DatjvaHpc
SO2-201125
DIEN DAN DAY VA HOC
NghT ve cong viec day Van va gigng dieu trong van chirofng
GS.TS. HOANG NGQC HIEN
I. Gipng dieu trong van chi/ong
Van hpe la "nghe thuat ngdn tQ". Quan niem nay nhan mgnh mbt dac trQng cua van hoc (phan biet van va nhQng logi hinh nghe thuat khat). 6 ta, t d mpt thbl giang van la giang chinh tri. Sau khi n l m dupt dac trUng nbi tren, viec truyen dgt cac nbi dung t u a t a t pham van hpe dQpc thQc hien tren t P sb bam lay tQ. NhQng phQPng phap dgy van bam lay tQ (cho dung vdi dac trUng t a t bb mbn) thudng dQpc thQt hien het sQe thd thien, may mdc. Trong thQc t i l n day van eua nhieu giao vien van, "bam lay tO" cd nghTa la:
- Chi ra trong t a u , trong dogn cua bai van mot sb tQ va ndi r i n g noi dung nhQ the nay, nhu the kia la b nhQng tQ nay, tQ no (hoc sinh cung lam nhu vay).
- Tinh te hPn, thi chi ra trong cau hoac doan van nhQng mT 1Q phap: diep ngQ, an du, dao ngQ, so sanh, diep am, hoan du...
Day la bam lay tQ mbt each hinh thQe, la t h u nghTa hinh thQc trong dgy van, hieu qua cd khi cbn tbi te hdn caeh day nbi chinh tri hoac xa hpi hoc thoat 11 van ban.
Dac biet hoc sinh thQdng bam lay tQ mbt each het sQe vung dai, ngo nghe.
Cai hay t u a bai van khdng phai b ban than nhOng to va mT tQ phap ay, ma thinh la d npi dung dQpc truyen dgt mbt ph'an va chi mpt ph'an thdi nhd vao nhQng tQ va mT to phap ay.
Chi nhOng cau thd t b "nhan tu" thi t h i ra dUpc nhQng
"nhan tu" la d'ay du y nghTa, nhQng cau thd nhu vay rat hiem. Giao vien nhieu khi chi lam cong viec gpi ten nhOng mT tO phap trong bai van. Dieu quan trpng trong giang van la ndi cho dupc npi dung da khbi s i c hPn, lap ianh hPn nhd vao mT tQ phap nhQ the nao. Khong ndi dapc nhOng dieu nay thi viec gpi ra ten nhOng tQ va mT tQ phap trb thanh mbt viec lam vb nghTa. Bam lay tQ chi
2B
SO2-2011rkajva Hpe
la mdt each de lam sang tb nbi dung. Cbn nhi'eu each khat. Giao vien cd the tgo ra nhieu lien tQdng de giup hpt sinh cam nhan dUdt nbi dung cua bai van, t b the la nhQng lien tQdng ben ngoai van ban, ben ngoai tac pham. Bam lay tQ t h i la bQdc d'au de tiep can nbi dung t u a bai van t d khi la b "sQ im lgng giOa nhOng tQ".
C a t h day van bam lay tQ nhQ da ndi b tren dQdng trb thanh mbt tai hog phb bien b trQdng phb thbng, thQe chat la mpt cath lam viee vu vd, lubi nghT.
