" P H A M T U - N G Q C tiQA"
M O T T R U Y E N T H O N O M T A Y D A C S A C
• • • Q ThS. PHAM QUOC TUAN*
1. Trong nen van hpc trung dpi Viet Nam, truyen Norn Id mpt the loai lan, dong vai tro trung tdm cua cd mpt giai doan vdn hpc. Tuy nhien, trong khi truyen tha Norn cua nguai Kinh duac quan tdm nghien cuu khd nhieu thi nhung cong trinh nghien cuu ve truyen tha Ndm cua ngudi Tdy qua it - du cung ra ddi trong thdi ki ndy. Vi vdy, hieu biet cua da so gidi nghien cuu hien nay ve vdn hoc ddn tdc Tdy thdi trung dqi ndi chung vd truyen tha Ndm Tdy ndi rieng cdn rdt khiem ton. Nguyen nhdn chu yeu cua thuc trqng ndy Id ngudi nghien cuu khd cd the vugt qua rao can ve van hoa va ngdn ngu (cd ndi vd viet) cua ddn tdc Tdy neu khdng phdi tri thuc bdn tdc (vd nguqc Iqi, tri thuc bdn tdc trong khi cd duqc nhung thudn Iqi tren Iqi thieu hay it duqc trang bj kien thuc ve mat li ludn).
Ben canh dd, cdc nhd nghien cuu thudng dua vdo cdc vdn bdn dd duqc djch sang tieng Viet de tim hieu ve truyen tha Ndm Tdy. Tuy nhien, con sd cdc tdc phd'm dd duac dich lai khdng nhieu - chi 16/60 cudn (theo PGS.TS. Vu Anh Tuan).
Duang nhien, cdc ket qua nghien cuu chdc chdn cdn ton tqi nhung bdt cap bdi cd tdi 44 cudn cdn chua duqc gidi md. Nhung trong hodn canh hien tqi, du khdng mudn, song gidi nghien cuu ddnh phai chdp nhdn vd hq se bd sung, chinh li theo thdi gian nhung ket qua dd cdng bd.
2. Trong kho tdng truyen tha Ndm Tdy cd mdt hien tuqng rdt ddng chu y, dd Id mdt sd tdc phd'm cd cung cot truyen vdi truyen tha Ndm Kinh. Tdt cd so truyen tha ndy deu chua duqc djch sang tieng Viet (vd cung chua duqc djch sang tieng Tdy). Trong qua trinh nghien cuu, chiing tdi dd suu tdm, dich thudt vd hieu dinh tu nguyen bdn chu Ndm Tdy sang tieng Viet 3 tdc phd'm: Td'ng Tdn - Cue Hoa (3002 cdu tha), Pham Tu - Ngoc Hoa (927 cdu tha), Thgch Sanh (2005 cdu tha).
Day Id cdng viec thuc su cd y nghia khoa hoc vd thuc tien, bdi trudc het gdp phdn gidi quyet phdn
ndo buc xuc ve vdn de van bdn vd han the se giup ngudi nghien cuu cd the dua ra nhung ket ludn khoa hoc khdch quan vd chinh xdc han.
Bdi viet ndy xin gidi thieu vd dua ra mdt vdi nhdn djnh budc ddu ve cudn Phgm Tu - Nggc Hoa, mdt tdc phd'm cd gid trj nqi dung vd dqc biet Id ve mat nghe thudt, cung mong Id mot ddng gdp giup GV dqy vdn d cdc trudng mien nui phia Bde hieu sdu han ve truyen tha Ndm Tdy khi gidng dqy phdn Van hgc tu chgn 6 dja phuang.
1) Ve hinh thuc van ban: Truyen tha ndy viet bdng chu Ndm Tdy hien duqc luu giu trong thu vien Vien Nghien cuu Hdn Ndm; gdm 52 trang, khd 14 x 25 cm. Bia Idm bdng giay gid phet cdy mdu ndu nhat. Phdn trong cua sach duqc viet tren chdt lieu gidy gid thd, den. Chu chdn phuang, cham cdu bdng san dd. Sach khdng ghi thdi gian sdng tdc, sao chep hay ngudi sao chep.
