KINH TE
THUC TRANG VA GIAI PHAP PHAT TRIEN CHO NGANH CA PHE VIET NAM
• NGUYIN THI MY HANG - NGUYIN THI MINH THUY
T 6 M TAT:
Ca phe la mpt ngiinh hang quan trpng, ehie'm 3% GDP cua Viet Nam, kim ngach xua't kh£u nhilu nam nay deu dat tren Sty" USD. Trong nhu'ng nam qua, du kinhte the gidi c6 nhilu thdi diem gap kh6 khan dan de'n sdc mua sut giam, nhiftig nu'dc ta vfin duy tfi dddc td'c d6 tang trddng xua't khau ca phe d mdc ddng khich le - dat 8,2%/nam vdi kim ngach binh qufin 3,13 ly USD/nam giai doan 2011-2018, chie'm 15% tong xua'tkhau nong san cua ca nddc.
BSi viS'tphSn tich ve ihifc trang nganh Ca phe Viet Nam, tren cdsd do tae gia de xufi'tmOt sogiaiphapde nang cao cha't Iddng cung nhdda dang hda san pham ca phe xua'tkhau, nhim thuc dS'y cdc hoal dOng xiic tie'n de dap dng lot hdn nhu cau cua thi trddng.
Tiif khoa: Nganh ca phe, thdc trang, gidi phap, Viet Nam.
l.D§tva'nd§
Trong ba thap ky qua {tinh td cdng cupc cai each ndm 1986), ca phe la mdt trong nhffng nganh hang ddng gdp quan trpng nha't eho doanh thu cua Nong nghiep Viet Nam ndi rieng va cho loan bp GDP quo'c gia ndi chung. Nganh Cong nghidp Ca phe da taora hang ngan viec lam trifc tiep va gian tiep, dong thdi la sinh ke chinh cua nhieu hp gia dinh trong cac khu vdc san xua'l nong nghiep. Gid tri xuat khau ca phe thddng chie'm khoang 15%
trong tdng kim ngach xua't khau nong san va ty trpng ca phe ludn vddl tren 10% GDP nong nghiep trong nhO'ng ndm gan day.
Trong nhieu thap k\ qua, san xua't ca phe Viet Nam da phdt trien nhd rapt nganh c6ng nghiep dinh hddng xua't khau. Vdi vi the'la nha san xua't va xua't kha'u ca phe Idn thd hai the'gidi. cde sdn phdm ca phe cua nddc ta da xua'l khau de'n hdn 80 qudc gia va viing lanh tho, chiem 14,2% thi phan
\uat khau ca phe nhan loan cau (ddng thd hai sau
Brazil). Dac biet, ca phe rang xay va hoa tan xua'l khau da chie'm 9,1% thi phan {ddng thd 5; sau Brazil, Indonesia, Malayxia, An Do), tao ra nhieu cd hpi va tnen vpng cho nganh Ca phe Viet Nam tham nhap sau hdn \ao thi trddng quo'c le, thong qua cac hiep dinh thddng mai id do da du'de ki ket. EU la thi iru'cfng lieu thu ca phe ldn nha'l ciia Viet Nam - chie'm 40% tdng so'li/dng va 38% ve long kim ngach xua't khau ca nddc, tie'p theo la khu M/c Dong Nam A -chie'm 13% tdng lu'dng va tdng kim ngach.
Tuy nhien, ca phe Viet Nam dang phai do'i mat vdi nhffng Ihach thdc nghiem trpng ca khach quan lan chu quan. nhd: bien ddi khi hau; canh tranh tff cdc loai cay trong kbdc; can tai canh nhffng cay ca phe gia c6i: chi phi san xua't dang tang cao hdn trong khi gia ca phe the' gidi dang 6 mdc ra't thap.
Chinh sach san xua't ca phe cua Viet Nam da chuyen sang mptk> nguyen mdi vdi hai muc lieu:
Thd nha't la, duy tri vi the la nha san xua't va xua't
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khau ca phe Idn thd hai the gidi; Thd hai la. tang gap doi gia tri gia tang trong san \uaica phe bdng each tang nang suai. cha'i Iifdng va gid tri gia tang.
