Thiic tiln - Kinh nghiem
/ Phat trien tai nguyen rung trong phong, chong thien tai
O NGUYEN VAN HIEN
Ban Chl dao Trung Udng ve Phong chong thien tai
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dng dugc coi li "bde tudng xanh" vdng chic cd tic dung rat Idn trong viec dng phd vdi BDKH, nhat la rdng ngap man (RNM) cd tic dung trong ehdng xdl Id, XNM, ngan gid bao... Vi vay, trong Nghi quyet sd 24-NQ/TW ve Chu ddng Ung phd vdi BDKH, tang cUdng quan ly TN&BVMT trong Ung phd vdi BDKH cd nhiem vu bao ve, day manh phuc hdl, trong RNM, rdng phdng ho ven bien, rUng phdng hd dau ngudn. Uu tien thuc hien chuang trinh giam phat thai khi nha kinh thdng qua nd luc chong mat rUng, suy thoai rUng va tao sinh ke cho cdng ddng.Rdng ed tac dung rat Idn trong viec ehdng BDKH, ed gia tri va y nghTa ve DDSH ddi vdi viec BVMT, phat trien KT-XH. RNM cd tac dung quan trpng trong phong hp trudc gio va sdng b i l n , nhieu cdn bao Idn do bp vao nUdc ta nhOng nam qua, noi nao RNM dupe trong va bao ve tot, de bien vung do vQng vang trudc song, gio Idn, du la de bien dupe dap td dat nen. Trong khi nhufng tuyen de bien dupe xay dung kien co bang be tong hoac ke da, khong CO RNM che chan, hoac bi chat pha, nhu d Cat Hai (Hai Phong), Hau Loc (Thanh Hoa) thi bi tan vd. Theo GS.TSKH Phan Nguyen Hong, Trung tam Nghien cdu he sinh thai RNM, dp cao song bien se giam manh khi di qua dai RNM, vdi mufc bien doi Xi!
75% den 85%, tC; 1,3 m xudng 0,2m - 0,3 m.
Rdng ngap man cd tac dung trong phdng ehdng xdi Id bd bien.
Ket qua Bao eao qudc gia ve
"Danh gia xoi Id bd bie'n Viet Nam" cho thay: Tinh trang xoi Id bd bien d nudc ta dang cd nhOng dien bien phQc tap 6 ca cap dp qudc gia va cap dp dia phuong.
Doi vdi cap dp quoc gia, xdi Id bd bien khu vUc B i c Bp d i l n ra phiic tap tren toan chieu dai dudng bd bien td Mdng Cai (Quang Ninh) den Kim Son (Ninh Binh). Co nam, doan bd bi xoi Id lien tuc: Cat Hai, Bang La (Hal Phong); Thuy Xuan (Thai Binh);
Giao Thuy, Hai Hau (Nam Dinh).
Hal khu vUc Cat Hai va Hal Hau hien tupng xoi Id dien ra nghiem trpng. Nghien cQu cua cac nha khoa hoc d xa Thuy Hal, huyen Thai Thuy, tinh Thai Binh cho tha'y trong thdi gian co trieu eudng, khi nudc trieu dang len
cao, khi vao den vung bd ndng thi nang lUpng cua song giam do ma sat vdi nen day. Tai day, c6 rifng trang trong vdi chieu rpng 1,5 km da giam dp cao cua sdng tCr 1 m d ngoai khdl xuong cdn 5 cm khi vao tdi bd dam cua va bd dam khong bi xoi Id. Con ndi khong cd RNM d gan dd, cung mot khoang each nhU the thi dp cao cua sdng each bd dam 1,5 km la 1 m, khi vao den bd v i n cdn 0,75 m va bd dam bi xoi Id.