2) Ngi dung cdu chuyen: Truyen gdm 927 cdu, chia Idm 5 doan; mach truyen Id mdt chudi cdc su kien dien ra theo trdt tu thdi gian tuyen tinh. Cu the:
- Doan 1 (58 cdu) ke ve thdn the, gia canh cua ndng Ngqc Hoa. Nhd tudng cdng hq Trdn d xu Hd Ddng tuy giau cd song vq chdng dd gid cd md chua cd con. Thuang hodn canh cua hq, due Phdt cho mdt ddng nu ten goi Kim Chuang gidng trdn ddu thai Idm con nhd hq Trdn. Tu luc mdi sinh, ndng dd cd ve dep la thudng: «Man nguyetsinh luc ndng mi nu/Man nguyetsinh thieu nu nhu hoa/Hinh dung ngdi midc tua dao ban/
Dung nhan tua sao trdi tod sdng". Len mudi ba tudi, ndng dd trd thdnh trang tuyet the giai nhdn:
«Nhan sdc ngdi net na yeu dieu/Nhan sac xem net na yeu dieu/Sip sam pi xdo dieu khdn ngoan/Len mudi baxdo dieu khdn ngoan" Ndng nhu bdng hoa «vdc vien"cua rung nui, bdi the, cd rdt nhieu ngudi den dam hdi ndng ve Idm vq.
Trong so dd, cd ngudi Id cdng tu con quan, Iqi
* Trifling Bai hpc sirpham - 8H Thai Nguyen Tap chi Giao due so 234 pa a - 3/201 o>
co ke gidu sang phu quy, nguai hoc hdnh nho nhd.. ., song ndng van chua rim dugcy trung nhdn.
Trong bdn cd ke ten Bien Dien cung cho ngudi den hdi Ngqc Hoa ve Idm vq. Bi chdi tu, hdn vd cung cdm tuc. Cdn Ngqc Hoa du biet cha me tudi dd cao, ndng can phdi yen be gia that de ddp Iqi cdng an trdi be; nhung ngudi thuang chua thdy, ndng xin vdi song thdn hay de cho ndng tim duqc ngudi vua y thi mdi ket hdn.
Thuang con, cha me ndng gdt ddu chdp thudn.
- Doan 2 (169 cdu): Ke ve thdn the cua Pham Tu. Chdng md cdi cha me tu nhd nen ddnh phdi den chdn trdu d dq cho ngudi cdu rudt. Vi khdng the chju ndi su ddi xu te bqc cua cdu, chdng quyet chi ra di, vua xin dn vua hoc chu. Thdy chdng mat mdy nho nhd, thdy do lien nhdn vdo trudng hoc. Ngdy ngdy, Phqm Tu di dn xin, tdi ve Iqi cham chi sach den. Mdt hdm, vd tinh chdng den xin dn nhd Ngqc Hoa. Thuang chdng nho sT ngheo khd, ndng hdi thdm hodn canh rdi cho tien, cho gqo; thdm chi, Ngqc Hoa dd ma hd cdm thdy Phqm Tu chinh Id mdi duyen trdi djnh cho minh.
Nhin thdy chdng ban hdn nhung phong tu tdi mao, ndng dem Idng cdm men rdi tuang tu, bieng ngu, quen dn den ndi thdn hinh vdng vd, ngdy dem ngdng trdng chdng trd Iqi: «Khim may na chac mu nhap nhgm/Kim chi ludi theo thua may va/ Gun hoan mot ngudng vgng diep toan/Dim ngay mot trong ngdng yiu duong/ Phdn sap bdu diim tang hoeng ta/Phdn sap chang diem trang bo ca/Gun non phan han na si nho/Dem nam mo sy nho hien diin/Ry chac nang tuong tu say khat/Ngay dim nang dut rugt tuong tu".
Thdy con ngdy cdng heo hon, cha me ndng gan hdi nguon can, biet duqc su tinh, cha ndng lap tuc cho ngudi len dudng tim chdng Phqm Tu.
