Day va hpc Nguf van thcri nay nhir toi nghT
NGUYEN BA LONG
ThS. TrQdng CDSP Kien Giang
Thdi nay, ngudl ta sd dung tdi da cac phuang tien day hoc hien dai, nhdng den chieu, glao an dien td, cau hoi trae nghiem ... du ca. The nhung tam the day va hoc mon Ngu van van sa sut, am d^m. Nhieu tu tai doc chd Vl$t chua luu loat, viet mot van ban thong dung cung khong xong. Nhdng tiet giang van co hon cua thay dan dan thua vang; thay vao do la kieu day hoc dgc - chop, nhin - ehep mot each thu dong, xa cUng, kho khan. Khong bi quan nhung co te da khong It ngudl tran trd: Day van thdi nay dich d dau? Ddi mdi, hien dai ma the nay U ? .•;- r^ ,;, •. -, ... . . • " . - - v u -;..;-; ; . ) < i O ' : / - k . ^;..:{ii-) J ^ ' : - v ^ r ; - . . : . .
Mdt tie't day Van d TrQdng CDSP Kien Giang 1. NhQng thifc trang khong the "v6 tU":
- Mdn van trong nha trQdng da khdng b i t nhjp dQde vdi ddi sdng van chQdng thQc tai, tinh muc dich cua nd cQng khdng the da dang, da chieu nhQ nhQng gi dang d i i n ra trong ddi sdng xa hdi. Dd la thQc trang hien nhien nhQng khdng tat nhien. Qua tim hieu, chQng tdi thay, trong khi nhieu ngQdi cho rang phan Idn hpc sinh phd thdng "khdng chju hpc van" thi ngQdc lai, cac em lai td ra hQng thQ tim dpc nhQng tac pham mdi xuat ban (hdp phap), khdng nam trpng chQdng trinh. Dieu nay cQng phai suy nghT
- Tham dd mdt sd hpc sinh THPT: "thich" hay
"khdng thfch" nhQng bai thd nhQ" Day mua thu tdi, Trang Giang, Day thdn VI Da, Tdng biet hinh, Tay tien; hoac nhQng truyen nhQ Vg nhat, Vd chong A Phu, Minh trang cudi rdng ... Ke't qua:
hdn 90% tra Idi" thich". Hdi tie'p: "thich" hay "khdng thich" hpc nhQng tac pham dd; ke't qua: ve thQ nhat giam xudng de'n mQc ngae nhien. Chi sd nhQ the la cd van de khie'n ngQdi day phai tQ van minh cdn thie'u cai gi? Hdn van, kie'n thQc hay nang IQC truyen thu? Tac pham dinh cao cd kha nang trQdng tdn, phai day nhQ the nao de ngQdi hpc tQ nguyen de'n vdi van chQdng bdn la "cQdng bQc", "lam khd nhau"!
- NhQng "Giao an m l u " , " Bai van m l u " bay ban "menh mdng" ngoai thj trQdng, chung tdi nghT ldi it - hai nhieu, nd gdp phan lam mdn ne'p nghT
"day lui" tri sang tao cua c l ngQdi day l l n ngQdi hpc. Kieu day "thiy dpc - trd ehep, hoac thay "pbieu
van", trd nhin va ehep, c h l e ed mdi lien he vdi eai dQde gpi la " m l u " tren day.
Rd r i n g , vdi mdt mat bang sQ dung tie'ng Viet cdn "mong manh", "thap thdm", cdng vdi thdi quen viet van theo " m l u " , theo "khung" da trd thanh
"quan tinh"; neu phai giai quye't mdt van de nam ngoai "khung", ngoai " m l u " (nghj luan xa hdi chang ban), thi diem dQdi trung binh cua hpc sinh tat se
"vd ke", dieu dd chang cd gi la.
