L U A T H I £ N P H A P , L U A T H A N H C H I N H
NHCNG THfi N G H U M HlfiN DJNH
cAc Y^u T 6 DAN CHCT T R O N G H I ^ N PHAP
B t n H A I T H I £ M * Vi$n Nghien ciiu Up phap Legislative Research Institute Email: [email protected] T o m tSt
Diin gidi khdi niim ddn chti trong cdc bii cdnh khdc nhau ludn Id mdt vdn di phtic ttfp vd thubng phdi thdng qua cdc mii quan hi vdi cdc dinh thi hodc khdi niim khdc cd liin quan, trong dd CO Hiin phdp. GiUa Hiin pitdp va ddn chii co mii quan hi ddc biit, thi hi^n tdp trung d cdc quy djnh aia Hiin phdp vi ti chUc bp mdy nhd nudc vd quyhi con ngubi, quyin cdng ddn. Ddn chti vd triit ty hiin phdp dubng nhu dt song hdnh vdi nhau, cd su tuong thidi, rdtgdngUi nhau va liin quan mdt thiit din nhau, tuang hi ldn nhau. Tuy nhiin, hai khdi niim ndy khdng dting nhdt, md trdi lgi, vi bdn chdt c6 ldn tgi nhang xung ddt vdi nhau. Cudi ciing, hiin phdp phdi ludn dgt muc tiiu bdo v^ vd phdt huy ddn chti.
Til k h d a : ddn chti, hiin phdp, quyin con ngabi, quy^n cdng ddn Abstract
Intepretation of democracy is richly context-based, jluid, and complicated, requiring careful consideration of situational relations with other institutions and concepts, iru:luding the Constitution. There is a special relationship between the Constitution and democracy, playing out in the state apparatus and human rights. Democracy and constitutionalism often go hand in hand with some overlapping and mutual interaction. However, there are certain tensions between them. Ultimately, the Constitution is to set the goal of protecting and developing democracy, to make them work together and support each other.
K e y w o r d s : demoaacy, Constitution, human rights, citizen's rights Ngky nhan bai: 13/01/2020 Ngay duyet d i n g : 20/5/2020 1. C a c e a c h ti£p cfln p h d b i ^ n vfe dAn c h d til c6 dai d^n hien dai
Dan chd la mdt khai nidm triit hpc - chinh tri cd ban da ddpc cac triit gia td thdi ed dgi d i n nay khdng ngdng ban hiin. Nhilu nha ly lugn dan ehu ndi tilng da ban v l d ^ chu nhd Anstode, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, John Stuart Mill, John Dewey, Joseph Schumpeter, Robert Dahl va Hannah Arendt. Trong sudt chiiu dai Ijch sd td tddng nhan logi, khai nidm m y dddc giai thi'eh theo nhdng each khac nhau va ludn cd nhilu tranh lugn. Thuat ngd din chd (demoaacy) cd ngudn gdc td thdi Hy Lgp c6 dgi, bao giim hai tl^nh td la "demo" (nghia la n h i n dan hay sd ddng) va "aacy" (nghia la cai dl hay quyin ldc). Do dd, theo nguydn nghia gdc cda td nay, dan chd cd nghia la "dan ^rn chd" (rule by the people).
Nhan logi da tdng cd nhilu each td chde ddi sdng chinh tri khac nhau d l d i I5i cho mdt ciu hoi c5n ban: "ai dupc quyin cai tri"''. N ^ y nay cau tra Idi ddpe thda n h ^ phd quat dd la nhan dan phai la ngddi cai trj, lam chu. Bat ky trudng phii td tddng nao cdng diu thda nhan dan chd g ^ vdi mdt ly tddng tdt d?p, gia tri v3n minh va tiln bO eua loai ngUdi. Thgt ra con dddng din d i n sd thda n b ^ rOng rai dd n ^ y nay ddi vdi dan ehu khdng h i bang phing, d l
* Nghifin ciJu niy du^c tai trg bdi Quy Phat tri^n khoa hoc vk c6ng ngh$ Qudc gia (NAFOSTED) trong dt tai ma sd 505 01-2018.03.
4 6 T A P C H i K H O A H Q C P H A P LY V i g T N A M S 6 04 (134)/202Q dang ma phai trai qua nhilu biln ddng, khd khan, d^u tranh va mai dd'n the ky X X mdi dat ddpc dilu dd.
