Cac nhan to anh hu'dng i6\
dau tu* phat trien ca sd vat chat va thiet bi dao tao
cho cac trUorng dai hoc cong lap of Viet Nam
• TRAN AMH TRtJCiNG-
Tomtit
Nghien cffu dUffc thffc hien nhdm xdy diing md hinh ly thuyi't ve cdc nhdn to dnh hudng tdi ddu tuphdt trien cff sd vdt chdt (CSVC) vd thii't bi ddo tgo (TBDT) cho cdc irudng dgi hgc cdng lap (DHCL) d Viet Nam. MS hinh ly thuye't do tdc gid de xud't gom: (1) Khung phdp ly vd cff che, chinh sdch cua Nhd nUdc; (2) Suphdt tnen cua khoa hoc, cong nghi vd xu hudng ddi mdi gido due dai hgc trong khu vUc vd tren the gidi; (3) Xu hudng tuchu hda gido due dgi hgc; (4) Cdc tieu chudn vd dinh mffc kinh te- ky thudt; (5) Nguon nhdn lUc qudn ly CSVC vd TBDT. Nghien cffu cung tdng hap. phdn tich vd ddnh gid cdc nhdn tddnh hudng tdi ddu tuphdt trien CSVC vd TBDT cho cdc trudng DHCL d Viet Nam.
Tit khda: ddu tu, co sd vgt chdt. thii't bi ddo tgo, dgi hgc cdng lap. tu chu, gido due dgi hoc, nhdn td dnh hudng, VietNam
Summary
The study was conducted to propose a theoretical model of factors affecting inveslment in training facilities and equipment for Vietnam-based public universities. The aforementioned model includes (I) Legal framework, mechanism and policies of the State; (2) The development of science, technology and the trend of higher education innovation in the region and in the world; (3) The trend in the autonomy of higher education; (4) Econonuc and technical standards and norms; (5) Human resources in managing facilities and equipment. The study also synthesizes, analyzes and assesses determinants of investment in training facilities and equipment for public universities in Vietnam.
Keywords: investment, facilities, training equipment, public universities, autonomy, higher education, influencing factors, Vietnam
GlCfl THIEU dau tff phat trien CSVC va TBDT cua , , . , , . . ^--. , , ^^'^ iTMcing DHCL ed y nghia quan trong, Trong bdi eanh thffc hien nhiem vu dot mdi can ban lam can eff de xua't ede chinh sdch va giai va toan dien giao due dai hoc Vidt Nam theo hffdng phap kip thdi, phii hdp.
chuan hda. hien dai hda, xa hpi hda, dan chu va hdi
nhdp qude te', dau tff eho giao due dat hpc la vd'n de CO SCf LY THUYET dang nhdn dffdc stf quan tam cua ede nha khoa hpc,
cac nha quan ly va dtf luan xa hdi. Trdn thffc te, mdt CSVC va TBDT cua cac trffimg DHCL ty trong rd't ldn trong tdng chi ngdn sach nha nrfdc cho Khdi ni^m
giao due drfde stf dung dd'chi thtfdng xuyen, thi nhiem Co nhieu khai mem ve CSVC va vu dau trf phat trid'n CSVC va TBDT la mdt thach thffc TBDT dffa tren nhffng cdeh tid'p can kbdc Idn dd'i vdi cac trrfdng DHCL vd cd quan quan ly nha nhau, song deu cd mdt sd did'm chu nrfdc. Vi vdy, viec xac dmh cde nhan to'anh hrfdng tdi nhd't dinh. Tffu trung i;ii cd the h'"'^
'ThS., Bo Gido due va Dao tao
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 07/10/2019: Ngdy phdn bien; 20/10/2019: Ngay dtt\et ddng 24/10/2019
146
CSVC va TBDT cua cac trffdng DHCL la nhiing phffdng tien vdt cha't, ky thuat, khoa hgc cdng nghe cua nha trffdng drfdc sfi dung trong qua trinh dao tao, nghidn cihi khoa hpc eung nhrf nhtfng boat ddng khac thupc chtfc nang nhidm vu cua nhd trffdng; giup cho vide thtfc hidn cac chtfc nang, nhidm vii nay dtfdc thuan ldi hdn va dat hieu qua cao hdn (Dang Thi Minh Hien, 2018).
