KY NANG GIAO TIEP CUA
CANH SAT GIAO THONG DUONG BO
ThS. Nguy§n Thi Quy
Trudng Dgi hgc Cdnh sdt nhdn ddn.
TOM TAT
Bdi viet tap trung phdn tich nhitng ky ndng ca bdn ciia cdnh sat giao thdng trong giao tiip vdi nhitng ngudi tham gia giao thdng vi phgm lugt giao thdng dudng bd. Cdc ky ndng giao tii'p ca bdn cda cdnh sdt nhdn ddn la: Ky ndng tiep xiic ban ddu vdi ddi lucfng tham gia giao thdng; Ky ndng ldng nghe dd'i tugng tham gia giao thdng;
Ky ndng dieu khien cdm xiic; Ky ndng gidi quyet cdc vi phgm giao thdng ciia ngudi tham gia giao thdng. Cdc ky ndng ndy cd mdi lien he chat ehe vdi nhau tgo nen qud trinh gidi quyit cdc vu vi phgm giao thdng cua nhimg ngudi tham gia giao thdng dudng bg.
Ttt khoa: Cdnh sdt giao thdng; Ky ndng giao tii'p; Ngudi tham gia giao thdng vi phgm ludt giao thdng dudng bd.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 16/10/2014; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 25/10/2014.
1. Dat van de
Giao tid'p cd vai trd quan trpng hing diu ddi vdi sy tdn tai va phat triin cia xa hpi, dd'i vdi vide hinh thanh vi phit triin nhin each cia con ngudi. Ddi vdi cin bd ctoh sit giao thdng, giao tid'p li mdt trong nhttng diiu kidn di hoin thinh nhiim vu diiu khiin eic phuong tidn giao thdng trdn dudng. Di boat ddng giao tid'p gitta canh sat giao thdng vi ngudi tham gia giao thdng ed hidu qua td't, giup cac canh sit giao thdng hoin thinh dupe nhidm vu cia minh thi thi cic cto bd canh sat giao thdng phai cd nhttng ky ning giao tid'p nhit djnh.
Cic ky nang nay gittp cho nhung ngttdi tham gia giao thdng hieu dupe nhto cich ngudi edng an nhin dan, hieu dupe nhidm vu cia ngudi canh sit giao thdng ttt dd ed y thttc va thii dd phi hop ddi vdi viec chip htoh cic chuin myc giao thdng, cd thai dd hop tie vdi canh sit giao thdng.
2. Mpt sd ky nang giao tie'p ca ban cua canh sat giao thdng 2.1. Khdi niim
Vi ky nang giao tid'p, cho din nay trong tam ly hpc vin chua cd su thd'ng nhi't, cic nha nghidn cttu cd xu hudng dua ra nhflng khai nidm khic nhau
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dua trdn nhttng muc tidu nghidn cttu cia minh. D.H. James, G.L. James, I.M.
John dua ra quan nidm: Ky nang li ky thuit, trinh dd tmyin dat va tid'p nhin thdng tin nhim thyc hidn qua trinh trayin dat thdng tin. Vdi quan diim nay, cic tic gia da di cao dd'n vi'n di truyin dat thdng tin va xem diy nhu la yd'u td di dinh gii ky nang giao tiep.
William B. Gudykurst va Y. YunKim cho ring, ky nang giao tii'p la kha nang thyc hidn cac hinh vi giao tid'p mpt cich phu hpp va cd hidu qui. Bing quan nidm nay, cac tic gia da coi ky ntog giao tid'p la kha ning cua c i nhin trong viec td chttc, thttc hidn cic hinh vi giao tiip. Kd't qui c i a vide thttc bidn ky nang giao tid'p dupe danh gia thdng qua mttc dp phu hop vi hidu qua trong mdi tinh hud'ng giao tid'p cu thi.
Trong nghidn citu cia minh, ching tdi quan nidm ky nang giao tid'p l i sy vin dung cic tri thttc di thyc hiin hiiu qua boat ddng giao tid'p. Ttt diy cd the dua ra khai nidm sau: Ky ndng giao tii'p cda cdnh sdt giao thdng vdi nhiing ngudi tham gia giao thdng Id sif van dung ede tri thde nghd nghiep, kinh nghiim sd'ng cua cdnh sal giao thdng de thue hiin ed hiiu qud hogt dgng diiu khien cdc phucfng tien giao thdng trin dudng.
Trong giao tid'p gifla cinh sit giao thdng vdi nhttng ngudi tham gia giao thdng dudng bd vi pham luit giao thdng thi ky nang giao tid'p la sy vin dung cic tri thttc nghi nghidp, kinh nghidm sd'ng cia canh sit giao thdng di giai quyd't cd hidu qua cic vi pham giao thdng cia nhflng ngttdi tham gia giao thdng.