Cac triit gia Hy Lgp c6 dai nhd Plato (427 - 347 TCN) va Aristode (384 - 322 TCN) da tdng lo nggi iing dan chu sd lam buy hoai td do va minh triit.' Nha chmh di hpc ngddi Phap Alexis de Toqueville (1805 - 1859) cQng md ta mdi nguy cd su eai tri eda sd ddng thoai hda, biln thanh sd ehuydn c h i cua da sd {tyranny of the majority), didt tidu td do ca nhan va cac quyfen eua thilu sd.^
James Madison (1751-1836) cdng bay td quan nggi tddng td khi dd Hdi nghi Up hiln Hoa Ky tgi Philadelphia nam 1787, quan nggi nay ddde xuiit ban thanh Bai l u ^ sd 51 cda ngddi ung hd Hdn bang vao nam 1788.^
Mac dd lo ngai vl mjt trai cda dan chd di kem nhdng nguy cd, cac nha ly l u ^ dan chd diu nhin n b ^ cac gia trj du viet ndi trdi cua nd. Jean-Jacques Rousseau cho rang dan ehu la phdOng ddn quan trpng b^c nh^t d l con ngddi cd thi dgt dddc td do va td tri theo nghia la tuan thd phap Iuat do chinh minh dgt ra, tdc la man thu y ehi ehung.''John Stuart Mill thi cho rkig m^ic dii dan ehu d trang thai khdng bi kilm soat din din chuyin c h i nhiing thilu v ^ g dan ehu tbi sd tan bao va ngu ddt sd ldn ngdi.
Theo ng^a rdng, dan chu la vide ra quylt dinh mdt each t^p thi thdng qua sd tham gia cda tit ea cac chd the Uln quan mOt each binh ding. Tuy nhidn, diln giai va phat triln khai nidm my mdt each cu t h i ludn la d l ^ hdc bua. Khi ban din khai nidm din chd trong mdi quan hd vdi hiln phap, dan chu se ddpc pban tich dddi giac dd thilt c h i td chde va boat ddng cda N l ^ nifdc cdng nhd mdi quan b | eda ehinh quyin vdi nhan dan.
Khai mdm ehung nhit v l dan ehd da ddpe Abraham Lincoln, Tdng thdng Hoa Ky, ndu ra van t^t trong bai diln van Gettysburg ndi ding nam 1863 la
"chinh quyin ctia nhdn ddn, do nhdn ddn vd in nhdn ddn". VI mat binh thde, tuydt dgi da sd eac qudc gia trdn t b i gidi ng^y nay diu tuydn bd minh la cac n&n dan chu va ghi nh§n nd trde tiep hoac gian tidp trong Hiln phap b ^ g khau hidu Nha nudc cda dan do dan va vi dan hay ehu quyin thudc v l nhan dan, tdc la ghi nhan quyin tic ehu quyin nhan dan trong H i l n phap (popular sovereignty) .^
Tuy nhidn, vide Hiln phap ghi n h ^ nhd v^y cd dddc thda nhan rdng rai hay khdng cdn tdy thudc vao nhilu yiu td khac nhau v l thi c h i va gia tri, thdc Plato, 77ie Dialogues of Plato, translated mto Engjish with Analyses and Introducdons by B. Jowctt, Quy^n Vni, {vift nSm 360 tnldc Cflng nguydn), http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/repubUc.9.viii.html, truy cap n ^ y 20/12/2019; Anstode, The Politics of Aristotle, trans into English with introduction, marginal analysis, essays, notes and indices by B. Jowett, Q u y ^ V (vi^t nam 350 trUdc COng nguyen), http://classics mit.edu/Anstode/polidcs.5.five.html, truy cJp n^y 20/12/2019.
TocqueviUe, I>emocTacy in America, 1835. Ban do Eduardo Nolla bifin t4p va James Schleifer dich, tr. 410 - 414.
Madison, Federalist Paper So 51, 1788. Xem them: bai lujn Ngu6i hCn bang sd 51, http-//
avalon.law.yale edu/18di„century/fed51.asp, truy c|p ngiy 20/12/2019.
Rousseau, TTte Social Contract. Quy^n 2, Chuong 3, 1762
Di&u 2 Hitfn phap Phap nim 1958, Di&u 1 Hifti phap Y nam 1947, Di&u 1 Hitfn phip Tav Ban Nha nam 1978-
LUAT H I £ N PHAP, LUAT HANH CHINH
tidn thdc hanh gia tri m y cdng nhtl kha nang van hanh thi c h i bao dam. H i l n phap nam 2013 cua Vidt Nam da ghi nhan nhan td hpp ly khai nidm dan chd nay d D i l u 2 (khoan 2) va Dilu 3. Theo dd, Nddc Cdng hda xa hdi ehd nghia Vilt Nam do Nhan dan lam chd; ta't ca quyin ldc nha nddc thudc v l Nhan dan ma n i n tang la Hdn minh gida giai c^p cdng nhan vdi giai eS^p ndng dan va ddi ngd tri thdc va Nha nude bao dam va phat huy quyin lam chd cda Nhan dan; cdng nhan, tdn trpng, bao vd va bao dam quyin con ngddi, quyin cdng dan. Nhd v^y, hai nguydn tac cd ban eda dan chd da dupc dda vao trong H i l n phap va xoay quanh mdi quan hd gida nha nude va nhan dan.