Dmh hddng cua Chinh phO \a eac Bp, nganh ddi vdi phdt trien nganh Ca phe do la: pha'n dau
\a\ dffng nganh Ca phe trong nffdc phdt trien theo hffdng hien dai. dong bp. ben vffng; cd tinh canh tranh cao vdi cae san pham da dang, cd chat Iffdng:
mang lai gia tri gia tang cao: nang cao ihu nhap cho ngffdi nong dan va doanh nghiep. Phan ddu de'n nam 2030, dat muc tieu kim ngach xuat khau cii phe khoang 6 i\ USD.
De dat dffdc muc lieu tren, thi nganh Ca phe can day manh che bie'n sau. che' bie'n theo chuoi gid tri; ddng thdi quan tam thffc hien cong tde quang bd, xuc tie'n thffdng mai. Trong d6. sff vao cuoc ciia cae ed quan chffc nang ddng vai tro then chot, ben canh do Id sff hu'dng dng tff cdc dia phffdng. doanh nghiep. ddc biet 6 nhffng khu vffc cd lhe manh de phat trien cay ca phe.
Bai viS't dffdi day se phan tich ro hdn ve thffc trang san xua't vd xua'l khau nganh Ca phe cua Viel Nam.
2. Thtfc tr^ng san xud't ca phe d nffdc ta hien nay
Hien nay. cd nu'dc co 97 cd s6 che bie'n ca phe nhan, 160 cd sd che bien ca phe rang xay, 8 cd sd che bie'n ca phe hoa tan va 11 cd sd che bie'n ca phe phdi iron. Cu the. gdm cd: 97 cd sd che bie'n ca phe nhan - vdi tdng cong sua't thie't ke 1.503 trieu tan. long cong sua't diffc le dat 83,6%; 160 cd si"f che bien ca phe rang xay - tdng cong sua't thie't ke'51.7 nghin la'n sanpha'm/nam: 8 cdsd che'bie'n ca phe hda tan - tdng cong sua't thie't ke 36.5 nghin ta'n san pha'm/ndm. tdng cong sua't thffc te' dat 97.9%: 11 cd sd che bie'n ca phe phdi iron - long cong sudt thiet ke 139.9 nghin tan san pham/nam.
tdng cong suat thffc le'dai 81.6%. Ca phe bot cua Trung Nguyen, ca phe hoa tan cua Vinacafe, Trung Nguyen khong nhffng chiem ITnh du'de thi trffdng trong nddc ma con dddc hoan nghenh 6 nhieu thi trffdng trong khu \u'c. ddng thdi da bffdc dau \a\ dung du'de thffdng hieu ea phe Viet.
Qua nghien cffu eho tha'y. cdc nffdc xua'l khau ca phe hang dau the gidi nhff Brazil. Indonesia.
Colombia... deu chu \cu xuj'i khau ca phe dffdi dang hat (green bean), tffc la chi dffng cl hoat dong
sO che sau thu hoaeh. Mot sd nffdc cd hoat dpng rang va xay nhffng chi chiem ty \& nho trong long xua't kha'u ca phe. Rieng \di \ i e i Nam. ke tff giffa nhffng nam 90 eiia the k> trffdc. hoat dpng sd ch^
sau thu hoaeh da dffdc bd't sffc quan tam. Do dd. lit ehd cd gid ban tai cang tha'p hdn ldi 400 - 500 USD so vdi gid tham ehieu tai Sd Giao djch hang h6a London, Viel Nam da dan thu hep dffdc khoing cdch ndy va cho tdi nay. gid ban ca phe Robusta cua ta da phii hdp vdi gid thi trffdng the'gidi.
Ben canh do. trong thdi gian qua, nhd ffu ddi vc thue' quan do'i vdi ca phe ch6' bie'n - tff cdc Hi5p dinh Thffdng mai tff do ma Vi6t Nam da ky k^l, ngdy cang nhieu doanh nghiep da bat dau quan tam, chu trpng dau tff vao cdc boat dpng chebifi'n sau, nh^m gdp phan nang cao gid tri gia tdng cho san pham ndi rieng va kim ngach xua't khd'u cOa toiln nganh ndi chung.