2. Day - hpc NgO van trong trQdng pho thong: nghT ve chat iUdng.
2.1. Day - hgc Ngd van dich d diu? '•-•
- Cd ngQdi ndi, day van la day ngQdi, hpc van la hpc lam ngQdi. Cau nay khdng sai nhQng mdng lung, cd the van vao mdn hpc nao cOng dQdc chQ khdng rieng gi NgQ van. Ki thQc, chang cd mdn nao dQa vao nha trQdng lai la khdng "day lam ngQdi".
- Quan niem khac: day van la day dpc hieu van ban. Tuy nhien, tQ dpc de'n hieu la ca mdt qua trlnh quanh co, mudn nga; bdi van ban nghe thuat la loai van ban dQdc dan ket bang hinh tQdng, da nghTa, da each hieu. Ay la chQa ndi de'n cd nhQng kiet tac hoan toan bat kha giai.
- Mdt each hieu khdng mdi nhQng thie't thQc:
mdn NgQ van ed p h i n ngQ va p h i n van; hai p h i n nay xuyen tham, hd trd cho nhau nhQng mdi phan ed eai dfch rieng cua nd.
a) Day p h i n ngQ la day hpc sinh sQ dung thanh thue tieng me de; hpe p h i n ngO cdt de dpc thdng viet thao, Qng dung vao giao tiep cd hieu qua. Khd DAY VA HOC NGAY NAY SO 1-2010 4 5
nhat cua phan ngO la thQc hanh lap luan, d i i n dat, tao van ban (trie nghiem khach quan khdng danh gia dQdc nang iQc nay). Tdi nghT: khi kTnang dung tQ, dat cau, lien ke't cau va trien khai cac ddn vj tren cau cua ngQdi hpc cdn non yeu, cac quy t i c chinh ta dang md hd thi tat ca nhQng cai gpi la
"phQdng phap lam van nghj luan" deu trd nen vd nghTa (hoac gan gan nhQ the). Cd mdt thQc te la, hpc sinh phd thdng, nhieu em cd the khdng (hoac it) cd nang khieu van chQdng, nhQng khdng the khdng sQ dung tie'ng Viet de giao tiep (tat nhien phai la tie'ng Viet van hda, tieng Viet hQdng chuan).
Tiec thay, nang iQc nay cua hpc sinh trong nha trQdng hien nay lai dang sa sut ngoai sQc tQdng tQdng.
- d day hoan toan thudc ve ldi he thdng (faute sytemique), chQ khdng thupc ban ve mpt cap hpc nao. Mudn k h i c phue nd cung phai dat vao he thdng, ye'u td thdi gian la phai tinh de'n, chat IQdng giao vien nhQ mpt dieu kien tien quye't; trong ITnh vQc nay, tuyet nhien se khdng cd chuyen "VQng di md ra". Chang han, viet sai chinh ta qua la van de rat nan giai va cd can nguyen cua nd. Mudn k h i c phue thi phai n i m b i t that sat nhQng mat ye'u dac thu cua hpc sinh dja phQdng trong ndi (phat am) va viet tie'ng Viet. Bdi chO qudc ngQ thudc loai chQ ghi am, ve cd ban mdi chQ ghi mpt am va mdi am chi ghi mdt chQ cai. NghTa la, mudn chinh ta trQdc bet phai chinh am (tQc phat am dQdc coi la chuan).
NhQng chinh am la dieu khdng the, bdi nd mang s i c thai dja phQdng dam net. Hau nhQ 6 vung mien nao tren dat nQdc ta cung cd hien tQdng phat am chQa chuan (khdng ke nhQng ngQdi ndi ngpng).
Cd dieu, phat am cd the khdng chuan nhQng chQ viet phai chuan; dd la yeu cau b i t bupc, la nhiem vu cua giao vien - trQdc he't la giao vien ngQ van. Tuy nhien yeu cau nay khdng phai bao gid cung dQdc thQc hien triet de, va cang khdng d i ddi vdi hpc sinh d bac hpc phd thdng. Khao sat cQ dan ban dja vung Nam Bd, chung tdi thay cd mpt sd phat am chQa chuan, d i d i n de'n viet sai chinh ta, nhQ: .: -
- Ve phu am dau:
V -^ d (gi) (vdi vang -> dgi dang).
r ^ g (run ray -> gun gay) .,,.;:
s -> X ( san sat -> xan xit).
tr -> ch (dacUUngdac chung). iv' - Ve phan v l n :
leu -> iu (budi chieu ^ buoi chiu).