O cip dd cu t h i hdn, hai nguydn tae cd ban k m nin tang cua dan chd la nguydn tac binh dang v l ehinh tn eda mpi edng dan va nguydn tac da sd quylt dinh. Trdn n i n cda hai nguydn tic cd ban nay, cd nhilu trddng phai khac nhau dda ra caeh nhin nhan ve dan chu.
Trddng phai theo each tilp can tdi thilu (minimalist school) vdi hai dai diln tidu bilu la Joseph Schumpeter (1883 - 1950) va Samuel Hungtington (1927 - 2008} gdn dan chu vdi cac dieu kidn v l bau cd {electoral demoaacy). Theo dd, mdt hd thdng ddde coi la dan chd khi eac vj tri quyin liic chu chdt diide Ida ebon thdng qua cac cudc b'au cd phd thdng d^u philu, thddng xuydn theo dinh ky, tmng thdc, mang ti'nh cgnh tranh, cdng bang va td do. Nguydn tae dd eung ap dung cho cac cudc trdng e'au y dan phai ed ddi vdi cac v ^ dl quan trpng cda da^t nddc. Bau cd cgnh tranh co nghia la phai cd sd cgnh tranh gida eae dng cd vidn dai didn eho cac dang phai chinh tn khac nhau. B'au cd cdng b ^ g va td do cd y nghia la sd td do trong vide dng cd va tranh cd, sd cdng b ^ g gida eae dng cd vidn. Kit qua bau cd hay trdng e"au y dan phai tuydt ddi tuan thu nguydn tae da sd quylt dinh.
Trddng phai theo each tilp can da didn (polyarchy), tidu bilu la Robert Dahl ddng y vdi cac di'du kidn v l bau cd nhd trdn ddi vdi mdt n i n dan ehd nhdng cho r ^ g n l u chi cd nhd vay thi chda bao dam dan chd. N l u thilu v ^ g cae quyin dan sd va chinh tri cd ban nhd td do ngdn luan, td do hdi hpp, td do bilu dat, tidp e^n thdng tin, td do bao chi thi eac diSu kidn v l b^u cd dd dd cd dddc thdc hidn cdng khdng cd y nghia thdc eh^t. Mpi cdng dan phai ddde hddng va bao dam eae quyin td do dan sd va ehinh tri do thi mdi thdc hidn cd y nghia cac dilu kiln v l b^u cd. Ta't ca cac cdng dan phai ddpc binh dang vl quyin va nghia v\i, ddng thdi binh ding tnidc phap lugt. Quyen OJ do ngdn luan la mdt trong nhdng chi dau dac trdng quan trgng cda dan chu.
Ngoai ra, dan chu phai bao dam sd phan lap rd mng gida eac quyin lap phap, hanh phap va td phap. Cac quyen dd phai kiem soat lan nhau, ddng thdi td phap phai ddc lap. Vfe cd ban, 6 nddc ta, n i n dan chu xa hdi chu nghia dddc hilu theo nghia nay. Qua trinh ddi mdi va phat triln v6 ly luan d ndde ta da ghi n h ^ hgt nhan hdp ly eua nguydn tae kilm soat quyin ldc vdi td each la
48 TAP CHi KHOA HQC P H A P LY VI$T NAM S 6 04 (134)/2Q20 gia tri phd quat cda nhan logi trong td chde quyin lijc nha nildc, mdt nguydn tic mang tihh n i n tang cda dan chu. Theo dd, Dilu 2 Hiln phap nam 2013 da quy dinh: "Quyin luc nhd nudc Id thing nhdt, cd su phdn cdng, phdi hpp, kiim sodt giaa cdc CO quan nhd nudc trong viic thuc hiin cdc quyin lgp phdp, hdnh phdp, tuphdp".
Tuy nhidn, dan ehu khdng t h u ^ tuy ehi la phep cdng ddn gian cda cac dilu kien v l b^u cd, cac quyin chinh tri va dan sd, hay si^ sip dat t h i ehi, ma dan ehu cdn la sd phdc hpp cda mdt logt nhdng gia tri, thai dd va niim tin, tao ra cd hdi d l thao lugn va tranh luan. Day la quan dilm cda tnidng phai ly luan phd phan (aitiail theory) vdi dgi didn tidu bilu la Jurgen Habemias va John Dryzek. Nhdng gia tr; va niim tin dd ddpc t h i hidn trong sd tham gia chinh tri va van hda cbnih tri. Mdt trong nhdng gia tri can ban cda dan chd chmh la phi bao ldc. Dan ehd thdc sd ddi hdi phai td bd sd dyng va de dpa sd dyng bgo ldc.
Cam kit ddi vdi phi bao ldc se bao vd quy'dn td do bilu dat va eac td do dan s^i khae bang each loai trd trddc cac hanh vi bgo ldc ho$c de dpa bgo lyc. Trong nhdng n i n dan ehu ma phi bgo liic khdng ddde dat tl^nh mdt nguydn tic thi cac quyin dan chd va td do bi m£t y ngbia ho^ic bi lam suy giam nghidm trpng.