Cd thd' phdn loai can ctf vao tinh chd't cua CSVC va TBDT nhff sau:
+ Didn tich dd't dai, ha t^ng ky thuat (giao thdng, thdng tin lidn lac, chid'u sang, cung ca'p ndng Iffdng, cap thoat ntfdc, quan ly cha't thai, ha tang cdng nghd thdng tin...);
+ Cdc khdi nha, cdng trinh (hdi trtfdng, giang dtfdng, phdng hdi thao, phong hop, phdng lam vide, phdng thl nghiem, xtfdng/traiVtram thtfc hanh, thtfc nghidm, thtf vien...),
+ Dien tich mat bang, cdng trinh tien ich khac (san chdi, bai tap, sdn vdn ddng, benh vidn, ki tiic xa, nha an...);
+ Cac phtfdng tidn, thid't bi phuc vu cong tdc giang day, hpc tap va nghien ctfu khoa hpc (ban ghe', bang, thtf vien tmyen thong, thff vien dien ttf, may tinh, may chid'u, phan mem, dung cu, thie't bi thi nghiem... va cac trang thid't bi khde).
Ddu tu phdt trien CSVC vd TBDT cho cdc trudng DHCL
Ddu tuphdt trien gido due dgi hgc cd the hieu la qua trinh stf dung cdc ngudn life (tai chinh, CSVC va TBDT, nhan life, tri tue, khoa hgc cdng nghe...) trong mdt khoang thdi gian nha^t dinh dd' dao tao cac trinh dp cag ddng, dai hpc va sau dai hgc; nham tao ra ngu6n nhan Itfc chd't Itfdng cao dap tfng yeu cau phat trien kinh te - xa hdi da't ntfdc trong giai doan tiien tai va tffdng lai.
Ddu luphdi trien CSVC vd TBDT Id nigt bd phan cua dau tff phat trien giao due dai hpc. Nd'u coi trffdng DHCL nhtf mpt cd sd cung tfng dich vu cdng, thi dau tff phdt trie'n CSVC va TBDT la vide stf dung cac ngudn Itfc (vd'n, con ngtfdi, tri tue, khoa hoc edng nghe, tdi nguyen...) trong mgt khoang thdi gian nhd't djnh nham muc tidu cung cap vd dap tfng nhu cau ve CSVC vd TBDT dd' phuc vu hoat ddng dao tao, nghien ctfu khoa hoc va cac hoat ddng khae thudc chtfe nang nhidmvu eua trffdng DHCL; tff dd tao tien de gdp phan nang cao hieu qua cua dau tff phdt trid'n gido due dai hpc.
Cac nguon vd'n cho d^u ttf phat trien CSVC va TBDT
Cdc nguon vdn dau tff phat trien CSVC va TBDT d cae trffdng DHCL bao gdm: (1) ngudn ngan sach nha ntfdc; (2) nguon dau ttf ttf nhan, dau ttf thdng qua hinh thtfc hdp tac cdng tff; (3) nguon ttf tao eua nha trffdng;
(4) ngudn trich ttf hgc phi - le phi va cdc ddng gdp khac cua hd gia dinh, ngtfdi hpc; (5) nguon vd'n vay, vidn trd, cho tang, ttf thidn.