Slf hd trd tich effc eua cae Bo, nganh trong cong tac nang cao nang life che'bie'n, md rong thj trffdng, to chffc lai xua't khd'u..., ciing sff chu dpng, no li/c cua cac doanh nghiep irong cong lac quang hi, marketing, dinh vi thffdng bieu da giup cdc san pham ca phe eua Viet Nam ngay cang khing dinh dffdc vi tri tren thi trffdng quo'c le.
3. Nhu'ng kho khan do'i vdi nganh Ca phfi Trong nhffng nam gan day, mac dii ngdnh hdng Ca phe cua nffdc ta cd nhij'ng bffdc phat trien nhanh chong ca ve dien tich va san Iffdng, song ldi the tren lhi tru'dng the gidi phan ldn vdn thupc ve cdc doanh nghiep nffdc ngoai co thffdng hieu va tiem Iffc tai chinh manh. Day la sff thua thiet ldn vl giii in xua't khau cua ca phe Viet Nam. Nguyen nhan chinh difdc neu ra la do xud'l khau ca phe ciia nifdc ta van chu yeu d dang tho, nen khong ed thffdng hieu. Phan Idn ea phe xua'l khau cua Viet Nam lai trd thanh nguySn lieu cua nhieu nffdc, dung dd ch^
bie'n sau va tdi xual lai tieu thu d nddc ta dffdi dang ca pbe bot, hda tan, pha sdn... Theo phan tich cua cdc chuyen gia, luy khdi lffdng ca phe xuat khau nhieu nhffng gid iri lai tha'p so vdi mot sd nffdc trfin thi trffdng qudc te - do khoang 80% san Iffdng d phe difpc sd che kho tai cdc hp gia dinh vdi san ph6i tam bd. Them nffa, phai ke den cdc mdy m6c, thiet bi .sd checiia ngffdi dan eon lat hau, cdng vdi ca phe khong dap ffng dii tieu chuan -,e dp chin.
cdn lan nhi^u lap chat.
118 So 8 - Thang 4/2020
KINH TE
Ben canh dd. ca phe Viet hien dang phai do'i mdt vdi khdng it nhffng thach thffc, bao gdm ca khdch quan vd chu quan:
\'(^ yeu id khdch quan: Nhffng anh hffcfng eua bie'n ddi kbi hau vdi trinh trang thdi tie't cffe doan da ddi cac vung ir^ng cd phe vao vi tri nguy hidm. Theo Trung tam Ndng nghiep Nhiel ddi Qudc te (CIAT), nhiet dp tang vd Iffdng mffa thay tidi cd the khie'n nffdc ta mat 50% dien lich san xud'l cd phe Robusta hien tai vdo nam 2050. Hdn ' nffa, irong nhffng nam tdi, san xua't ca phe Viet chu ye'u dffa vao 3 nhdm. 50% tdng so' thude nhdm cdy tff 10 - 15 tudi - nhdm cho ndng sua't cao nha't; 30% cay la tff 15 - 20 ludi vd khoang 20% tren 20 tuoi - nhdm khong the dam bao ndng suai. Vay nen, ne'u khdng dffdc cai tao trong vdi . ndm ldi. eay gia se dnh hffdng Irffc lie'p den nang
sua't vd chd'l Iffdng ca phe cua nffdc ta.
Ve ye'u to chii quan: Dien tich cay cd phe mdi trong dd tdng ddng ke trong thdi gian gan day, [ nhffng hau he't lai n^m d nhflng khu vffc khdng L phii hdp - da't nong. dd'c cao, thie'u nffdc tffdi,...
Do dd. mdc dii dien tich trdng dffdc cai thien ' nhffng lai khong dat dffdc hieu qua kinh te, do ndng sud't thd'p va chi phi san xua'l cao. Cdc bien I phdp canh Idc, tham canh dffdc dp dung trong qud khff da sff dung qud nhieu dau vdo (phan bdn, I tffdi lieu,...) de dat dffdc nang sud'l td'i da. Dan I' ddn cay ca phe khdng chi nhanh chdng can kiet
va ma't kha ndng san xua't, ma cdn gay pha huy ] lai nguyen nffdc ngam vd 6 nhiem da't - nhieu I benh vd sdu benh hinh thanh, dae biet la na'm va I tuyen trung re. Nhffng hinh thffc san xua'l vdi quy I md nhd. phan tdn va dpc lap ciia cac hp nong dan ) da ddn den tinh trang san xua't cha't lifdng tha'p va
khdng on dinh. Sd khde biet cua dau tff. thu hoaeh
; va che bie'n da phan ndo anh hffdng de'n chat
> Iffdng Clia loan bd nganh Ca phe Viet Nam.