Sau khi gap, biet hodn canh eo le vd nghi luc cua chdng, doan biet duyen trdi dd dinh, cha ndng lien gd Ngqc Hoa cho Phqm Tu. Hai ngudi vui duyen trdi ban trong niem hdn hoan cua cha me, xdm Idng: «Sam hoan kin Idu cham vui xu/
Ba ngay tiec xa gan vui thu/Ngqc Hoa kit Phgm Tu thanh hdn/Ngqc Hoa cung Phgm Tu kit hdn/
Nudm nugp nhu en uong loan phugng/ Khach nudm nugp in uong loan phugng/Gun hoan dan ca xuong vui lai/ Dim ngay dan ca xudng vui thay/Soong gan giu thu tai ddi dien/Hai nguoi ngdi thu trai ddi diin/Nhu tdu han mac tern chang ddng/Nhu rua thay qua «tem" trong rung
- Doan 3 (41 8 cdu): Vi khdng lay dugc Ngqc Tap chi Giao due so 234 (ki a - 3/201 o>
Hoa nen Bien Dien rat cdm tuc, sai ngudi den giet Phqm Tu de cudp lay vq chdng, nhung dng trdi dd khdng chieu Idng ke dc. Tuy that bqi, nhung Bien Dien khdng tu bd dd tdm cua minh, hdn tim go quy, tqc tuqng Ngqc Hoa rdi ddng cho Trang Vuong. Qua nhien, khi vua nhin thdy buc tugng, Trang Vuong dd dem Idng me dam ndng Ngqc Hoa. Hdn lap tuc sai quan qudn thdng huyen Thanh Hd, tim bdt Ngqc Hoa. Trudc cudng quyen vd vi su an nguy cua cha me vd chdng, Ngqc Hoa ddnh dut do ra di khi vg chdng dang huang lua ndng dugm. Thuang vg, Phqm Tu quyet djnh di theo ndng de cung chia se gian nguy. Gap Trang Vuong, Ngqc Hoa dd kien quyet cu tuyet khdng nhdp cung de giu gin danh tiet. Trang Vuang ben thuang lugng vdi Phqm Tu, hua nhudng cho ndm muai cung tdn mT nu, phong cho chuc qudn cdng coi ddn ba xu neu chdng chju.nhudng vq cho hdn. Nhung Phqm Tu kien quyet chdi tu. Trudc su qudt cudng cua ddi vq chdng trung trinh tiet hanh, Trang Vuong gid trd bi di, tim each hq ddc chdng Phqm Tu. Biet phdi chet nhung khdng cdn each ndo chdng Iqi, Phqm Tu phdi dung yen ddc, ve tu biet Ngqc Hoa rdi nhdm mdt xudi tay. Phqm Tu chet duqc bdn, ndm ngdy, Trang Vuong Iqi ep ndng nhdp cung. Ngqc Hoa ddnh ddnh lua Trang Vuang xin cho ve que de tang chdng ba ndm, mdn tang, ndng se trd Iqi be rdng hdu hq nhd vua. Trang Vuong ung thudn.
Dua xdc chdng hdi huang, Ngqc Hoa xin vdi cha me cho qudn quan tdi chdng d nhd sau. Tu dd, ba ndm rdng ndng ngdi canh quan tdi, dem den Iqi md nap hdm vdo cung ngu vdi chdng.
Doan tang, ndng thua vdi cha me xin chia ddi tdi sdn cho ddn Idng vd duqc chet cung Phqm Tu.
Ndng vdo trong quan tdi rdi cdt cd tu vdn. Cha me, hq hdng, bd con Idng xdm an tdng vq chdng ndng trong niem xdt dau vd hqn: «Phua mia cung giam quan se tang/Vg chong cung ao quan an tang/Tong than tu hq hang gan thuong/ Tong than cung hq hang diu thuong/Tang nang giua tang luong tam ky (ky)/Chon nang giua ngd ba dudng cdi/ Sy phuong khdp mgi ti pay md/ Bdn phuong trdi di Igi di qua/Thdo mdc true vudn hoa rung chdi/Thdo mdc, true, vudn hoa sdng rue".
- Doan 4 (34 cdu): Thoat dd het thdi gian ba ndm cho Ngqc Hoa ve que de tang chdng, Trang Vuang sai ndi giam ddn ndng ve cung: «Lqi gq doan Tang Vuong diin cdc/Lai ke doan Trang Vuong diin cdc/Gun van diep nd midc tri dm/
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Dim ngay yiu mat ngpc tri am/an kho mung leu thang ky hen/Dim dot tay din tuan ky hen/Sam pi tang leo man do ky/Ba nam chd da din du ky/Sai ngi giam ton phi mua rap/Sai ngi giam ton phi di don".