"Van hoc la nghe thugt ngon tu". Ngbn 1Q khbng chi bao gbm tQ, mT tQ. Trong tac pham van hpe, eau van phai cd hbn. Ngay trong mpt bai viet II luan ma cau van cb h'bn thi cdn "van hpe" hdn mot bai thd giau hinh anh nhQng cau thd khdng cd hbn (dieu nay cd the cam nhgn dQpc rat ro mac du ndi cho ra dQpc di'eu nay khbng d l ) . Cau van cd hbn la cau van cb gipng, ngQ dieu, bbi vl to ngO t u a bai van dUdc t h o n cb thbng bao nhieu dieu quan trpng nhung bai van khbng cb giong dpc len v l n nhgt nheo vd vi. SQ phong phu, tfnh da nghTa, y vi dam da cua bai van trade het la b gipng. Nang khieu van b ph'an tinh te nhat la nang IQc bat dQpc trung cai gipng t u a van ban minh dpc va tgo ra dQpc gipng dich dang t h o tac pham minh viet. B i t dQpt gipng da khd, lam cho hpe sinh cam nhan dope cai gipng cang khd, cdng viec nay dbi hbi sang k i l n va tai tinh cua giao vien. Ve phudng dien nay quan diem cua nha nghien tQu van hpt M.B. Khravchenko tiep can tac pham van hoc nhQ mpt "ket t a u cac gipng dieu", nhU mbt "he thbng c a t ngQ dieu", nhu mot "gam ngO dieu" la mpt lugn diem co y nghTa phQdng phap luan quan trpng dbi vdi cdng viec giang van. "Hdi van" "van khi", "gipng van"... dd la nhQng khai niem rat cd ban cua t a t t a t pham van hoc. Ngudi Phap cd cau: "Cest le ton qui t o m m a n d e la musique" (Chinh t a i gipng chi phbi bai nhae). 0 nhOng ang van hay, cai gipng cua t a u van mb dau t d y nghTa quye't dinh t h o sQ cam nhan t a m hOng chu dgo va nbi dung cua toan bp t a t pham. Nha van Marquez cd thuat lai sau khi viet xong truyen Gid rui ro, ring: dng da cd d'ay du tu lieu de viet Tram nam cd ddn nhQng dng khong the nao c'am bQt viet vl thQa tim dQpc gipng. Mai nam nam sau dng mdi tim dQpc gipng thith dang: dd la each ke cua mbt ba gia nbi v'e nhQng chuyen hoang dubng, sieu nhien bang mbt gipng het sQt tQ nhien. Chi khi ay, tac gia mdi viet dQdt. Phai may nam mdi tim ra gipng. Hoa ra gipng ke t b khi t b n quan trpng hdn cau chuyen dupc ke rat nhi'eu! Mubn hieu Truyen Kieu phai b i t dQpc cai gieng cua tac gia trong sau t a u triet luan mb d'au. Dieu quan trpng trdng doan mb d'au nay khbng chi d luat oai dam, ac hai trong "coi ngQdi ta":
tai menh taong db, bi s i c to phong, hbng nhan b a t menh. Oieu quan trpng hdn ca la cai gipng mia mai, hdn mat, day da cua tac gia khi ndi den nhOng lugt nay:
Tram nam trong cdi ngu'di ta
Chu tai, chQ menh kheo la ghet nhau
Tac gia khdng than nhien ghi nhgn cai lugt oai oam nay. Thai db tac gia bao ham nhi'eu s i c thai. TQ "kheo la" cd bao nhieu nghTa thi cai gipng cua t a t gia bieu
hien b day cb bay nhieu sac thai: mia mai, hdn mat, bdn cdt, cham ehpc... 'Tai menh tUdng do" khbng phai la tu tQdng cua Truyen Kieu Triet li cua Truyen Kieu la 6 t a i gipng cua tac gia khi ndi v'e ta tQdng nay, nbi d chQ
"kheo la" xen bao cau "tai menh tQdng db".
La gl bl sic tQ phong
Trdi xanh quen thdi ma hdng danh ghen.
Cung nhQ each phan tich 6 tren, "bi s i c tQ phong",
"hbng nhan bac menh" khbng phai la ta tubng d i t h thuc cua Truyen Kieu. 6 day cai gipng cua tac gia rat ro.
TrQde luat cbl dbi va luat cua trdi, N g u y i n Du la mpt ngQdi dao de vdi cai gipng day da, day nghien cua bng:
"La gl..." d day bpc lb mbt thai dp de biu, hoSc la ta bUc tQc, hoac la ta chan ngan... anh ay, c h l e khbng phai la mbt thai dp thien cam.