4. Li&n k^'t dfiy manh san xuS't ch^'bi&'n s§u va xuc tid'n thi/dng m^i cho ca phe Vipt Nam
De dat muc tieu kim ngach xud'l khau 6 ty USD vao ndm 2030 ma Chinh phu da de ra. ddng I ihdi nhdm nang cao gid tri gia tang cho cdc san pham ca phe Viet, nganh Ca phe can dffdc quan . tdm ddng bd vdi cdc giai phdp cu the. Trong dd, , cSnday manh cdng tae tdi cdca'u nganh rapt each
hi6u qua. xay dffng cac viing trdng tap trung.
chuyen eanh gdn vdi phdt trien cdng nghiep chd bidn, dp dung lien bd cdng nghe cao; Thuc da'y lien ket viJng nguyen lieu vdi cac cdsd, nha may che bien sau; Tang cffdng lien ket va hdp tac trong san xua't kinh doanh ca phe vdi muc dich dn dinh xua't khau. giff vffng va md rpng thi irffdng.
Mpl chuyen gia ca'p cao cua ngdnh Ndng nghiep da nhan dinh. cdc FTA the he mdi nhff EVFTA, CPTPP se md ra cd hdi ldn cho cac doanhnghiep san xud't.che bidn vd xud'l khau cd phe. khi md thue xud'l khau cua nffdc tacd the ve gan 0%. Day Id ldi the' vd ciing ldn, giup Viet Nam khong chi la trung tam trdng irol md cdn cd the Id trung lam san xud't ca phe cua thd gidi.
Trffdc cd hdi vang dd. nhu cau lien kdt dpc - trong mdi chudi ngdnh hang, vd lien ke't ngang - vdi cdc doanh nghiep. cdc td chffc lien quan vd chinh quyen dia phffdng - dd trd thdnh nhu cau tff than vdi sffc hut vd cung Idn. Theo dd, ndng dan mong mud'n tang cffdng nang sud't, san Iffdng, cd thi trifdng dn dinh. Dd'i vdi doanh nghiep xud't khau lhi lai can viing nguyen lieu, xdy dffng thffdng hieu, xdc lap lieu chud'n dam bao, can che' bien sau Doanh nghiep da qudc gia cung mud'n viing nguyen lieu dn dinh vd theo hffdng phat trien ben vffng de di sau hdn vao chudi gia tri ca pbe toan cau. Chinh phu thi mong dpi day nganh hang Cd phe len thanh nganh Ndng san ldn.
Chi thd'ng ke trong giai doan I (2010-2017), vdi ke hoaeh xdy dffng md hinh vddn mau theo hifdng san xud'l bdn vffng, hdp lac cdng tff (PPP) trong nganh hang Cd phe Viet Nam, dd ket nd'i dffdc 3,220 hd ndng dan vdi tdng dien tich 5.262 ha... Ket qua. nang sua't cd phe lang 17%; thu nhap trung binh cua ndng ddn trong md hinh tang 14%; tie'l kiem dffdc 40% lu'dng nffdc tffdi; giam 55% lffdng phal thai nha kinh nhd sff dung phan bdn hdp ly...Cac boat ddng nhff hoi thao, tap hud'n dau bd. chua'n bi life lu'dng nhdn sff... da tao nen mdl nen tang ky thudt ra't td'i cho cac ndng hd, doanh nghiep tham gia. hffdng tdi san xud'l ben vffng.
Cac md hinh hdp tde da gdp phan quan trpng gilip cho ea phe trd thanh nganh hang ndng san chu Idc, cd dien tich dffdc chffng nhan ldn nha't hien nay. Khdng nhffng \dy. ca phe hien la 1 trong 2
So 8-Thang 4/2020 119
nganh ndng s.in kha loan dien khi ed hiep hdi ngdnh hang, rd vien nghien cffu chuyen nganh. cd ban dieu phd'i. cd cdc doanh nghiep xuyen quo'c gia va cac iS chffc qudc te hd trd, dau iff.