Qdi ^ Qi idim cudi -^ dim cdi).
iem -^ im(/t/a chiem -^ lua chim)- lep -> ip ithiep mdi -> thip mdi). ;-; ri
- ., ... . . : :• i S I ' .
4 6 DAY VA HOC NGAY NAY s o 1-2010
Qdu -> Qu (con hUdu -> con hUu ) . udm -> um(can/7 buom -> canh bum ).
udi -> ui (cudi cung -> cui cung).
- Ve phu am cuoi:
y -> i (ban tay -^ ban tai).
n -^ r\g (lan gib -> lang gio).
t -> c itatden -> tie den).
n -> nh itin tUdng -> tinh tUdng).
u -> o( Trau doi trao ddi.
- Ve thanh dieu, vung Nam Bp thQdng nham l l n giQa thanh hdi vdi thanh nga (moi mon'' moi mdn). Khi da nhan ra nhQng phat am dja phQdng thQdng d i n de'n viet sai chinh ta, thi viec khic phue nd hoan toan nam trong tam tay cua thay va trd.
b) Day phan van trQdc het nham nang cao nang IQC thu cam nghe thuat cho ngQdi hpc; sau dd mdi ndi de'n bdi d i p tam hdn, giao due tham my. Nha van khdng cd cam hQng khdng the sang tac, ngQdi day van thie'u do rung tam hon, dp nhay cam xuc, tie't giang khd thanh cdng. Day dung chQa phai la cai dich cua mdn van ma cdn phai day sao cho sinh dong, cho hay, cho cd hdn. Khau dau tien nhQ mot "hieu Qng" tham my cua ngQdi day, dd la doc van ban thanh tieng. Dpc van, doc thd khac xa doc tin tQc thdi sQ. Cd the ndi, neu b i t dung mach ngam van ban, bdc Id dQdc the gidi npi cam cua nha van, gipng doc cd sQc am gdi, lan tda thi coi nhQ sQ thanh cdng cua ngQdi day da hdn mpt nQa.
Dd la chuyen sach v6, thQc t i i n chQa ban da vay; neu xet tQ phQdng dien ngQdi day hien thdi lai cang khdng phai vay. La mot loai hinh nghe thuat nhQng khac vdi hpa va nhac, dao tao giao vien NgO van giang d'^y trong trQdng phd thdng bay lau nay khong qQy djnh tuyen chon nang khieu.
NghTa la ai cung cd the vao hoc, m i i n la dQ thi khdi C va cd nguyen vpng hoc nganh SQ pham NgQ van (Tham khao them: N g u y i n Ba Long, Sinh vien, Su pham, NgO van co thich hgc van? Van nghe tre. Hoi Nha van Viet Nam, sd 11, 16 / 3 / 2008).
cc) Tdm lai, day va hpc NgQ van trong trQdng phd thdng la luyen cho ngQdi hocsQ thanh thuc ve sQ dung tie'ng Viet, tao lap van ban, ndi - viet rd nghTa, mach lac, hQdng chuan va truyen cho dQdc cai than, cai hdn van chQdng, tQ canh cQa vi dieu cua ngdn tQ, ngQdi day d i n ngQdi hpc bQdc vao the gidi nghe thuat, djnh hinh cho hp nhan each va niem khat khao Chan - Thien - My. 0 bac hoc nay, tdi nghT, cung cap kie'n thQc ve van chQdng chQa phai la van de cdt ye'u. Hieu qua cua viec ddi mdi dQdc the hien d phia ngQdi hoc ma nhQng gi nhQ hien nay c h l e cd le chQa dn.
Kieu day van thay dpc - trd ehep mpt each thiJ dpng, de rdi thay bupc trd phai viet van dung nhQ y cua thay; ki thQc da triet tieu cung luc sQc sang tao cua ca thay va trd.