2.2. Ky ndng giao tiep cda cdnh sdt giao thdng dudng bg vdi ngudi tham gia giao thdng
a. Khdi niem cdnh sdt giao thdng
can ett Quyd't djnh sd 587/2010/QD-BCA vi Quyd't djnh so 588/2010/
QD-BCA cua Bd trudng Bd Cdng an ngay 23/2/2010 quy djnh vi chttc nang, nhidm vu, quyin ban va td chtte bd miy cia Cue Canh sit giao thdng dttdng thiy vi Cue Canh sit giao thdng dudng bd - dudng sit vi djnh nghTa vi Canh sit giao thdng cia Ttt diin Bich khoa Cdng an nhin dta Vidt Nam (2005), chttng tdi dua ra khii nidm vi canh sit giao thdng nhu sau:
Cdnh sdt giao thdng Id sT quan, hg sT quan nghiip vu thugc luc luang Cdnh sdt nhdn ddn ldm nhiim vu qudn ly nhd nudc vi trgt tu an todn giao thdng; chit ddng phdng ngda, phdt hiin, dd'u tranh vdi cde hdnh vi vi pham phdp lugt giao thdng, hogt ddng phgm tdi vd cdc hdnh vi vi phgm phdp ludt khdc tren ede tuyi'n dudng, dia bdn giao thdng gdp phdn ddm bdo trgt tu an todn giao thdng vd trgt tif an todn xahdi tren ede tuye'n, dia bdn giao thdng.
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b. Dgc diem giao tie'p nghiep vu cua cdnh sdt giao thong dudtig bg v&i ngudi tham gia giao thong
Giao tiep giiia canh sat giao thdng va ngudi tham gia giao thdng cd mdt so dac diem co ban sau:
- Giao tid'p ciia canh sat giao thdng dudng bd la mdt hoat dgng giao tid'p vdi nhi^u dd'i tugng khac nhau.
Nhiing ngudi tham gia giao thdng dudng bd co dd tu6i phong phii va da dang, tiT nhiing ngudi cao tudi, trung tu6i, thanh nidn va thie'u nhi. Cac dd'i tugng tham gia giao thdng 6 hau he't cac nganh nghd cd trong ddi sd'ng xa hdi.
Cac dd'i tugng tham gia giao thdng cung co trinh do hgc van khac nhau. Tii nhiing ngudi cd hoc va'n cao den nhiJng ngudi khdng biet chii. Dd'i tugng tham gia giao thdng cung cd tinh each rat da dang, tii nhiing ngudi ra't hidn lanh, nghidm tuc dd'n nhiing ngudi ndng tinh, cd nhiing hanh vi lech chu^n...
- Hinh thiic giao tie'p chij yeu la hinh thiic giao tiep ngdn ngii va phi ngdn ngii.
Canh sat giao thdng dudng bg giao tie'p vdi ngudi tham gia giao thdng dugc thirc hidn trudc hd't bang cac hinh thiic phi ngdn ngir. Dd la, dung cac hieu lenh de chi huy cac phuong tien giao thdng tren dudng phd'. Khi cd ddi tugng vi pham luat giao thdng dudng bd, trudc hd't ngudi canh sat giao thdng sti dung hinh thiic giao tiep phi ngdn ngiJ nhu: ra hidu lenh diing lai, gio tay chao... Tid'p dd'n, la su" dung nhiing hinh thu'c giao tiep ngdn ngii ndi nhu: yeu cin cho xem cac gia'y td lidn quan, chi ra nhiing sai pham ma ngudi tham gia giao thdng mac phai...
- Ndi dung giao tie'p gSn vdi viec thuc hien cac chu^n muc giao thdng dudng bo.
Boat ddng giao tid'p ciia canh sat giao thdng khi thiic thi nhiem vu phai dam bao diing muc, tuan thu cac quy dinh ciia phap luat va ciia nganh cdng an.
Dung muc d day dugc hieu la su phu hgp vdi chu^n muc dao diic, vdi cac gia tri xa hdi. Su dung muc trong giao tie'p nghidp vu cua ngudi cdng an each mang - ngudi true tid'p thiic hien nhidm vu dam bao an toan giao thdng dugc the hidn d tu thd' tac phong, cir chi, thai dd, ldi ndi, viec lam diing muc khi tid'p xiic vdi ngudi tham gia giao thdng - ngudi phai phuc tiing su chi huy, hudng dSn ciia canh sat giao thdng.