2. Mdi quan h& giaa hi^n phap va ddn chd
Nhd da phan ti'ch, ng^y nay dan chd ddpc thda nh^n rdng rai la mdt gja tri tdt dep, van minh va tiln bd eua nhan logi. Chfiih vi tbi, tuydt dgi da sd cac hiln phap trdn t h i gidi diu trdc tilp hay gian tilp tuydn bd cac gja tri dan chu va cam kit bdo dam thdc hidn. N i n tar^ ly thuyit cua dan chd, nguydn tic chd quy&n nhan dan hay ehi'nh quyin eua dan, do dan va vi dan ed thi ddpe ghi nhan rd ring bing td ngd trong hiln phap hoac n^lm in trong cac dilu khoan khac nhau. Mdt kbi da ghi nhgn nguydn tic dan chu nin tang nay, hiln phap nao cdng triln khai nd bing each tuydn bd va cam kit bao dam cac quyin cd ban cda con ngddi, tror^ dd cd cac quyin dan sd va chinh tri nhd td do ngdn lugn, td do bilu dgt, td do hdi hop, td. do bao chi, dip can thdng tin. Ddng thdi hiln phap quy dinh quyin cda cdng dan tham gia chinh tri hay quan ly nha nddc va xa hdi.
Trong Hiln phap nam 2013, td "dan chu" xuat hidn chm Fan vdi td each la mdt gia tri ddde thda nhan, phat huy va bao vd. Td nguydn tie mang tinh khai quit nay, Hid'n phap nam 2013 da cam kit v l eae gia trj dan chu mdt each t^p trung nb^t thdng qua toan bd ChUdng 2 (td Dilu 14 din Dilu 49).
Tid'p dd dan chd ddpc thi hidn trong td chde va van hanh cua bd may nha nddc. Hiln phap tuydt dai da sd eac nddc trdn t h i gidi diu ghi n h ^ nguydn tie kilm soat quyin Ide gida lgp phap, hanh phap va td phap d b i ^ thdi vdi sd ddc l^p cda td phap. Cac nguydn tic chimg nay sd dupe triln khai thanh cac dilu khoan cy thi hdn sau dd d l bao dam eho vide thdc thi. Hiln phap nam 2013 da ghi nhan hgt nhdn hdp ly cua triit ly kilm soat quyin lyc, Idng ghep vdi cd c h i pban cdng, phdi hpp gida cac cd quan nha nddc trong vi^c thdc hi|n cac quyen l^p phap, hanh phap va td phip.
L U A T H I £ N P H A P , L U A T H A N H C H I N H
Cac dac dilm dd cho th^y dan chu va triit ly hiln phap dddng nhd di song hanh vdi nhau. R d rang hai khai nidm nay cd nhilu sd tdOng thich, r^t
^ gdi nhau va lidn quan mgt thilt d i n nhau, tddng hd 15n nhau. Tuy nhiln, hai khai nidm nay khdng ddng nhit vdi nhau, ma trai l$i, v l ban chat v5n cd sd khac bilt, tham chi tdn tgi nhdng xung ddt vdi nhau. Nhdng khac bilt nay it nhit t h i hidn d trdn cae mit sau day.
Thti nhdt, gdc rl cda chd nghia hiln phap d^t gia dinh tiln d l v l ban eh&
eda eon r ^ d i dudi cai nhin bi quan. Theo do, con ngddi cd ban chit ludn dam md quyen ldc va cd xu hddng tranh diu d l vddn tdi quyin ldc tuydt ddi. Theo Lord Acton thi quyin ldc cd xu hddng tha hda, quyin ldc tuy|t ddi thi tha hda tuydt ddi. D o dd, chd nghia hiln phap ddde thyc thi d l ban c h i quyin ldc cda chinh quyin. Cac thilt e h i hhi cd, kilm soit quyin ldc nha nddc ddpc xac lap d l ngan ngda sd chuydn c h i cua thilu sd n i m quyin lye edng nhd sii chuydn c h i cda sd ddng. Ngdpc lgi, quan nidm gde r l cua dan chd dda ra gde nhin lac quan vdi gia dinh tdt dep v l ban chit cda con ngddi, v l kha nang sd diing quyin ldc chmh tn mdt cich khdn ngoan nMm mang lai dilu tdt dep chung. Quan dilm ti'ch cdc thi h i | n lAng sd tham gia eda mpi ngddi se lam tai^ ehit Iddng cudc sdng, ehit Idpng thi c h i va lam cho eac edng dan tdt d?p hdn.