Nhung khi quan quan ve den nai thi ndng dd chet. Nguai dep chdng thdy ddu, chi thdy giua ddng mdt ndm md tren dd trdm hoa dua nd. Hdi ra mdi biet dd chinh Id md phdn cua vq chdng Phqm Tu - Ngqc Hoa. Hq trd ve bdo vdi nhd vua.
Biet tin, Trang Vuang vd cung dau xdt, tiec thuang ndng Ngqc Hoa: «Vua nghin ngi giam kiu tdu bay/ Vua nghe noi vd cung tham thiit/Lia can dang vua day sam pi/Xa nhau tinh vua dugc ba nam/Mgi gam phudi dudi can ta thudn/Mgi Idi hua bong dung bo cd/Gun ddi mudt dn tudng thiet xa/Dim da tdn thuang nhd khdng ngudi...".
- Dogn 5 (248 cdu): Ngqc Hoa xudng dm phu gap duqc Phqm Tu, hai vq chdng bdn nhau ddu dan kien Trang Vuong. Biet rd su tinh, Diem Vuang cho kham sai, quy su len duang gian bdt ngay Trang Vuang vd Bien Dien ve chju tdi. Sau khi cho ddi chdt de them rd trdng den, Diem Vuang lap tuc ra lenh nem Trang Vuang len bdn chdng cdn Phqm Tu vd Ngqc Hoa thi duqc cdi tu hodn sinh. Hdi trdn, Phqm Tu len ngdi thien tu rdi phong Ngqc Hoa Idm hoang hdu. Tinh yeu trdi qua bao gian khd ddng cay cua hq dd duqc den ddp. Dudi su tri vi cua nhd vua vd hoang hdu, thien hq thdi binh, nhd nhd no dm: «Thiin hg gan phdn van phu tuc/Thiin hg khap nai nai phu tuc/
Bdu mi rang lac cudp nhieu nhuong/ Khdng cdn ddu trdm cdp nhieu nhuang/Ddn thdi binh tu phuong sung sudng/Ddn thdi binh bdn phuong sung sudng/Ddy mua mdng thinh vugng da da/
Dugc mua mdng thinh vugng da da/Phu quy thim vinh hoa song todn/Phu quy thim vinh hoa song todn/Tu rudn day van van ninh khang/Nhd cua dugc mudn vdn ninh khang/Ddn thiin hg binh an khoai Igc/Ddn thien hg binh an khodi Igc/Bdu mi rdng sdc ddc nhieu nhuong/Khong cdn gi gidc gid nhieu nhuong/Qudc chinh ddn tu phuong thdi binh/ Qudc chinh ddn tu phuong thdi binh.
3) Nhung sdng tgo dgc ddo
- Tinh tiit. De tqo ra cdi rieng cua minh vd
«thdi" vdo dd mdt luong tu tudng mdi, cdc tdc gid ngudi Tdy dd tien hdnh them, bdt vd ddo chi tiet trong nguyen tdc. Chdng hqn, hq dd ddnh nhieu cdu tha de mieu td nhan sdc cua ndng Ngqc Hoa - dieu md cdc tdc gid ngudi Kinh it de y tdi hodc neu
cd thi do chi Id nhung ddng tha mang tinh chdt udc le, tuqng trung. Trdi Iqi, cdc tdc gid ngudi Tdy Iqi mieu td ve dep cua ndng rat ti mi vd sinh ddng.
- Ngdn ngu cung cho thdy su sdng tqo cua cdc tdc gid khi xdy dung hinh tuqng nhdn vdt ndng Ngqc Hoa. Ndng Ngqc Hoa cua ngudi Kinh moi khi phdt ngdn Id ndi tdi «tam tdng, tu due", den nhung chudn myc dqo due Nho gido trong nhung mdi quan he cua ddi sdng. Dieu ndy Idm cho ngudi dqc hinh dung ndng Id mdt Nho sldang thuyet gido chu khdng phdi Id mdt con ngudi trong ddi thudng. Trdi Iqi, ndng Ngqc Hoa trong Phqm Tu - Ngqc Hoa Iqi su dung nhung ngdn tu binh dj, it vdng vo, rao trudc ddn sau md di thdng vdo van de md minh mudn ndi. Dieu ndy khdng Idm cho ndng trd thdnh con ngudi gian don md han the, phd'm chdt trong sdng, sy chdn thdnh Iqi Idm cho ndng trd nen dep de vd gdn gui han (doan ndng thua vdi cha me tinh cdm ddnh cho chdng Phqm Tu; doan ddi ddp vdi Trang Vuang...).