- Mdi trudng giao tie'p phiic tap.
Canh sat giao thdng giao tie'p vdi nhiing ngudi tham gia giao thdng deu 6 mdi trudng ngoai trdi. Mdi trudng nay nhidu khi ra't khac nghidt nhu; nang chdi chang, mua, ret,^ gid bao, lu lut... Mdi trudng tir nhien khdng thuan Igi nay tac ddng true tid'p den cac trang thai cam xiic cua ngudi canh sat khi giao tid'p vdi ngudi Iham gia giao thdng. Nd cd th^ dan de'n trang thai cam xiic va thai dd
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ndng nay, mi't binh tTnh cia ngudi cinh sit giao thdng khi lam nhiem vu.
c. Mdt sd ky ndng giao tii'p cua cdnh sdt giao thdng vdi ngudi tham gia giao thdng vi phgm ludt giao thdng
1) Kv nana tid'p xic ban diu vdi ddi tuane tham gia giao thdng Di boat ddng giao tid'p cd hieu qua, ngudi canh sat giao thdng dudng bd cin phii cd nhihig ley nang giao tii'p di tao ra to tupng ban diu td't dep ddi vdi nhttng ngttdi tham gia giao thdng vi pham luit giao thdng.
An tupng ban diu niy dupe tao ra ttt nhiiu yd'u td khic nhau. Theo tic gia Lee Hopkins khi di cip din giao tiip da de ra biy budc di tao in tupng tdt vdi ngttdi khac la: Bii't httdng vao ngudi khic; Giao tii'p bang mit; Gat sang mpt bin nhimg cam xic tiiu cue; Stt dung cic phuang tidn giao tiip hop ly;
Hay di cho ngttdi khic ndi vi vi'n di cua hp; Tip trung vao nhttng dac diim ridng cia ngudi khic; Co ging tao an tupng td't vdi ngudi khic. Bay budc tao to tupng ban dau niy cung phu hop vdi giao tiip cia cinh sit giao thdng vdi ngudi tham gia giao thdng.
An tuang ban diu trong giao tid'p cia canh sit giao thdng dudng bd vdi ngudi tham gia giao thdng ed mdt y nghia quan trpng. Nd giup cho nhihig dd'i tupng vi pham luat giao thdng ed thii dp tid'p xuc dung muc vdi canh sit, cd tinh thin hpp tic vdi cinh sat trong vide giai quyd't nliung sai pham ma ban thin minh giy ra.
An tupng ban dau cd thi dupe tao bdi nhflng yd'u td sau: Hinh thttc (quin io, giiy mfl, cic phuang tidn trang bj theo quy djnh eua nganh cdng an); C i chi, didu bd (ehu yd'u la cic bieu hidn phi ngdn ngfl nhu: nit mat, inh mit, nu eudi...).
Diim ding ehi y d day la an tupng ban dSu cia canh sat giao thdng trong giao tid'p vdi ngudi tham gia giao thdng khdng ehi dya tren van hda ttng xtt ndi cbung ma cdn phai dua vao nhttng quy djnh giao tie'p nghi nghidp die thu cia nganh edng an vdi ngudi din tham gia giao thdng dudng bd.
Tid'p xuc ban diu eua ngudi ctoh sat giao thdng dudng bd vdi ngudi tham gia giao thdng vi pham luit giao thdng cdn duac thi hidn d chd, ho bid't chu ddng chao hdi, chi ra cho ngudi tham gia giao thdng bid't nhttng sai pham cia minh. Ttt nhflng phin tieh ndu tren ta ed thi dtta ra nhttng ky nang thanh phan cia ky ning niy nhu sau:
- Bid't in mac trang phuc theo ding qui djnh, thi hidn sy nghidm tuc trong khi thi hanh nhiem vu;
- Bid't stt dung hidu Iinh mdt cich nhanh chdng, chi'nh xic di ddi tuong vi pham diJng phuong tidn giao thdng;
96 TAP CHfTAM LYHOC, So 11 (188), 11 - 2014
- Biet tao ra su than thidn, cdi md, nhung dung mye ddi vdi ddi tupng vi pham luat giao thdng. Bid't ehi dpng chao hdi dd'i tupng giao tid'p ngay khi vtta xuit hidn;
- Bid't eich xung hd cho phi hpp vdi mdi dd'i tupng vi pham luat giao thdng;
- Bid't tao ra mdt mdi trudng giao tid'p cdng khai dd'i tupng vi pham luat giao thdng.
2) Kv nang ling nghe ddi tuong tham gia giao thdng
Khi ndi vi vai trd cia sy ling nghe dd'i tupng giao tiip, hai tic gia J.C.