Tuy nhien. theo cdc chuyen gia. cdc hoat ddng lien ket chi mdi dffng lai d mffc do md hinh. chff chffa du'de nhan rdng. Viec ke't nd'i vdi lhi trffdng d cdc md hinh cdn kem ben vffng. chffa \ a \ dffng du'de chuoi gia tri ca phe hoan thien tren qu} rad ldn, chffa cd sir tham gia ddng dao cua doanh nghidp trong nffdc. Thffc te. \ai trd hd trd cffa cac td chffc qudc ic \ a chinh sach nhd nffde chffa dffpc nhff mong mud'n.
Ngoai ra, trong hdp tde cdng tff, nhdm "dffdi rudng" lam lot nha'l. con lai cdc nhdm thffdng mai. chd bien van cdn \eu Cac doanh nghiep che bten nud't khd'u ca phe chu yeu thu mua qua trung gian, khien cho gia tri thffc id ehuyen giao vd lay ngffdi ndng ddn cdn ban chd va chat gifn kdt giffa ndng dan va doanh nghiep con long leo.
Kem theo dd Id viee thieu kidm soat cha't Iffdng cd phe \a sff anh hffdng tdi mdi trffdng do canh lac Iff phat. Cdche thu mua phan loai cung chffa tao dpng Iffc cho ndng dan de hp iff nang cao chd't Iffdng ca phe.
Trong giai doan 2 (2018-2020), PPP trong nganh hang Ca phe se tap trung day manh lien kel chudi de gia tang gid tri ca phe VieiNam, vdi cac muc tieu cu the: Cd tren 80.000 hd ndng dan tham gia vdi 97.000 ha; ihu hut sff tham gia cua nhieu ddi idc nhff Nestle Viet Nam. GCP. IDH.
Vara. Bayer. EDE. .ACOM. OLAM. Simexco, WASl De dat dffdc ket qua dd. nganh Ca phe sc md rdng md hinh hdp tic cdng tff ea phe cd tinh nhan rdng cao: tang cffdng do Iffdng vd gidm sal hieu qua thu'c hien; tdng cffdng ket ndi giffa edc lieu ban VCCB vd nhffng dff dn lien quan nhdm dd\ manh kci ndi chudi gid tri.
5. Cac giai phap long the de thiic da'y phat tridn san \u5't va xud't khS'u nganh Ca phe Vi?t Nam
Ve san xuat, che bien. can day manh cdng tac lai cdcau nganh Cd phe mdt each hieu qua. nhif:
\ a \ dffng cdc vung trdng lap trung, chuyen canh gin vdi phai trien cdng nghiep che'bie'n; apdung tien bd cdng nghe cao; ihuc dd> lien ket viing ngu>en lieu vdi cdc cd^d. nha ma\ che bien sdu
de tao ngudn hang dam bao dn dinh \ e chSt lu'dng vd sd Iffdng. ddp ffng yeu cau cua lhi irffdng; cd giai phdp thdo gd kho khdn, h6 tr^
ngffdi ndng dan. doanh nghiep thu hut ddu lif; ffng dung khoa hpc edng nghe. ndng cao ehat Iffdng ngudn nban Iffc. Dong thdi. ciing can khuydn khich, tdng cffdng lien ket va hdp tde trong san xua't kinh doanh cd phd vdi muc dich dn djnb xua't khau, gifl vffng vd md rdng thi irffdng.