Cai gipng van cua Nguyen Du khi nbi de'n luat "hbng nhan bac menh" bao ham mbt thai dp dbi vdi "trdi xanh", mpt cai gipng xing va cb thai dp xac. Vbl cai gipng ay va thai dp ay, nha thP cb chQl lubn ea trdi thi chang cd gi dang nggc nhien. Ne'u nhQ "trbi xanh quen thbl" thi sQ
"ma hbng danh ghen" khbng the la mbt dieu tbt lanh.
"Quen thbi" cb nghTa la lam theo quan tinh. Cb the noi
"quen thbi hai ngubi" khbng bao gid ta nbi "quen thoi giup ngQdi". Lam di'eu thien - du rat nhb bao gib cung ddi hdi SQ no IQe. Mbi fan lam dieu thien la mbt fan no IQc mdi. Cb the lam dfeu thien theo quan tfnh, nhQng nhQ vay ebn cb la thien nOa khbng, theo nghTa dgo dQc?
Trdng cau tuc ngO: "An khbng nen dpi, nbi khdng len Idi" thi "nbi khbng nen Ibi" la mbt sQ dau khb cua eon ngQbi. Nang IQe van nhat thiet phai bao ham nang IQt ndi len Idi. Cb y, cb tQ day nhQng v l n lung tung chQa thanh cau, hoac cau van cb thanh thi te nhgt, bdi vi cbn thieu cai quan trpng nhat: thieu khau khi, thieu hdi van, chua eb ngO dieu, gipng dieu thfch dang. "Va mieng" nhieu khi chi la do khbng tim dope mbt gipng thich dang de trinh bay chan li. Khi ngQdi ta ed cam hQng, dQbng nhQ gipng va ngO dieu nay sinh trQde va tQ ngQ dudng- nhQ dQpc gpi-den the hien ngO dieu va gipng dieu thanh Idi, thanh cau. Ldi va van hinh thanh nha vay thQdng rat hoat. NgQbi gibi van khdng chi la dbi dao y, giau tQ ngQ ma cdn giau ngO dieu, gipng dieu. Mbi fan c'an den, cb the tim ngay dope gipng nbi hoac ngQ dieu thich dang. Va chang, y hinh thanh chQa rd, ohQa dQt khoat nhd gipng dieu ma trb thanh rb hdn, dQt khoat hdn. NgQbi dgy van gibi tao ra nhieu ngO dieu, gipng dieu dich dang, da dgng, an sau vao cam nhan cua hoc sinh va day la mpt ph'an quan trpng trong tiem IQt van t u a hoc sinh. Cam hQng nao, gipng dieu ay; nhQng cung c6 the ngQpc lai, gipng dieu dinh hubng sQ hinh thanh cam hQng. 6 trQdng pho thong, dge biet cap cP sb, hpe thupc long de thudc ngO dieu, tiet tau cOng nhQ dpc d i l n cam de tham cac giong Pieu cua nhOng bai van la he't sQc quan trpng. Cung phai the tat cho nhQng giao vien van doi khi "ndi trang" 6 \^p j c6 lan man ngoai de nhung sQ giau co ngu c3ieu va giong dieu thudng co b ngQdi cd tai 'Irang" se d l la, ^ SQ cam nhan cua hoc sinh nhOng di'bu cb khi c6n quy
DatjvaHpc
SO2-201127
gia hPn kie'n thQc. Day la chQa nbi khong khi hao hQng tao ra trong Idp he't sQc c'an thie't cho sQ t a m thu van hpt. Ndi trang hay cung la mbt tai nang.
