NGHIEN CLTU
Morrow va cdng sff (1987); Steers (1977) nghien ctJu ve md'i quan he cua cam ke^t doanh nghiep vdi nhffng nhan td nhan chung hgc, ma ngffdi ta thffdng nhdm nd thanh nhffng nhdm nhan to mang tinh ca nhan, nhff: Tudi tac; Kinh nghiem; Gidi tinh... Ben canh do, cd nhffng nhdm tac gia lai nghien cffu ve mdi quan he cua cam ke't doanh nghiep vdi cac nhan to mang tinh doanh nghiep, nhff: Sff hai long vdi cdng viec; Y dinh rdi bd doanh nghiep (Poon, 2004). Hoac, CO nhffng nhdm tac gia lai nghien cffu vd Slf phii hdp giffa ca nhan va doanh nghiep (Amy, 1996); md'i quan he cua cam ke't doanh nghiep vdi phong each lanh dao (Fiedler, 1967...).
CQng bang each nhdm cac nhan td' tac ddng tdi cam ke't doanh nghiep, nhdm tac gia Mowday va cdng sff (1982), Steers (1977) khang dinh, cam ket doanh nghiep bi tac ddng bdi 3
Nguon: DS xua't cua nhom tac gia
nhdm nhan td': (i) Nhdm nhan to' mang dac diem ve doanh nghiep; (ii) Nhdm nhan to' mang dac diem vd cdng viec; va (iii) Nhdm nhan to mang dac diem vd nhan chung hgc. Hai nhdm nban to' dau ciing dffdc khang dinh trong nghien cffu cua Mowday va cdng sif (1982), Steers (1977).
Siianj va cdng sif (2012) tha'y rang, phong each lanh dao tac dgng den cam kd^t doanh nghiep thdng qua bien trung gian cdng bang doanh nghiep va sif hai long cdng viec. Cam ket cua doanh nghiep thffdng de cap den mffe do trung thanh, sif tham gia va cdng nhan cua nhan vien. Cam ket doanh nghiep cang cao, nhan vien cang cd mdi lien ket chat che hdn vdi tam nhin va niem tin cua doanh nghiep va ngffdc lai xu hffdng rdi doanh nghiep cang tha'p.
Tai Viet Nam, mot so tac gia da nghien cffu ve cam ket doanh nghiep, nhffng chi trong mot pham vi nhd hep cua mot doanh nghiep, nhff: nghien cffu cua Vd Qud'c Hffng va Cao Hao Thi (2010) khi gian riep thdng qua nhffng nban to tac ddng tdi y dinh rdi bd doanh nghiep khd'i nha nffdc; Dd Thiiy Lan Hffdng (2008) nghien cffu anh hffdng cua van hda doanh nghiep den stf cam ket gan bd vdi doanh nghiep cua nhan vien lam viec trong cac doanh nghiep d TP. Ho Chi Minh.
Tuy nhien, chffa cd mdt nghien cffu nao ve cac nhan to phong each lanh dao truyen cam hffng, cdng bang, van hda doanh nghiep anh hffdng den cam ket va hieu qua
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cdng viec cua nhan sff quan ly cap trung trong bd'i canh cd phan hda d Viet Nam.
DE XUAT
Qua viec tdng quan cac cdng trinh nghien cffu, tac gia nhan tha'y, chffa cd nghien cffu nao phan tich tdng the tac dgng cua phong each lanh dao truyen cam hffng, van bda, sff cdng bang doanh nghiep den cam ket va hieu qua cdng viec cua nhan sff quan ly ca'p
trung vdi doanh nghiep. Ddng thdi, tac gia de xua't md hinh md hinh cac nh§n td' tac dgng de'n sif cam ke't va hidu qua cdng viec cua nhan sff quan Iy ca'p trung trong bd'i canh doanh nghiep ed vdn nha nffdc sau cd phan hda d Viet Nam, gdm: (1) Lanh dao truyen cam hffng;
(2) Cdng bang doanh nghiep; (3) Van bda doanh nghiep; (4) Cam ket doanh nghiep (Hinh).d
TATLIEU THAM KHAQ
1. Vd Qud'c Hffng va Cao Hao Thi (2010). Cac yeii to' anh hffdng tdi dff dinh nghi viec cua cong chffc - vien chffc nha nffdc, Tqp chi Phdt trien Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghe, so' QI/2010
2. Dd Thuy Lan Hffdng (2008). Anh hudng cda vdn hda cdng ty de'n sU cam ke't gan bd vdi tdchdc cda nhdn vien Idm viec trong cdc doanh nghiep d TP. Ho ChiMinh, Luan van thac sy, Trffdng Dai hgc Kinh te TP. Hd Chi Minh
3. Dd Phu Tran Tinh va cdng sff (2012). Phan tich cac yeu td anh hffdng tdi cam ket lau dai cua nhan vien tre vdi doanh nghiep, Tqp chi Phdt trien vd Hdi nhap, so' 7/2012
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