Pearson vi Brain H. Spotzberg eho ring "Chung ta dinh 29,7% thdi gian trong Iuc thttc di ling nghe vi khoang thdi gian niy nhiiu hon bit ctt mdt hanh ddng giao tid'p nio khic cia con ngudi". Khi ndi vi vai trd cia ling nghe trong giao tiip, tic gia Paul Tony Rankin da nhi'n manh them: "Trong giao tid'p bing ngdn ngtt, eon ngudi danh khoang 41,2% tdng sd thdi gian di nghe, 31,9% thdi gian di ndi, ehi ed 15% di doc vi 11% cho vide vid't. Ky nang ling nghe dem lai cho con ngudi nhihig gii trj khdng the phi nhto". Dieu nay cho thay, vai trd cua sy ling nghe trong giao tid'p.
Dd'i vdi ngudi canh sit giao thdng, ling nghe ddi tupng giao tid'p de dat dupe nhttng muc tidu sau: Ling nghe di thu thap thdng tin ttt dd'i tupng vi pham luit giao thdng dudng bd; Lang nghe di hiiu dupe nguyen nhan din din sai pham cua ngudi tham gia giao thdng; Ling nghe di hiiu dupe ddi tuong giao tid'p, ttt dd cd nhttng hinh thttc giao tid'p phu hop.
Ky ntog ling nghe cua cinh sit giao thdng dudng bd trong giao tid'p vdi ngudi vi pham luit giao thdng dudng bd gdm cic ky nang thtoh phin sau:
- Bid't tip trung trong qui trinh nghe di nim bit dupe thdng tin;
- Bie't tranh suy nghi vio nhung vi'n dd khdng cd lidn quan dd'n ndi dung giao tid'p vdi ngudi vi pham luit giao thdng dudng bp;
- Bii't phin tich, tdm lupc vi danh gia dupe nhung thdng tin ttt ngudi vi pham luat giao thdng dudng bd;
- Bii't each hiiu vi phin tich dupe c i chi va thii dp cia ngudi vi pham luit giao thdng dttdng bd;
- Bie't tdn trpng y kid'n vi quan diim phin hdi ttt nhung ngudi vi pham luit giao thdng dudng bd;
- Cin su dung cac hinh thttc giao tie'p phi ngdn ngtt mpt each tich eye (anh mit quan tim, nu cudi khuyin khich, nhttng cii gat diu khich Id...). Ky nang giao tid'p niy se tao ra mdt thii dd hop tic dung myc cua ngudi vi pham luit giao thdng dudng bd vdi cin bp canh sit dang thi hanh nhiem vu;
- Bid't danh gii thai dp ddi vdi minh cia ngudi vi pham luit giao thdng.
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31 Nhdm kv ntog diiu ehinh cam xuc bm than cia ctoh sit giao thdng Nha triit hpc cd dai Soerate da ndi "Hay tu bid't minh". Hay tu biit minh tmdc hd't li bid't dupe cam xuc cia ehinh minh. Y thttc vi xtte cam li nang lyc cto ban lam chd dya cho ti't ca nhttng ntog lyc khie, nha't l i nang Ittc lim chu ban than. Theo cich ndi cia John Mayer thi y thttc vi ban thin nghTa la chttng ta ddng thdi ed y thttc vi tim trang ttte thdi cia ban thto cbung ta vi vi nhttng y nghT cd lidn quan din tim trang i'y.
Ngudi cin bd ctoh sit giao thdng bid't lim chi cim xuc cia ban thin trudc hd't thi hien d nang Iuc hiiu, diiu khiin dupe cac xtte cam khic nhau cia minh va dpc dttpc cam xuc cia cic dd'i tupng tham gia giao thdng vi pham luit giao thdng, bii't ling nghe trai tim vi tim hdn cua chi'nh minh. Sy ehe ngu cic cam xtte li ri't ein thiit, canh sat giao thdng tmdc hi't phai bid't ling nghe vi dpc dupe cam xuc cia ban thin minh bid't dupe cim xuc nao cd loi, cam xic nio cd hai vi nguyen nhin cia nhttng cim xuc hiin ed.
Mdt diem dang chtt y la ky ntog diiu khien cam xuc cia canh sat giao thdng la bid't ty chi vi kiim ehi bin thin minh khi thyc thi nhidm vu, khi gap cic tinh hudng cd vin di. Khi ban ve vin di nay, tic gia Jerry Gillies khing djnh: Ban se khdng thi giao tid'p thinh cdng vdi ngudi khac ne'u ban khdng gat sang bdn nhttng cam xtte khdng ndn cd dang ngy trj trong con ngttdi ban.