Ly thuyet cac nhan to' anh htfdng tdi dau tff CSVC va TBDT cho cac trtftfng DHCL
Khung phdp ly vd cff che, chinh sdch cua Nhd nUdc Day la nhdm nhdn td' anh htfdng trtfc tie'p dd'n quy md va cha't Itfdng dau ttf phat trien CSVC va TBDT eua cdc trtfdng DHCL. Khung phap ly va cd chd'chinh sach eua Nha nffdc ve dau tff CSVC va TBDT cho cdc DHCL cd the chia thanh cdc nhdm, dd la: Phffdng thtfc phdn bd ngan sach nha ntfdc; Chinh sach hpc phi;
Chinh sach ffu dai thue, tin dung; Chinh sdch ve hdp tde cdng - tff (PPP); Chinh sdch khuyd'n khich tai trd cho giao due dai hgc. Cu the nhff sau:
- Phffdng thtfc phan bd ngan sach nhd nffdc cho dau ttf phat trid'n CSVC va TBDT cdc trtfdng DHCL dtfdc danh gia la cd hidu qua khi dam bao eae yeu cau sau: Vide phan bd dtfa tren cac tieu ehi rd rdng:
Tinh day du, tinh phu htjp, tinh hidu qua/tiet kiem, tinh hieu Iffc/hidu sud't, tinh ben vtfng, tinh cdng khai, minh bach va tinh cdng bang; Phan bd dffa trdn dinh mtfc kinh td' - ky thudt dtfde xdy dffng day du cdn ctf khoa hgc va thtfc tien; Phdn bd cd trgng tdm, trgng diem, khdng dan trai, cao bang; Phan bo cd muc tieu rd rang, thdng qua cac chtfdng trinh, dtf an dam bao tinh ke't nd'i sff phat trien cua mot trffdng DHCL vdi sff phat trie'n cua gido due dai hgc ndi chung; Phdn bd cho cac trtfdng DHCL cd ngudn nhdn life cd kha nang quan ly va van hanh ngudn ngan sach nha ntfdc dau ttf phdt trid'n CSVC va TBDT mdt each hieu qua (Bd Tdichinh, 2012).
- Chinh sach hpc phi tac ddng de'n ca vide ddu tff cua Nhd nffdc va ngffdi hoc ddi vdi dau tff phat trien CSVC va TBDT. Khi xay dtfng chinh sdch hpc phi, chung ta can phai tinh du chi phi ddo tao (hay cdn gpi la chi phi ddn vi hoac sua't dau ttf) cho 01 sinh vien theo ttfng ngdnh nghe dao tao cu the. Vdi each tid'p can nay, ehi phi dau ttf phat trien CSVC vd TBDT dtfde tinh day du, du la dau ttf ttf ngan sdch nhd ntfdc hay ttf ddng gdp cua ngtfdi hoc (Bd Gido due va Dao tao, 2009).
- Chtnh sdeh tin dung tfu dai cua Nha nffdc cho phep cac trffdng DHCL cd the' dffdc vay vd'n cua Nha nffdc vdi lai sua't ffu dai hoac vay cua cac td chtfc tin dung de dau ttf phdt trie'n CSVC va TBDJ. Ciing vdi chinh saeh tin dung, chinh sdeh tfu dai thue'thu nhap cung tao ddng Itfc manh me giup cdc trtfdng DHCL tang ctfdng ede hoat ddng sdn xuat, kinh doanh, dich vu dtfa tren nen tang la cac hoat dgng dao tao va nghien ctfu khoa hgc, chuyen giao cdng nghe nham tao ngudn thu dd' diu ttf lai cho phat trien CSVC va TBDT.
Economy and Forecast Review 147
- Xuat phat ttf nguyen nhan la nguon ngan sach nha nffdc han hep, khdng tang kip vdi sff tdng trffdng nhanh ve quy md va yeu cau chd't Iffdng giao diJC dai hgc ngay cang cao, thi PPP trong dau tff phat trie'n CSVC va TBDT cdc trffdng DHCL trd thdnh mdt giai phdp phu hdp va hie^u qua (Dang Thi Minh Hien, 2018).