Mdt dilm khac bi|t quan trpng khac la each tidp c ^ . Chd nglua hiln phip chd trpng vin d l bao v l cae "yl'u td sdng edn" (vital elements) cda ddi sdng ehinh trj, xa hdi d l . Didu dd cd nghia trong bit ky tinh hudng rao thi quyin liic dd c6 bi tha hda hay tuy|t ddi hda cdng khd long thay ddi.^ Cac "yiu td sdng edn" dd thddng dddc xac dinh bdi nhdng gia tri gan vdi mdt giai doan Uch sd nhit dinh, hoge ngay ca mdt tam nhin v l mdt giai dogn xa hdn thi cdng chiu anh hddng cda hd gia tri tgi thdi dilm hiln phap dddc xiy ddng. Do dd, chu nghia hiln phap thiidng cd each tilp c^n tinh va mang tmh mydn ngdn v l nhdng gia tri da ddpc xac dinh, nhdng g^ Ijch sd huy hoang cda qua khd da ghi nhan. Nhdng gia tri dd dddc gin chit vao van ban hidh phap va d l thay ddi chdng ddi hdi nhdng thd tyc cdc ky phdc tgp. Trai lai, each dip cin eda dan chd la ludn d l ngd kha nang cho tddng lai d l diin din cd nhdng cai tiln can thilt. Din chd ludn hddng tdi sd thay ddi tdt dep va din bd bdi vi dd la mdt qua trinh khdng bao gid cd thi thilt lap diy dd ngay lip tdc ma sd ehi md ra din dan.
Mac dd cd xuit phit dilm v l each tidp can khae nhau, nhdng gida ehd nghia hiln phap va dan ehu dang n ^ y cd sy tddng tic ch^t che, dge bilt ke td t h i ky XX. D i n chu hdn bao gid hit cin ed sd b i o vd va ehd nghia hiln phip cd thi eung cip sd bao v l dd cho dan ehu, trd thanh ngddi hd vd cho dan chd.
Din cht c^ chd nghia hiln phip bao vd d l sdng sdt trong mdt t h i gidi dSy phdc tgp va biln ddng. Trong khi dd, theo thdi gian, chd nghia hiln phap da Blondel, Jean, "Democracy and Constitunonahsm" in Tlie Changing Nature of Democracy, edited by Takashi Inoguchi, Edward Newman and John Keane, New York: United Nations University Press, p 75 - 76.
50 TAP c m KHOA HQC P H A P LY V I E T NAM S 6 04 (134)/202Q chip nhin va tilp thu mdt sd nguydn tic cua dan chd, thda nhin r ^ g din chu cd thi h mdt ph^n quan trpng, thgm chi la can ban cho ly do tdn tai cua chd nghia hiln phap. Bao vd eae nguydn tic dan chd trd thanh mdt sd m | n h quan trpi^ cda chd nghia biln phap.
Mdt khac bidt quan trpng nOa cin ehu y la cich nhin nhin v l nhdng myc tilu cin du ridn. Chd ngbia hiln phap v l ban chit la mdt khai n i | m chinh tri - phip ly, tdc la nd quan tam chd yd'u din cic quy tic, quy phgm, din cac dinh td. Trong khi dd, dan chu vl ban chit la mdt khai nidm chinh di - xa hdi, tdc la quan tim chd chd yeu din sd phin cdi^ quyin lyc ehmh tri trong xa hdi. Do chd nghia hiln phap chu yiu hudr^ din sy bao v | ndn hai chd thuyet nldng cdt cda nd la phip quyin va thd bgc cua cic quy tic. Trdn thdc tl, chd nghia hiln phap cd thi bao v | cac quy tie hdp hiln nhdng lai phi din chu v l mat ndi dung (vi dy nhilu hid'n phip trdn t h i gidi tdng ban c b i cic quyin biu ed eua cdng din).
Sd khac bidt ban (&u v l myc tidu nhu trdn da khdng can trd sy xich lai g^
nhau gida hai khai ni|m chd nghia hidh phip va din chu ng^y nay. Kinh nghidm td lich sd nhin logi cho thiy dan chu khdng cbi cin bio vd ma can nhdng thi c h i ddpc xac lgp de nd hogt ddng va nhdng thi c b i do khdng thi nim d diu khic ddpc ngoai khudn khd cda Hiln phap. Chu r^hia biln phap dem din nhdng bio dam thdc t l quan trpng cho cac quyin con ngddi, td dd cdng dan cd ddde sd bio vd trddc nhdng xim phgm eda ehinh quyin. Chu ng^a bidii phap la mdt ed c h i hdu hidu di kilm c h i cic hanh vi xam pham quyin eon ngddi.