- Miiu td dien biin tdm trqng nhdn vdt. Ndng Ngqc Hoa trong tdc phd'm cua ngudi Kinh duqc xdy dung chu yeu qua hdnh ddng. Nhung d Phqm
Tu - Ngqc Hoa, nhdn vdt dd cd them chieu sdu tdm li. Trong truyen, khdng it Idn ndng Ngqc Hoa cua' ngudi Tdy dd bqc Id suy nghi, tdm sy cua minh qua nhung ddng tha md tieu bieu nhdt Id doan ndng tuang tu chdng Phqm Tu (tu cdu 110 den cdu 125) vd doan ndng than khdc ngudi chdng xdu sd cua minh (tu cdu 488 den cdu 503).
Bdi cd them chieu sdu tdm li nen nhdn vdt Ngqc Hoa dd trd nen «thqt hon cd ngudi that", nude mdt cua ndng nhu «tu trang sach thdm ra", gdy sy xuc ddng khdn ngudi trong Idng ngudi dqc.
Ndng nhu «tu trang sach budc ra cudc ddi".
- Ddo cdc chi tier nhdm khdc hoa sdu han tinh each vd so phdn nhdn vdt. Trong Phqm Tu - Ngqc Hoa, thdn the, hodn canh bi ddt cua chdng Phqm Tu duqc gidi thieu ngay ru ddu doan 2 (tu cdu 59 den cdu 76, trong nguyen tdc, chi tiet ndy duqc Idng vdo giua truyen), doan Phqm Tu trdng trdi, ddn dd Ngqc Hoa trudc khi lia ddi Iqi duqc chuyen xudng chd sau khi Phqm Tu vdo gap Trang Vuong vd bj ep phdi qung yen tiec dd tdm thudc ddc (tu cdu 457 den cdu 481). Dieu ndy the hien rd y do sdng tqo cua cdc tdc gid ngudi Tdy. Vdi viec ddo cdc chi tiet, hq dd khdc sdu them bi kjch md Phqm Tu - Ngqc Hoa phdi gdnh chju khi ddi mat vdi cudng quyen; qua dd, phd'm chdt, sd phdn vd tinh each nhdn vdt cdng trd nen rd net.
Tap chi Giao due so 234 (ki a - 3/aoio)
Them vao cac chi tiet gdp phdn Idm ro nhdn sinh quan cua nguai Tdy. Vai quan niem a hien gap Idnh, gieo gid gdt bdo, dc gid dc bdo, hq dd them vdo trong tdc phd'm mdt doan ddi mieu td viec hdnh hinh nai dm phu ddi vdi nhung ke sdng bqc dc, tdng tdn luang tdm. Dd Id canh khi thdc xudng cdi dm, Phqm Tu - Ngqc Hoa dd duqc chung kien (tu cdu 700 den cdu 715). Ke thi bi dem cho vdo cdi gid, ke thi bj nem len bdn chdng, ke thi bi cua xe xdc, ke bj chdt ngdn tay, ke bi kim giat ludi, ke bj nem vac ddu, ke bj ten bdn, ke bj thudng luong dn thjt...
- Khong khi mien nui dam dqc trong tac pham duqc the hien trong each md ddu, ket thuc, bdng Idi so sanh, vi von mang dam phong each Tdy, bdng the tha md cdc tdc gid ngudi Tdy dd su dyng...
Truyen tha Ndm Tdy Phqm Tu - Ngqc Hoa mang nhieu gid trj nghe thudt ddc sdc. Ve cdt truyen ca bdn gidng vdi truyen tha Ndm cua ngudi Kinh song khdc nhau ve hinh thuc the hien.