Suphdt trien cua khoa hgc, cdng nghe vd xu hUdng doi mdi gido due dgi hoc trong khu viic vd tren the gidi Sff phat trien rd't nhanh eua khoa hgc, cdng nghe va xu hffdtig doi mdi gido due dai hpc trong khu vffe va tren the'gidi dang la nhdn td'cd tdc ddng manh me dd'n dau tff phat^trid'n CSVC va TBDT cua cae trffdng DHCL, dtfdc the hien cu the' nhff sau:
- Vdi xu thd' ddi mdi vd hdi nhdp, nha trffdng cd the phai ioai bd mdt so' nganh nghe dao tao da lac hau, ddng thdi phai md thdm cdc nganh nghe mdi, ngay ca vdi nganh nghe ddo tao hien ed cung can cd sff dieu chinh ttf chffdng trinh de'n cdng nghe dao tao. Dieu nay da anh hffdng trffc tid'p dd'n cd ca'u diu tff vd stf dung he thd'ng CSVC vd TBDT cua nhd trffdng. Ne'u khdng nhay ben, cd dieu chinh va thay ddi kip thdi, nha trffdng se phai dd'i mat vdi sff lang phi trong dau tff phdt trien CSVC va TBDT.
- Khoa hpc, cdng nghd phdt trie'n lam xud't hien nhffng phffdng thffc hge tap, dao tao mdi, hidn dai, trong dd cd nhtJng phffdng thtfc lam xda nhda khdng gian vd khoang each giffa thay, cd va stnh vidn, ttf dd tid't kidm chi phi dau tff CSVC va TBDT eua nha trffdng, ddng thdi tdn dung dtOic cac thid't bi phuc vu dao tao thudc sd htfu rieng cua thay, cd va sinh vien.
- Sff phat trien cua khoa hpc, cdng nghe cung cd the tao ra cd hdi de cae trffdng DHCL cd the' tie't kiem chi phi diu tff phdt trie'n CSVC va TBDT thdng qua viec stf dung cdc md hinh, thi nghidm do, cd hgi lidn ke't giffa eac trffdng DHCL trong vide stf dung, chia se ehung nhffng he thd'ng CSVC va TBDT. Xay dffng he thd'ng thff vidn dien ttf dung ehung eho cac trffdng DHCL la mdt hinh thffc dau tff hieu qua, tid't kidm cho ca ngan sdch nha nffdc va nguon Iffc dau ttf cua cac trffdng DHCL trong bd'i canh cua sff phdt tne'n khoa hoc, cdng nghd.
Xu hudng tu chu hoa gido due dgi hgc Nghi dinh so 16/2015/ND-CP, ngay 14/2/2015 eua Chinh phu quy dinh cd chd' tff chu cua ddn vi sff nghiep edng lap. Id tnnh ddt ra la: "Dd'n nam 2018: Tinh du chi phi tien Iffdng, chi phi trffc tie'p va chi phi quan ly"
vd "De'n nam 2020: Tinh du chi phi tien Iffdng, ehi phi trffc tid'p, chi phi quan ly va chi phi kha'u hao tai san cd' djnh" trong gia thdnh dich vti.
Xu hffdng tff chu gido due dai hpc la nhdn to' tdc ddng trffc tie'p tdi dau tff phat trie'n CSVC va TBDT cdc trtfdng DHCL, cti the nhff sau:
- Cdc trffdng DHCL phai chu ddng tinh todn. dam bao CSVC va TBDT nham thtfc hien muc tidu "chuan hda ", dan tid'n tdi "hidn dai hda" va "hdi nhap quocte'";
xay dtfng chie'n Itfdc dau ttf va giai phdp khai thac, huy ddng td'i da cac ngudn Itfc trong vd ngoai ntfdc de dau tff phat trid'n CSVC va TBDT. Tinh todn trong^vidc hf chu ve nhan sff, hge thuat va cdng tac dao tao cung anh
hrfdng trffc tiep dd'n vide dau iff phat tnen CSVC va TBDT eua cde trffdng DHCL.