"Van hoc la nghe thuat ngon to". Dgy van khbng t h i cd day ngbn tQ, cdn cb mbt muc tieu cP ban hdn la xay dQng va bbi dadng y thOc ngbn tQ. Cb y thOc ve sQe khoe cdn quan trpng hPn la cd sQc khoe. Cd y thQe ngbn tQ la cb y thQc ve tinh tich cQc chu dbng va kha nang sang tgo cua minh trong viec tiep nhan va sQ dung vqn ngbn tQ cua xa hbi. La ngQdi cd y thQc - khong cQ gi trong dpc van hay dpc sach bao, ma ngay ca trong giao tiep h i n g ngay - thQdng xuyen nhat nhanh nhQng tQ ngO dpc dao, nhOng t a t h ndi dich dang, nhOng each d i l n dgt th'an tinh lam giau cho vbn tQ ngO cua minh, thudng xuyen tiep nhan nhQng gipng dieu, ngO dieu lam giau cho khau khi, van khi cua minh.
De b'di dudng y thQc ngbn tQ cho hoc sinh, b nhOng ldp dQdi, cd the cho cac em lam quen vbi nh&ng each ndi lay, thdi chO tai tinh. 6 nhQng ldp tren, c6 the phan tich tQ nguyen cua tQ, giup cho cac em phan biet nghTa va y nghTa cua tQ, cam nhan sQ lap lanh nghTa den va nghTa bdng trong ngdn ngQ, cam nhgn sQ tra Igi nghTa den cho tQ dQdc dung theo nghTa den, giup t h o t a t em thQ nghiem viec xe nhQng t u m tQ t b dinh de lam sbng lai nghTa cua tQ bi Idn mdn trong cum tQ cb dinh... C h i n g han, thQdng ta nbi "dau Ibng", khi N g u y i n Du ndi "dau ddn Idng" thi turn tQ t b dinh "dau Ibng" bi xe ra va "dau ddn" lam sbng Igi y nghTa dich thQt cua tQ "dau". Tim nhOng thu phap nham kith thich, bbi dadng y thQt ngbn tQ t u a hoc sinh, dd la mbt ITnh vQc cdn mdi me cua giao due hoc phap giang van va dUdng chd ddi nhQng tim tdi, sang kien cua giao vien van hpt.
0 6 y thQc ngdn tQ la cd y thQt ve sQc manh cua ngbn tQ. Hdn ai het, cae nha van cd y thQt ve sQt manh nay. "Tdi biet sQc mgnh t u a ngdn tQ... ngbn tu la tudng cua dao quan sQc manh con ngQdi" (Maiakovsky).
NghTa cua ngon tQ cang hen kem di thi xa hpi cang it thanh dgt trong teit ca nhOng bieu hien sang tgo cua nd. Ngbn tQ la chia khoa cho "tat t a " " .
II. Ban gop ve phiTOng phap giang van
PhQdng phap giang van da dQpt duo ket thanh bai ban trong c a t tap giao trinh giao hoc phap. Bai ban thudng la dQng, hdp li. SQ nhech nhae thQdng bpc ip trong viee thQc hien bai ban, trong thQc hanh giang van.
O ph'an Giong dieu trong van chuong, toi c6 ndi den sQ may mdc trong viec thuc hien phQdng cham "bam lay tu". Su may mdt con m l e phai trong viec quan tam den sU phan tich nghe thuat: giao vien cQ sd t h i phan tich npi dung thi bai giang kho khan, giao vien lubn luon yeu c'au hoc sinh chi ra cho dupc tac gia da sQ dung nhung "thu phap nghe jhuat" nao. Hgc sinh bi am anh bbi yeu cau nay, cQ moi doan, mbi cau phai chi ra oho d u p t thu phap nghe thuat, gpi dfch danh ten cua thu phap nghe thuat: so sanh, an du, hoan du, luong phan, IQ lay, IQ dia phQdng, cau cam than, dao ngu, cudng
dieu, tham xUng v.v... NhQng th'ay va trb thQdng bb qua khau quan trpng nhat: xac dinh hieu qua t u a thu phap nghe thuat, no dit b t h b nao, da ton nbi dung len nhQ the nao, truyen eho nbi dung s i c thai tinh le nao...