Truyen tha Ndm Kinh Phqm Tdi - Ngqc Hoa dung the tha lyc bdt cdn truyen tha Ndm Tdy Phqm Tu - Ngqc Hoa dung the tha that ngdn trudng thien vd duqc viet bdng chu Ndm Tdy. Theo chung tdi, sd df cdc tdc gid ngudi Tdy su dyng the tha that ngdn trudng thien Id do truyen tha Ndm khdng nhung chi de dqc md cdn duqc hat len theo Idn dieu cua luqn - mdt the loqi dm nhac ddn gian chi cd d ddn tqc Tdy. Cung bdi the, truyen tha Ndm Tdy duqc chia thdnh cdc doan rd ret theo kieu tieu thuyet chuang hdi chu khdng Id phdi Id nhung cdu lyc bdt lien tiep nhu truyen tha Ndm Kinh. De hat len theo Idn dieu cua luqn thi the tha that ngdn trudng thien gieo vdn chdn Id phu hqp
B a n c h a t c u a q u a t r i n h . . . (Tiep theo trang 21)
GV cdn phdi khuyen khich khd ndng sdng tqo cua HS vd bdn thdn GV cung phdi Id ngudi sdng tqo cd ve tri tue Idn tdm hdn. GV tim each phdt hien ra cdc dang khd ndng md HS cd, sau dd su dyng cdc phuang phdp DH phu hqp de kich thich, phdt trien khd ndng hoc tap, sdng tqo cua HS.
* * *
Trong xd hdi thdng tin, viec DH phdi phu hqp vdi ndng lyc tung cd nhdn. Tdt cd HS cdn duqc dqy phu hqp vdi ndng lyc, sy thich thu, khd ndng ddc biet vd ddc diem cua cdc em de giup cdc em cd the ty khdng djnh bdn thdn trong cudc sdng.
nhdt. Dieu ndy cung li gidi vi sao d mien nui Ddng Bac nude ta cd nhieu ngudi thudc truyen tha vd sue sdng cua nd Iqi Idu ben den vqy. Bdi day Id loqi truyen cd sy ket hqp hdi hod, nhuan nhuyln cua cd nghe thudt ngdn tu vd dm nhac.
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Tren day Id mdt vdi nhdn djnh ban ddu cua chung tdi ve truyen tha Ndm Tdy Phqm Tu - Ngqc Hoa. Mac du vay muqn cdt truyen cua ngudi Kinh song khdng nen xem sy vay muqn tren Id «sao chep" bdi thyc te cho thdy, tu nhung nguyen lieu sdn cd, cdc tri thuc bdn tdc ngudi Tdy dd nhao nan, ndng cap vd chuyen hod chung thdnh nhung tdc phd'm nghe thudt khdc ve chdt md Phqm Tu - Ngqc Hoa Id mdt minh chung tieu bieu. Dieu dd
«the hien cao nhdt cho y thuc sdng tqo Iqi tren cdi nen mdt truyen cd sdn... Nd chung td sdng tqo tren mdt cdt truyen cd sdn hodn todn khdng phdi Id sao chep vd cd the thdng hoa, lot xdc "(1). •
(I) Tran Dinh SCr. May van de thi phap van hoc trung dai Viet Nam. NXB Gido due, H. 1999.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Trieu An. Truyen thu Nom Tay (tap 1). NXB Vdn hod ddn tdc, H.1994.
2. Trieu An. Ba ang thu Nom Tay va the loai. NXB Vdn hoc, H.2003.
3. Kho tang truyen Nom khuyet danh Viet Nam. NXB Vdn hpc. H.2002.
4. Tran Nho Thin. "Hien tuong vay muon cot truyen d cac truyen Nom bac hpc giai doan nua cuoi the ki XVIII nua dau the' ki XIX". Tgp chi Vdn hpc, so' 1/1973.
5. Vu Anh Tuan. Truyen thu Tay - nguon gdc, qua trinh phat trien va thi phap the loai. NXB Dgi hpc qudc gia, H.2004.
Mudn vdy, GV can hd trq HS nhdn thuc rd khd ndng, ndng lyc vd sy thich thu cua hq, giup HS tim ra bdn thdn minh vd xdc djnh con dudng md HS nen di vd phdt trien sau ndy.G
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Donald P - Kauchk and Paul D - Eggen. Learning and Teaching - Research -Based Methods, Allyn and Bacon, Third Edition, 1989.
2. Pho Due Hoa - Ngo Quang Son. Ung dung cong nghe thong tin trong day hpc tich eye. NXB Gido due, 2008.
3. Nguyen Canh Toan (chu bien). Hpc va day each hpc. NXB Dqi hoc suphgm. 2004.
4. Sayling Wen. Cong nghe thong tin va nen giao due trong tuong lai. NXB Buu dien. 2003.
Tap chi Giao due so 2 3 4 p.. a - 3/201 o)