Vdi sy bao vd hdu hi|u eua ehu ngbia hiln phip, rd rang din chd cd thi ddpc phat huy manh me hPn. M$t khac, chu nghia hiln phap eung ng^y eang phai c ^ din dan chd hdn. Thay vi chi thuin tdy quan tim din quy trinh va quy tie, ehu nghia hiln phap ng^y cang phat triln sang bao ham nhilu nOi dung din chu hpn. Cic quy trinh t h u ^ tdy cda phap ly sd khdng thi ddng vCdig nlu khdng cd ndi dung dan chd hd trp, do dd chd r^Jiia hiln phap phai cam kit mgnh me bao vd trgt ty xa hdi dan chd thi sy tbn tai eda nd mdi cd y nghia.
Cud'i cdng, khic bidt quan trpng gida chu nglua hiln phap va din ehu la each nhin nhgn vl ban chit eua xa hdi. Chd i^hia hiln phap thidn v l quan dilm mang tinh each ca nhan (individualistic) ddi vdi xa hdi. Dilu nay cd ngbia la nd bao vd eac ea nhin chdng lai sy xam phgm, bao vd va thdc diy n h d l ^ quyin cd ban eda con ngddi. Trong khi dd, dan ehu lgi thidn v l quan dilm mang tinh cdng ddng (communitarian) ddi vdi xa hdi, nhan mgnh v l ktua cgnh cdng ddng, sy tham gia t^p thi, ddng thdi eho phep sd phat triln va ddi thoai hai hda vdi khia canh ca nhan. Bdi le nlu tuydt ddi hda khia egnh cdng ddng, dan chu se h\
trddt sang dianh toan tri. Cdn nd'u tuydt ddi hda khia cgnh ca nhan, xa hdi se bi chia tich hoan toan thanh cic phan td ma khd ed each 0. gin kit l^i vdi nhau.
Dan cbd khdng nhin nhin xa hdi chi ddn thuin la t4p hpp cua cae ca nhan ma nhdng ea nhan do phii ddpe gin kit vdi nhau bang eac gii tri cong dbng. Hdn
L U A T H I ^ N PHAP, LUAT HANH CHJNH
nda, trong xa hdi ludn tdn tai nhdng nhdm i ^ d i khae nhau, cac nhdm thilu sd theo sic tdc, tdn giao, gidi tmh... cin ddpc bao vl vdi td each ca nhdm chd khdng phai la tgp hdp ed hpc ddn t h u ^ eda cac ca nhan. Dd h phddng Tay hay phddng Ddng, mdt xa hdi dan chd ludn mang ffong minh cac ciu phin cda khia canh cdng dbng dieo nhdng myc tilu ehung va cae gia bl chung.
3. D a n chii true ti^p va dSn chii dai difin trong Hi^n phap Sy tham gia chinh tri cda ngddi din la hat nhan trung tam cua khai nidm dan chd. Sy tham gia ehinh tri cua ngddi dan cdn ddpc hilu la tham gja vao hoat ddng qudn ly nha nddc va xa hdi. Y nghia nay ddpc minh djnh bing ngdn tif eua Dilu 28 H i l n phap nam 2013. Theo dd, cdng dan cd quyin tham gia quin ly nha nddc va xa hdi, tham gia thao luan va kiln nghi vdi cd quan nha nddc v l cac v ^ d l cda cd sd, dia phddng va ca ndde. Nha nddc tgo dilu kidn d l cdng dan tham gia quan ly nha nddc va xa hdi; cdng khai, minh bgch troi^
vile tilp nhan, phan hdi y kiln, kiln nghi cda cdng din.
c a n cd theo hinh thde tham gia, cd t b i phan loai thanh din chd trde tilp va dan chd dgi didn. Hai hinh thde dan chii nay ddpc quy dinh t ^ Dilu 6 H i l n phap nam 2013: "Nhdn ddn thuc hiin quyin luc nhd nudc bdng ddn chti true tiip, bang ddn chti d^i di^n thdng qua Qudc hpi, Hdi ddng nhdn ddn vd thdng qua cdc cd quan khdc ctia Nhd nudc".
Md binh ddn chti tn^c tiip vdn khdi ngudn td Hy Lap c6 dai dya trdn sy tham gia tryc tilp eua edng dan vao chinh quyin thanh bang (polis). Di nhidn, thdi dd 6 Hy Lap, chi mdt sd it tlnnh p b ^ xa hdi chpn Ipc mdi dupc coi la cdng dan. D i n ehd tryc tilp hinh thanh mdt dang chinh quyin thdng qua cac cudc hpp toan t h i q u ^ chdng va mdi cdng din nam diu cd du td each d l nam gid eac ehdc vy cdng nlu ddpc Ida chpn thOng qua bd philu hay luan phidn.
Md hinh dan chd trdc tilp kilu Athen loai bd nhu c^u phai cd mdt tang ldp ehinh tri gia chuyin nghidp va cic cdng dan co thi td minh thye hiln edng vi|c eai tri mdt each tryc tidp, xda nhda sy phan bi|t gida ngddi eai tri va ngddi bi tri, giila nha nddc va xa hdi. Md hinh nay trong thdi hidn dai cdn tilp tye dddc thyc hiln d mdt sd dia phudng d My, dge bidt d viing New England.