Ky nang diiu khien cim xtte cia canh sit giao thdng li bii't cich giii quyd't nhttng xung dot, khic biit gifla ngudi canh sat giao thdng vdi dd'i tupng tham gia giao thdng. Khi ngudi tham gia giao thdng vi pham luit giao thdng bj canh sat gitt lai thi hiu hd't hp diu tim ra nhttng Iy do biin minli cho nhung sai pham cia minh, trong khi dd cinh sat giao thdng can ctt vao cic quy dinh luat giao thdng dudng bp di dinh gii nhttng sai pham c i a ngudi tham gia giao thdng. Trong tinh hud'ng niy ngudi canh sit giao thdng can cd ky nang giai quyi't su khac bidt nay, di giup eho nhung ngudi vi pham hiiu dupe sai pham cia minh.
Ky nang diiu khiin cam xic cia canh sit giao thdng gdm cac ky ning thanh phin sau:
- Bid't cich nhin bid't dupe nhttng cim xuc cua ban than vi dd'i tuang tham gia giao thdng;
- Bid't giii toi dupe nhttng cam xuc tidu cue khdng cd Ipi cho giao tid'p vdi dd'i tuong;
- Bid't ttt chu cam xtte cia minh;
- Bid't gitt thii dp binh tTnh, khio leo trudc nhttng tinh hud'ng cang thing hay bit Ipi, bii't each ddn nhin nhflng phi binh vi sia chfla ne'u thi'y cin thid't
TAP CHITAM LYHOC S d i I (188), 11 - 2014
4) Nhdm kv nang giai quyit vi pham giao thdng cia canh sit giao thdng dudng bd vdi ngudi tham gia giao thdng
Muc dich cudi cung cua giao tii'p gitta eanh sat giao thdng vi nhttng ngudi tham gia giao thdng vi pham luit giao thdng dudng bd la nhim giai quyd't nhihig vi pham cua ddi tuong, giup dd'i Wong nhan ra sai pham cua minh, chip nhan x i phat hinh chinh theo quy djnh.
Diy Ii ky nang giao tid'p khdng don gian, vi sy vi pham luat giao thdng dudng bd cia nhirng ngudi tham gia giao thdng rit da dang. TTiai dp cua nhttng ngudi tham gia giao thdng sau khi vi pham Ii ri't phtte tap. Cd nhttng ngudi dd dang nhan ra sai pham cia minh, cd thii dp hpp tic di giai quyd't vi'n di. Cd nhihig ngudi cd tinh khdng thtta nhin sai pham cua minh, khdng cd thai do hpp tic, ddi khi cdn cd nhttng hanh vi chdng ddi. Di lim cho nhirng ngudi vi pham nhan ra khuyit diim cia minh vi ed thii dp hpp tie thi canh sit giao thdng cin cd nhirng ky nang cu thi sau:
- Nim vung cic quy djnh vi giao thdng dudng bd da dupe ghi trong luat giao thdng dudng bp;
- Bid't truyin dat va giai thich mpt cich hidu qua cho nhttng ngudi vi pham luit giao thdng vi nhflng quy djnh niy;
- Biit dua ra nhflng hinh phat phu hpp vdi sai pham cua ngudi tham gia giao thdng;
- Bid't thuyit phuc ngudi vi pham giao thdng chip nhin cic binh thttc xtt phat mdt cich ty nguydn.
- Bid't lam eho ngudi tham gia giao thdng nhan ra sai pham cua minh de khdng bi mie sai pham d nhttng lin sau.
Tren day la mdt sd ky nang giao tid'p co ban cia eanh sat giao thdng vdi nhttng ngudi tham gia giao thdng vi pham luat giao thdng. Vide vto dung cac ky nang nay ddi hdi ngudi can bd canh sat phai linh hoat, nhay ben, stt dung chttng phu hop vdi dd'i tupng va cic tinh hud'ng vi pham cu thi.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Chu Lidn Anh, Ky ndng tu vd'n ciia ludt su, Luan an tid'n sT Tam ly hoc. Hoc vien Khoa hoc xa hpi, 2011.
2. John Adair, Ky ndng ra quyit dinh vd gidi quyet vd'n de, NXB Tdng hpp thanh phd Ho Chi Minh, 2007.
3. VD Kim Hai - Dinh Thuan, Ky ndng phdng vd'n, NXB Thdng tin. Ha Npi, 2006.
4. Nguydn The Manh, Quy trinh ten luyen ky ndng dgy hgc thuc hdnh nghe. Tap chi Khoa hoc giao due, Sd 29, 2008.
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