Song song vdi \iec ndng cao chd't Iffdng s3n pham, cdng tde \ay dffng thffdng hidu phdi 6d(}Q chu trpng va quan tam hdn nffa. Hien nay, cdng tac xdy dffng, phat trien thffdng hieu ehffa dff0c doanh nghiep nhan thffc day du va tridn khai hi?u qua, la mot nguyen nhan ddn de'n ndng san r\6\
chung va cd phe ndi rieng cua Viet Nam chda dffdc ngffdi lieu dCing tren thd gidi bidt ddn, vj the trong Ihffdng mai qudc te cua hang hda do vay md ciing thd'p hdn so vdi cic dd'i thii canh tranh. Cac doanh nghiep can khao sdt nhu c^u Clia thi trtfdng ve cac ITnh vifc gdm: thj phan, thi hieu, chd't Iffdng, gid ca. Tffdd, xac dinh t^ trpng chd bien cdc loai san phd'm (bao nhieu % sdn pha'm sd chd; % san pham tinh chd) de dinh hffdng phdt tridn. xay dffng ehien Iffdc qudng bi, markeling, dinh vi thu'dng hieu phii hdp vdi ndng lu'c cua minh. Nhd nffde se hd trd doanh nghidp xdy du'ng va phat trien thifdng hieu thdng qua cdc chidn dich truyen thdng, quang bd hinh anh; cdc chu'dng trinh dao tao, hddng ddn, nang cao ndng Iffc thiet ke, dinh dang san pham; va cdch thiJc tao dffng cung nhff quang bd thffdng hieu.
Ve cdng idc xuc tien thffdng mai, cde doanh nghiep xua'l khau cd phe Viet Nam can chu trgng tuyen dung vd dao lao cdn bp cd trinh dd ngoai ngff va chuyen mdn; chu dpng tham gia cdc chu'dng trinh, hoat ddng xuc lien thffdng mai do Bp Cong Thifdng dinh hffdng cung nhff do cdc Bo, nganh, Hiep hpi id chffc. Khdng nhO'ng vay, ciing can tham dff cdc hpi chd, trien lam qudc tedci trong vd ngoai nu'dc de gidi thieu san pham va tim kicm ban hang; xdy difng kenh nghien ctfu va dff lie_u rieng ve thi trffdng xua'l khau thdng qua Sff hd trd ciia cd quan dai dien thffdng mai Clia Viet Nam lai cde nffdc de cap nhat thdng tin.
nham kip ihdi dieu chinh cdc hoat d-'.ng san xu^l kmh doanh phit hdp vdi lin hieu cua ihj trffdng"
120 So 8 - Thang 4/2020
KINHTE
TAI LIEt'THAM KHAO:
1. Bd Nong nghiep vd Phdt trien nflng thon VieiNam (2012). Quyet dinh sd 1987/QD-BNN-TT nam 2012 phe diivft Quy hocjch phdt Irien ngdnh cd phe Viet Nam den 2020 vd tdm ninn den nam 2030.
2. Bd Ndng nghiep vd Phdt trien nflng thon Viflt Nam (2014). Quyet dinh sd3417/QD-BNN-TT2014 phe duyet DS dn phdt trien nganh cc'i phi bSn vitng den ndm 2020.
3. Thd lifdng Chinh phii (2018). Nghi dinh so 98/2018/ND-CP ve chinh sdch khuye'n khich phdt trien hop tcic. lien ket irong sdn xudl vd tieu thti sdn phdm nong nghiep.
Ngay nhSn bai: 12/3/2020
Ngay phan bi^n danh gia va sii'a chffa: 22/3/2020 Ng&y cha'p nhSn dSng bai: 2/4/2020
Th6ngtin tac gia:
NGUYEN THI M Y HANG NGUYEN THI MINH THUY
B$ mdn Khoa hpc ctf ban - Trtfc^ng Dai hpc Cong doan
THE STATUS QUO AND SOLUTIONS FOR DEVELOPING VIETNAM'S COFFEE LVDUSTRY
• NGUYEN THI MY HANG
• NGUYEN THI MINH THUV Faculty of Basic Science - Trade Union University ABSTRACT:
Coffee is an important commodity, accounting for 3% of Vietnam's GDP, and the Vietnam's export turnover of coffee has reached over US $3 billion for many years. In recent years, although the world economy has experienced many difficult limes leading to a decrease in purchasing power, Vietnam's coffee exports have maintained a very encouraging growlh rate, at 8.2% per year with an average annual turnover of US $ 3.13 bilhon in the period of 2011- 2018, accounting for 15% of the country's total agricultural exports. This article analyzes the status quo of Vietnam's coffee industry, thereby proposing some solutions for the coffee industry, such as product quality improvement, export product diversification and promotion activities in order to better meet the market's demands.
Keywords: Coffee industty, status quo, solutions, Viemam.