Phan tich bai Canh khuya cua Hb Chf Minh, qua hai eau:
Tieng sudi trong nhQ tieng hat xa...
Canh khuya nhU ve ngu'di chUa ngii
neu chi neu dQpc tac gia da hai fan so sanh (hoac trinh trpng hPn: da hai fan dung thu phap nghe thuat
"so sanh") va chi neu vay thdi thi t h i n g giQp gi cho viec cam thu bai thd. Dieu quan trpng la chi ra chd dUpc trdng bai thP, sU so sanh d o t dao b t h b nao, hay nhQ the nao, bpt lb mbt quan diem mT hoc dat sat nhu the nao. Chang han, t h i ra sQ dao ngupt trat ta trong tach so sanh t u a tat gia so vdi su so sanh trong thd cb dien.
Trong thP N g u y i n Du, b dogn mb ta tieng dan cua Kieu:
Trong nhQ tieng hac bay qua Due nhQ tieng sudi mdi sa nQa vdi...
tieng dan (cua ngudi) dupc vi vbi tieng hgt, tieng suoi... (cua thien nhien). Cdn trong bai Canh khuya, tieng suoi (cua thien nhien) dapc vi vdi tie'ng hat (tua ngUdi), cung nhu " t a n h khuya" (trong thien nhien) dupc vi vdi oai t o n ngudi "ve" ra. Cach so sanh cua Hb Chi Minh bpc Id quan diem mT hoc hien dai hdn.
Maiakovsky da tQng phan biet:
"Nha thd cb dien viet: "Chie'c xe d td buyt nang ne nhU dam may den".
Nha thd hien dai viet: "Dam may den nang ne nhQ chiec d td buyt".
So sanh chQa phai ia thu phap nghe thuat. So sanh t'am thQdng, db cang khong phai thu phap nghe thuat.
Chi cb so sanh hay, dpc dao bpc 16 dQdc y nghTa sau xa, bat ngd eua dbi tQpng mbi la thu phap nghe thuat. Ndi t h u n g , thu phap nghe thuat t h a t sa hay, dang dUpt neu len la rat h i e m . C u n g nen nhd den nhan dinh nghiem khac cua Lau Hiep trong Van tam dieu long:
trong van chQdng "thien hay khong d'ay mpt phan modi, cau thd rd rang t h i hai phan tram". Vdi each giang van cua t h u n g ta, dQdng nhQ moi dogn trith giang ia "mpt thien hay" m6i ddng la "mpt cau thP rp rang". Giang bai thd Dong chi cua. Chinh HQu, theo y rieng cua t6i, chi co mpt ehb dang phan tich thu phap nghe thuat; db la ddng thQ bay t u a bai thd, t a ddng thd chi c6 hai tieng:
"Dong chi!". Trong toan bai thd, day cung ia I'an duy nhat hai tieng "Dbng t h i ! " d u p t nhae den. DQdng nhQ sQt nang cua ca ddng thd va t u a toan bai thd du'dc dbn vao hai tieng nay. Dong thd oQc ki sue tich ndi dQdt rat nhieu. Ve hinh thQt, ddng thd tiep theo hai tieng "Dbng chi!" nay la im lang, la khoang trbng. ThQc ra, t h i n h khoang trbng nay bao ham sQ vo cung tan va sQ vang vpng, su ngan nga cua hai tieng nay trong tam hbn cua tat gia, cb le i'an d'au tien thbt ra hai tieng "dbng t h f ddn gian va dep de.
Nhiem vu tbt yeu cua giang van la giang nghTa v-a phat hien (sang tao) nhQng y nghTa sau xa, bat ngd cua
28 s o 2-2011 DmjvaHpe
bai van. SQ dbi lap giOa nghTa va y nghia dSc biet quan trpng dbi vbi cbng tae giang van. Khbng nen coi thQbng cbng viec giang nghTa. Hieu dUdc kT cang, thau dao nghTa eua tQ la mbt ngubn khoai cam tri tue. Baudelaire thubng gib TQ dien tQdng giai ra dpc va dng cho r i n g day la mpt t o n g viet dac biet li thu. Hoc sinh cua ta thQdng hieu tQ m6t each Idt phdL Phai chang dieu nay phan anh mdt lo hbng trong van hoa t u a chung ta - den nay van chua c6 TQ dien tQdng gialWibng thudng?