- Nhd nffdc dtfng trffdc sffc ep phai kjp thdi hoan thidn khung phap ly, nhff: ddi mdi phffdng thtfc phdn bd ngan sach nha ntfdc. chinh sach hpe phi, chinh sach tfu dai thue', tin dung, chinh sach vd PPP, chinh sach khuyd'n khich tai trd... eho gido due dai hoc, cho phep cdc trffdng DHCL phat huy td'i da nang life ndi t^ai trong viec khai thac, huy ddng cac ngudn Irfc ngoai hoc phi va ngan sach nha nrfdc de dau trf phat trid'n CSVC va TBDT; xay drfng cac quy trinh, tieu chi, tieu chua'n, dinh mtfc. . dd" Nha nrfdc thi/e hidn td't vai tro quan ly, gidm sdt dd'i vdi cdng tdc dau trf CSVC va TBDT d cac trtfdng DHCL; phdt trien cdc md hinh van dung ly thuyd't "kinh td' chia s e " trong dau tff CSVC vd TBDT d cac DHCL ttf chu trdn ed sd xay dtfng nhtfng hang mue CSVC vd TBD"! cd the sd hffu va stf dung chung gitfa cdc trffdng nham tid't kidm chi phi dau tff ttf ngdn sdeh nha ntfdc cung nhff eua cac trtfdng DHCL.
Cdc tieu chudn vd dinh mdc kinh te - ky thudt
Tieu chua'n va dinh mtfc kinh td' - ky thuat la nhdn to' quan trgng, lam can ctf khoa hoc va thtfc tien trong vide tinh toan dau tff CSVC va TBDT, cu the nhrf sau:
-Cdc trffdng DHCL stf diing cac tidu ehud'n va dinh mffc kinh te - ky thuat de CO can ctf tinh toan chi phi ddn vi/sud't dau tff trdn mdt sinh vidn, tff dd tinh todn, xac dinh hoe phi cho tffng nganh dao tao theo^cdc mtfc chd't Itfdng khde nhau. Tidu ehud'n va dinh mtfc kinh te' - ky thudt cung la can ctf de cac trtfdng DHCL xdy dtfng ke hoach. chie'n iffde dau ttf phat tnen CSyc va TBDT ci3a nha trrfdng trong ngdn ban va dai han.
- Nha nffdc stf dung cdc tieu chuan va dinh mtfc kinh te' - ky thuat lam can ctf phdn bd ngan sach nha nrfdc diu tff phat tndn CSVC va TBDT cho cdc trffdng DHCL, dam bao tinh cdng khai, minh bach va cdng bdng va hieu qua. Tidu chudn va dinh mtfc kinh te - ky thudt cung la can ctf de nha nffdc xay dtfng chinh sdch hgc phi dd'i vdi cdc tru'dng DHCL
Ngudn nhan lUc quan ly CSVC vd TBDT Ngudn nhan Itfc lam cdng tac quan ly CSVC va TBDT trong cac tnrdng DHCL va d cac cd quan quan ly nha ntfdc hen quan CO vai tro quan trong, ^nh hudng tnic tidp va quye't dinh dd'n kdl qua v l hidu qua cua cdng tdc 6'~ < ;.j p|^^j . ^
148
CSVC va TBDT cho cae trtfdng DHCL, thong qua vide thtfc hidn cac cdng vide lien quan, nhtf: tinh todn, lap ke hoaeh, tham dinh, td chtfc xay dtfng, dau ttf, mua s^m, quan ly, bao quan vd stf dung he thdng CSVC vd TBDT cua cac trffdng DHCL. Cdc ydu cau de cd nguon nhan Iffc tdt la: dtfdc dao tao dung chuyen nganh (chuyen mdn phu hdp), lam vide chuydn tr^ch, thtfdng xuydn dtfdc bdi dtfdng ndng cao tnnh do ehuyen mdn, dffdc phan giao quyen va trach nhidm ro rang.
DE XUAT MO HINH NGHIEN CLftJ Trdn cd sd phan tich va tdng hdp cac ly thuyd't ve cac nhan to' anh htfdng tdi dau W phat tridn CSVC va TBDT cho cdc tnfdng DHCL d Viet Nam, kd't hdp vdi cac phtfdng phdp thao luan nhdm, tac gia da phac hpa md hinh ly thuyd't nghien ciJu cdc nhan td'anh htfdng tdi dau ttf phdt trien CSVC va TBDT cho cac trtfdng DHCL d Vidt Nam (Hinh) gdm 5 nhdm nhtf sau:
(1) Khung phap ly va cd che', chinh sach cua Nha ntfdc; (2) Stf phdt tridn cua khoa hpc, cdng nghe va xu hffdng doi mdi gido due dai hoe trong khu vtfc va trdn the' gidi;
(3) Xu htfdng ttf chu hda giao due dai hpc;
(4) Cde tidu chu^n va dinh mtfc kinh td'
• ky thuat; (5) Ngudn nhan Itfc quan ly CSVC va TBDT.