Md hinh dan chd trdc tilp khdng chi ddpc thyc hidn d nhdng ndi cd quy md din sd nhd v i tap trung, ma. ci d cip rdng ldn hdn hoge toan qudc thdng qua trdng c^u y din, tdc ia bd philu cua toan din d l quylt dinh mdt van d l trpng dgi cy thi. Vdi y nghia quan trpng cda vide nhan dan trde tilp tham gia quylt dinh cac viii d l quan trpng, nhilu Hiln phap dan chu trdn t h i gidi gjii n h ^ quy djnh v l trung ciu y dan. Ddn cd, Dilu 3 Hidh phap Phap nSm 1958 quy dinh: "chti quyin qud'c gia thudc vi nhdn ddn, nhdn ddn thuc hiin chti quyin aia mmh thdng qua nhting ngUbi dgi diin vd bdng cdc cudc tning cdu y ddn ". Tgi Thyy Si.
tning cau y din ddpc sd dyng r d r ^ rai d mpi eip. O Anh, trdng e^u y din tdng ddde sd dyng d l quylt djnh vile duy tii td each thanh vidn eua Cdng ddng
52 TAP CHI KHOA HQC PHAP LY VlfiT NAM s 6 04 (134)/2020 chiu AU vao nam 1975, v l vide ty tri cua xd Wales va Seodand, bi|p dinh hda b'lnh Bic Ireland hay ap dyng md hinh thi tnidng London. O nhilu nddc chau AU khac, trdng ciu y dan dupe sd dyng d l quylt dinh vide phd ehuin Hid'n phap chiu Au nam 2004 - 2005. C My, trdng c^u y dan n ^ y eang ddpc sd dung rdng rai d cap dia phddng.
Tuy nhidn, md hinh din chu tryc tidp gap phai nhilu hgn c h i trong xa hdi hidn dai vi sd khd khan t r o : ^ vide tryc tilp ra eac quylt dinh tap thi vdi quy md dan sd ldn va sd phan tan eda dan ed. Vide td chde mdt cudc hpp toan t h i cua hang tri|u, hang tram tridu, tham chi ci ty ngddi d l ban thao va ra quylt dinh tap thi la di'du khdng tddng. Hdn nGa, nd'u cho phep vSn d l gj cdng phai dda ra cho toan dan thao luin va quylt dinh ma phai cd thdi gian d l thao luin va tranh luin vdi nhau thi cd nguy cd ^ m td lidt qua trinh ra quyd't dinh, td dd ^ m eho dit nddc rdi vao tinh trgng ngdng tr|. Mdt h?n c h i khic la nhdng ngddi din b'mh thddng khdng cd du thdi gian, thdng tin, dd chin chin v l kiln thde chuydn mdn cdng nhd kinh nghidm d l ra quylt djnh mdt each khdn ngoan v l mpi v ^ dl. Do dd, md hinh dan chd dai didn cd thi khic phyc ddpc kbilm khuylt nay bang vile khai thac lpi t h i cua phin cdng lao ddng trong ehinh tri.
Mdt ting ldp cae ehiiih tri gja chuyen nghidp se cd thdi gian, kinh i^jiidm va cd dilu kidn tap hpp dupc chuydn gia d l thuc hi|n cac hogt ddng cua chmh quyin.
Hidn tgi, md binh phd quit trdn t h i gidi la ddn chti dgi diin. Theo md hinh nay, chiiib quyin ddpc giao phd cho mdt ting ldp cac chuih trj gia chuyin nghidp dilu hanh, nhdng ngudi nay cd trach nhidm ra quylt dinh thay mit cho nhan dan. Dilu rmy la do nhan dan chi ed thi thyc hidn tham gia chinh tri mdt each khdng thtidng xuydn va ngan ngdi, phin ldn cbi d hanh ddng bd la philu b^u cae chmh tn gia vao nim gid cac vi tri cdng quyin ma vide bd philu chi diln ra vai nam mdt lin. Nhan din khdng t h i ty minh tryc tilp thyc thi ddpe quyin lyc va chi CO the gian tid'p lya chpn chinh sich thdng qua vide lya chpn chmh tri gia dgi didn cho minh. Do dd, hanh vi bd philu cda ngddi din chirih la tao ra ngudn gdc can ban, cdt yiu eda quyin lyc nha nddc. Ndi mdt cich ddn gian, d l bao dam trach nhidm giii trinh v l chirih tri, ngddi dan "cd quyin dudi chinh phu" khi chinh phd dd khdng ^ m dupe vide, tdc la logi bd va thay t h i nhdng ngddi dgi didn eho minh thdng qua cac cudc biu cd. B i r ^ cich nhd viy, hinh thde dan chd dgi di|n cd thi hidn thyc hda y mdm "chinh quyht vi nhdn ddn".