Mpt xu hudng tQ nhien cua con ngudi cb van hoa la gap phai tQ kh6ng hieu nghTa thi bQt rQt, thi sd, cung gibng nhu tQ nhien sd nhOng "khoang trbng". Khong cb tQ dien thi d'an da khdng bOt rut, khbng biet sp nOa (vi ed bQt rOt cung khong giai quyet dQpc), tQ dd sinh ra thdi quen dung tQ bQa phQa va ndi "ba lap". Can xay dQng cho c a t em y thQc tim hieu nghTa cua tQ, bat ke tQ nao. Day la mpt mat quan trpng cua y thQc ngbn ngO dapc neu len trong bai ph'an trUdc. Lam the nao oac em cam thay khd chiu, bQt rQt khi gap mpt tQ khdng hieu nghTa. C6 nhOng tQ t a t em se gam lai nam, mQdi nam cho tdi khi gap dQpt ngQdi (hay sach) giang dQpc y nghTa dich dang t u a tQ ay. Tbi c6 kiem tra mbt sb em hoc sinh Idp mQdi (da hoc bai Tac ldng Qu ai cua Nguyen Trai") v'e cau the: "Bui mbt tac Idng Uu ai cu". Tbi hbi cac em trong tQ "Qu ai", "Qu" cd nghTa la gi? Cac em tra Idi; "Qu la Uu diem". Mac du trong sach giao khoa t d chu thich; "Qu ai la Qu qudc, ai din. lo t h o nudc va yeu thUdng nhan dan". C a t em van hieu Idt phdt tQ "Qu"
( t u n g nhu nhieu tQ t b va tQ Han Viet). Nghe thugt giang van la b chb nay. Giao vien c'an thay trUbo hoc sinh ndi chung se hieu "Qu" la "au d i l m " . Do db, nhan chb nay, se iam cho hoc sinh phan biet ranh mach hai to "Qu" t d nghTa rat khat nhau. 6 loai tQ Qu til, uu viet, Qu diem,... "Qu" nghTa la tbt. O logi tQ: Qu phien, Qu ai, Qu sau... "Qu" nghTa la lo. Khbng hieu dQpc nghTa d i t h dang cua tQ "Qu", hoc sinh khbng hieu dupt thau dao tu tubng yeu nudc cua N g u y i n Trai: yeu nudc la lo cho nQdc. Trong tQ tQdng cua Hb Chi Minh eung vay, lo viec nQdc la bieu hien dich that t u a Ibng yeu nude.
Canh khuya nhQ ve ngu'di chua ngii ChQa ngu vl lo noi nudc nha.
(Canh khuya) Ldng rieng nhu'ng ban hoan
Lo sao khdi phue giang san Tien Rdng (Di thuyen tren sbng Day)
Cd the md rpng van de de t a p den tinh yeu, tinh thUdng nbi chung. Chi cb io, thUdng mdi thQc sQ la tinh thudng. ThUdng ma khbng lo la thQdng subng.
Ph'an tren la mdt vi du ve giang nghTa trong giang van. Phat hien (va sang tao) nhOng y nghTa cua bai van ddi hbi mbt trinh dp phan tich va cam thu cao hdn.
Lam sao neu dupc nhOng y nghTa dieh dang? Cdng Viet nay chi it ddi hbi: chpn van d'e d i t h dang, thpn chi tiet d i t h dang, t d y kien dich dang trong giai quyet van de va phan tich t h i tilt, d i l n dgt y kien b i n g mpt sb tQ dich dang...