KET LUAN
Dtfa trdn cdc khai niem, phdn loai, cac nhan td cd'u thanh dau ttf phat trid'n CSVC vd TBDT va nhttng phdn tich trdn ddy cho tha'y, ed nhieu nhdn td'khac nhau.
HINH: MO HirSH NGHIEN CCfO DE XGAT Khung phap ly v;i co che,
chinh sach ciia Nha nuac
Sy pha! Irien ciia klioa hoc, cong nghe vii xu huong doi men giao due
dgi hoc Xu hirong n.f chu hoa giao
d^ic dai hoc
: lieu chuau va dinli c kinh te - ky thugi
Dau lir phai trien co scr vat chdt va thiSt bi dSu tti
Nguon nhan [\tc quan ly CSVC va TBDT
ttf phia quan ly nha nffdc, tff phia cdc trrfdng DHCL va ede nhdn to' khdch quan bdn ngoai khac anh hffdng tdi dau tff CSVC va TBDT cua cdc trffdng DHCL, ed the phan chia thanh 5 nhdm: (1) Khung phdp ly va cd chd', chinh sach cua Nha nffdc; (2) Sff phat trien cua khoa hgc, cdng nghd va xu hffdng ddi mdi gido due dai hpc trong khu vffe va tren thd' gidi; (3) Xu hffdng tff ehu hda giao due dai hgc; (4) Cde tieu ehud'n va dinh mtfc kinh te' - ky thuat; (5) Ngudn nhdn Iffc quan ly CSVC vaTBDT.
Trong bd'i canh khd khdn ve ngudn life dau tff nhtf hidn nay, nha't la trong bd'i canh tff chu hda gido dire dai hpc va ddi mdi can ban va toan didn gido due dai hgc Vidt Nam theo htfdng chuan hda, hidn dai hda, xa hdi hda, dan chu vd hdi nhap qud'c td', cac de xud't giai phdp ddi mdi dau ttf phdt tridn CSVC va TBDT cho cac trffdng DHCL du la trong ngdn han hay dai han d_eu can dffa tren nhtfng nghien ctfu khoa hpc va thffc tten, ca ve dinh tinh vd dinh Iffdng tdc ddng cua ca 05 nhdm nhdn td'tren.Q
TAILIEU THAM KHAO
1. Chinh phu (20)6). Nghi dinh sd 16/2015/ND-CP, ngdy 14/2/2015 quy dinh cff che lu chu cua dm vi sff nghiep cong lap
2. Bo Giao due va Dao tao (2009). Di dn Doi mdi cff che tdi chinh gido due giai dogn 2009-2014.
Ha Ndi
3. Bo Giao due va Dao tao (2010). Bdo cdo ddnh gid thffc trgng cffsd vdl chdt vd thii't bi ddo tao cac trudng dgi hgc, cao dang cong lap. Ha Not
4. Bg Tai chinh (2012). Tdi lieu Ky ye'u Hoi thdo Doi mdi cff che tdi chinh ddi vdi gido due dgi hgc. Ha Ndi
5. Dang Thi Minh Hien (2018). Hdp tdc cdng tff - Giai phdp cho diu tff cd sd vdt cha't, thie't bi tnfdng hoc ddp tfng ydu elu ddi mdi GDPT, Tap chi Khoa hoc Gido due, sd 11, thdng 11/2018, trang 22-26
6. Tran Anh Trffdng (2012). Dd'i mdi cdng tdc dau trfed sd vat chat va thie't bi dao tao la yeu cdu cap thie't thuc da'y qua tnnh ddi mdi can ban va toan dien giao due dai hge d Viet Nam trong giai 3oan hien nay, Tgp chi Kinh levd Phdt trien, so' 178 (II), thang 4/2012
Economy and Forecast Revie