Tuy nhidn, hinh thdc dan chd dai didn cd kbilm khuylt cd bin ^ khd cd thi hoan toan hidn thyc hda dupe y nidm cdt loi cda dan chu - "chinh quyin do nhdn dan" va "chinh quyhi ctia nhdn ddn". Da cd nhi&u pbe phan vdi hinh thde din ehu dgi didn do ban chit quan hdu eda ehmh quyin hidn dgi va thilu nhay ben vdi nhu ciu cua ngddi dan, cdng nhd dac tinh nghi nghidp mang tihh td lpi cua cie chinh tri gia tgi cac nin dan ehd ty do td san. Ngoai ra, vi^c bd philu eda ngddi dan thddng ddpc xem nhd la mdt thu tyc mang oiih bilu
L U A T H 1 £ N PHAP, L U A T H A N H C H I N H 53 tupng nghi 11 r m mat di y nghia diyc sy bdi vi nd cd rit it anh hddng ddi vdi
qua trinh chinh sach thyc tl. Sy chin nan cda cdng ehdng dddc thi hiln d ty 1| cd tri di bUu n ^ y cang diip d nhilu ndi, trd thanh tridu chdng b i n h kinh niln cda din chd dai didn.
Cudi cdng, chung ta cin ban din mdt hinh didc khae ^ day ng^y cang ddpe cic nha ly luan va thye tidn chd y dd la dan chd tranh luan. Nhdng thap nidn ^ day, cac nha ly luan chii y din hinh thde ddn chti tranh ludn vdi nhilu du dilm bd khuylt eho hinh thdc dan chd dai didn. Md hinh din chu tranh luin la vide quylt dinh tap thi thdng qua qua ttinh ep xat mdt each binh ding gida eac ly le khie nhau d l dgt din sd ddng thuin hpp ly (rational consensus). Theo dd, thdng tin trao ddi gida tit ca eac bdn vl mdt vin dl chinh sach se khdng bi meo md do cic b i n tham gia diu td do va binh dang vdi nhau, khdng cd hd ngan each vB quyin ldc hay b; ip c h i v l quyin lyc. Cae quan dilm, ly Id ddpe trinh bay ra khdng bi gidi han dl tgo ra sy tham gia cdi md, td dd ly Id nao tdt hdn va thuyit phye hdn se quylt dinh. Md hinh din chd tranh luin la mdt qua trinh ddi dioai va trao ddi gjda cic ly le nhim mye dich giai quylt eae linh hudng khd khan vdn khdng thi giai quylt ddpc thdng qua dilu phdi \ ^ hpp tic gida cic ci nhan.^ Nd cd kha nang khic phue ddpc nhdpc dilm cua vide bd philu bdi vi n l u mdi edng din b'lnh ding nidt phid'u nhd nhau se ed xu hddng can trd hay loai trd sy tranh luan va di din quylt dinh khdng phai la tdt nhi't. Theo Dryzek, tranh lugn (deliberation) la mdt qua trinh xa hdi ma d dd nhdng ngUdi tham gia cd thi thay ddi nhdng nhin dinh, dinh gia, sd Ida chgn da thich va quan dilm trong qua trinh tddng tac vdi nhau.^ Sy tranh lugn gin vdi thuyit phyc bang ly le chd khdng phai ep budc, leo lai hay Ida ddi. Vdi sy tham gia nhy thi, dan chd dat din trinh dd thye chit hdn. Nhilu nha ly luin dan chu r ^ y nay cho rang md binh dan chd tranh luan cin phai dddc ap dyng cho qua trinh lam va sda ddi Hidh phap d l dat ddpc mdt bin Hiln phap ddde tit ea diu chip nhan.^ • Tai lifiu t h a m k h a o
[1] Blondel, Jean, "Democracy and Constitutionalism" in Tiie Changing Nature of Demoaacy, edited by Takashi Inoguchi, Edward Newman and John Keane, New York: United Nations Umversity Press
[2] John Dryzek, Deliberatit^e Democracy and Beyond: Liberals, Critics, Contestations, Oxford University Press, 2000
[3] Stephen Elstub, "Democracy" in Political Concepts: A Reader and Guide, edited by Iain MacKenzie, Edinburg; Edmburg Umversity Press, 2005
[4] Madison, Federalist Paper No. 51, 1788 [5] Rousseau, The Sodal Contract. 1762 [6] Tocqueville, Democracy in America, 1835
' Stephen Elstub, "Democracy" in Political Concepts A Reader and Guide, edited by Iain MacKenzie, Edmbutg: Edinburg Umversity Press, 2005, p. 148.
' John Dryzek, Deliberative Democracy and Beyond- Dberals, Critics, Contestations, Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 2.
' 6 Vijt Nam, qua ttinh ban hinh Hifn phap nim 2013 da tb^ nghi$m m6t sd ytfu td budc dSu cda din chil tranh lu^n.