2.2. Ddi dieu ve ddi mdi phUdng phap:
Doi mdi phQdng phap day van theo hQdng hien dai hda (modernisation) la can thie't, nhQng mpi ddi mdi deu phai van banh theo quy luat ke thQa va phai nhin vao tinh hieu qua cua nd. TQ than phQdng phap khdng giai quye't dQdc van de neu khdng phu hdp vdi dac trQng ddi tQdng. C h i n g han, sQ dung may chieu phu trd cho giang day van hpc dan gian (nhat la p h i n ca dao dan ca) se rat thanh cdng, bdi dac trQng cua nd la loai nghe thuat da chQc nang; ngQdi day cd the lam sdng lai khdng gian d i i n xQdng bang hinh anh sdng ddng tren man hinh.
NgQdc lai day van hpc viet (nghe thuat ngdn tQ dich thQc) ma lam dung may chieu cd khi lai phan cam, vd tinh ngQdi day da chuyen tQ loai hinh nghe thuat nay sang loai hinh nghe thuat khac. Thdng diep van chQdng vpng tQ con chQ, gdi tri tQdng tQdng chQ khdng the hinh anh hoa bang dQdng net tren man hinh nghe thuat thQ 7; ngQdi xQa ndi
"Van ki thanh bat kie'n ki hinh" chinh vi nhQ the.
Ve phQdng dien nay, lai phai sQ dung phQdng phap truyen thdng de khdng l l n ldn giQa giang van vdi "chieu van". Ddng nhat kieu day dpc - ehep vdi phQdng phap truyen thdng la khdng thda dang.
Phdi hdp ddng bd: d i i n giang, dam thoai, ghi ehep, la phQdng phap mang tinh tdng hdp rat cd Qu the, da dQdc thQc t i i n kiem nghiem.
3. Ket luan:
- Soi vao Idi day cua Bac Hd: " Hgc cdt de lam, hoc ma khdng lim dUde thi hgc nhieu cung vd ich". Vdi hpc sinb phd thdng 12 nam den sach, b i t dau hpp tie'ng Viet tQ Idp 1, dang d i n g hdn 10 nam tie'p theo khdng ngQng nghi ma nhieu em v l n dpp chQa thdng, viet chQa thao tie'ng me de; chle nhieu ngQdi day van va ca nhQng bac lam lam cdng tac quan li giao due se khdng khdi chanh Idng; ai nghiem k h i c hdn thi tQ cam thay nhQ minh chQa lam trpn bdn phan vdi dan, vdi nQdc. SQ sa sQt ve chat IQdng day van - hpc van la mdt hien thQc ngoai tinh hdp li. Luan giai nd, de'n nay g i n nhQ cd thQa. Van de la chung sQc, chung Idng tim ra phQdng thQc thao gd ke ca giai phap cap thie't de'n bien phap can cd.
- Trong nam hpc 2009 - 2010 va nhQng nam hpc ke tie'p, tdi nghT, dot pha (grand percee) ve chat IQdng day va hpc NgQ van se rat khd d i i n ra nhQng cai thien tQng bQdc lai la dieu cd the. NgQdi ta td chQc ra d i i n dan nay, hdi thao np ban ve doi mdi phQdng phap hay ddi mdi gi gi di nQa, cd le cung cdt de dat cho dQdc cai cd the dd.
- Mpi ky vpng ve ddi mdi phQdng phap, nang cao chat IQdng, nhQ tdi nghT, trQdc het phai khdi phat tQ phia chu the; khi ngQdi hpc khdng mudn hpc, ngQdi day khdng mudn day hoac chi day e l m chQiig thi rat khd ndi de'n thanh cdng.
Hda ra thi thdi nay ngQdi ta day van - hpe van hien dai hdn hdi xQa nhieu nhQng chat IQdng chQa ban da vQdt qua. Ay la tdi nghT vay, mong rang khdng phai vay! ., , _, . ._,, ,^,,, ^,, ,,
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DAY VA HOC NGAY NAY SO 1-2010