1. C a t nha ngO hpe thupc Vien Ngdn ngQ hpe mua he (SiL) My khi tien hanh cac chUdng trinh dgy chO cho con em cac dan t b t t h i l u sb d cac tinh mien T r u n g Viet Nam d e u coi tieng Viet la ngbn ngQ thQ hai dupe day sau tieng me de cua hp. Hp b i t dau c o n g viec nay tO nam 1957 khi tie'n sy David T h o m a s va vp la Dorothy Thomas den Viet Nam. "DQ an giao due vung cao" ma hp thQc hien gbm span s a c h day tieng dan t o t , tQ dien song ngO dan tpc - Viet, viet cac each song ngO day dpe va viet t i i n g mp de: s a t h vd Idng, sach hUdng dan giao vien, cae bleu dd hoc tap treo, sach toan, sach ve sinh, khoa hoc, dao dQc va. cac bai hoc ndi tieng Viet. D e n nhOng nam 1967 thi hdn 20 thQ t i i n g : Bana, Bru, Cham (Phan Rang), Cham (Chau Dbc), C h r a u , C h u r u , Co, Kd ho, E de, Jarai, G i e , H r e , Raglai, Xe d a n g , RP ngao, Stieng, Ka tu, Hroi, Thai d e n , Thai tring...
da cd tai lieu h p t trong m u t dfch xba mu ehO.
Ba Sarah G u d s h i n s k y c u n g da tb chQc cupc tap huan dgy ehO dan tpc t h o mbt sb t h u y e n gia ngbn ngO hpe ve "PhQPng p h a p dgy tieng dan tpc tai Kon T u m " (nam 1967). Trong ta't ca cac tai lieu do SIL bien soan, huiin luyen deu coi tieng d a n tpc la t i e n g me de c d n t i e n g Viet la ngdn ngQ thQ hai cua h p t sinh dan tbc. SQ khang dinh nay cd tinh q u y e t dinh d e n v i e c t h p n phUPng phap day tieng Viet eho h p t sinh dan too: dgy tieng Viet nhQ ngon ngO thQ hai, chQ khdng phai la tieng me de.
2. Do t a c dan tdc thieu sb Viet thudng cu tru xen ke vdi ngQdi Kinh nen tai cae vung dan too da xuat hien trang thai song ngO tQ nhien dQdi hai dgng:
- Dan tbc - dan tpc (Laha - Thai) - Dan tbc - Viet (Thai - Viet).
Dieu nay cung co nghTa la tgi nhieu vung dan tpc, c6 nhOng tre em ngQdi dan too da b i i t nbi, nghe t i i n g Viet b mQc dp nay hay khae. Cb nPi c a t em da biet sQ d u n g t h a n h t h a t t i e n g Viet nha't la cac v u n g can thi tra'n, ndi co dong gia dinh ngudi Kinh sinh s b n g . ThQc te nay k h i e n cho cb ngudi cho rang, dbi vdi hoc sinh con em dan tbc, t i e n g Viet k h o n g the xem n h u la mdt ngogi ngO, hay ngon ngO thQ hai, ben canh tieng me de, tQ dd d i n den chu trUdng day t i i n g Viet theo phUdng phap day t i e n g me d e . T i e u b i e u t h o quan niem nay la cac t a t gia sach giao khoa tie'ng Viet tQ ldp 1 - ldp 5 dang dUdc dgy tai cac vung dan tbc hien hanh. Theo n h i l u y kien c u a giao vien, vdi viec day tieng Viet vdi tu each la tieng me de cua h p t sinh dan tpc khdng thuc so dem lai kef qua cao trong hpe tieng Viet cua hoc sinh dan tbc. Rat nhieu em hpe d e n Idp 3 van chua d p t dupc, chua v i l t dapc tieng Viet. Tham chi cb em hpe h i t Idp 5 van chua dpc thdng viet thgo tieng Viet. Neu tieng Viet b tieu hpe dupc