Rdng cd tac dung giam song khi CO gio mua Dong BSc, d vung ven bien dong bSng B i c Bp, vao mua dong thudng co mot so dot gl6 mua dong bac manh cap 5, 6 gay ra song kha idn, xdi Id chan de, bd cac dam tdm, cua va vung cda song. Nhufng ndi cd dai RNM tot bao ve thi khong co hien tuong xoi Id. RNM lam giam dp cao cua song bao, bao ve de Tdi nguyen vg Ivlol trudng | Ky 2 - Thing 2/2017 3 9
bien, nhu d cac huyen; Thai Thuy, Thai Binh, huyen Giao Thuy, tinh Nam Dinh. Cac cdn bao vao lue trieu cUdng, sdng Idn nhung cae tuyen de d Thai Thuy khdng bi xdi Id, dd la nhd cac dai RNM. Du sudn de chl bang dat nhung khi cac cdn bao Idn do bp vao, da phan cac tuyen de an toan. 6 Giao ThtJy, nhd cd dU an trong RNM cua Hpi ChO thap dd Dan Mach nen trong cac cdn bao, de d cac xa Giao Lac, Giao An it bi xdi Id. Cac tuyen de phu bao ve cac dam hai san ngoai de qudc gia d xa Giao Thien dupe bao ve trong cac con bao nhd rdng tai Vudn qudc gia Xuan Thuy. Rifng lam cham ddng chay va phat tan rpng nude trieu, nhd he thong re day dac tren mat dat cua cac loai dude, vet, mam, va ban can song cat tich luy phu sa cung mun ba thUe vat tai cho nen chung co tac dung lam cham dong chay va thich nghi vdi mUc NBD. Ri/ng han che XNM va bao ve nudc ngam, nhd co nhieu kenh rach cung vdi he r i cay Chang chit tren mat dat lam giam eudng dp cua sdng nen han che dong chay vao noi dia khi trieu eudng. 6 khu rifng phong hp nhu d Thach Phu (Ben Tre) va mot sd noi khae, nhd c6 rCfng ram, khi trieu len, sdng yeu, tieu nudc tot cho nen nudc man khong vao sau.
Tai nguyen rirng co vai tro rat quan trong ddi vdi cuoc sdng cua con ngudi ciJng nhu moi trudng.
Tuy nhien, ngay nay, nhieu noi con ngudi da khong bao ve dupe rifng, cdn chat pha bifa bai lam cho tai nguyen rifng kho dUpc phuc hoi va ngay cang bi can kiet, nhieu noi rifng khong con c6 the tai sinh, dat trd thanh doi trpc, sa mac, nudc mua tao thanh nhOng
ddng lu rda troi chat dinh dUdng, gay lu lut, sat Id cho viing dong bang gay thiet hai nhieu ve tai san, tinh mang ngudi dan. Mae dil cdng t i e bao ve rUng dupe cac cap, nganh nude ta quan tam vdi nhieu bien phap, nhUng rdng ddng trUde nguy ed bi khai thac qua mdc, dan tdi bj tan pha nang ne, dien tich rdng bi thu hep. Viec quai de lan bie'n lay dat rdng trong liia, dap dam vdi dien tich Idn cung thu hep bai boi ven sdng ven bien, lam giam lUpng phii sa boi dap cho cac bai trieu, mat di binh phong bao ve de bien d mot sd khu vUc. Theo Tong cue Thong ke, dien tich rdng trdng tap trung nam 2015 Ude tfnh dat 240,6 nghin ha, tang 8,5% so vdi nam 2014. Tong dien tich rdng bi thiet hai ciia ca nude nam 2015 la 1889 ha, giam 53,1%, trong dd, dien tich rifng bi chay la 1076 ha, giam 65,9%; dien tich rifng bi chat pha l a s t s ha, giam 6,6%. Mot so tinh CO dien tich rifng bi chay nhieu; Thanh Hoa 169 ha; Ha Giang 156 ha; Son La 120 ha;
Binh Dinh 114 ha. Mot sd dia phuong cd dien tich rifng bi chat pha nhieu: Oak Nong 282 ha;
Dien Bien 174 ha; Lam Dong 158 ha. NhOng han che bpc Ip thdi gian qua trong quan ly va sd dung rdng la nhan thifc xa hpi cdn thap, buong long quan ly. Neu khong gan ket giCfa he sinh thai rifng vdi viec phat then ben vOng, se khd cd the tiep tuc giO dien tich rifng hien CO nham giam bdt thiet hai do thien tai gay ra.
De bao ve rifng, nude ta can phai ra soat lai quy hoach phat trien nong nghiep, thuy, hai san ven bien, dieu chinh theo hudng Uu tien bao ton rifng hien co, phuc hoi rifng bi suy thoai va tham chi hoan nguyen mot sd khu
RNM da sd dung t h i l u hpp ly.
Trong cac quy hoach nudi trong thuy s i n ven bien phai danh di't de trdng cac dai RNM lam vanh dai xanh bao ve bd bien, dam nudi vdi dien tich hpp ly theo quy hoach tiiy theo dia hinh. Co quan quan ly, chfnh quyen dia phUdng can xac djnh va bao ve nhdng khu vUc rdng quan trpng cd vi tri chien lUpc trong ddi pho vdi BDKH. NhOng khu RNM co xu hudng tien ve phia bd can dupe dac biet chu y bao ve do chung rat dd chiu tac ddng cua con ngudi. Can cd sU phoi hdp chat che nhOng nganh cd lien quan d viing ven bien (thuy san, lam nghiep, giao thdng thuy, cdng trinh cang, du lich...). Cd nhOng bien phap manh me trong viec thu hoi cac viing dat hoang hda dd de phuc hoi RNM, tao vanh dai vOng chac bao ve viing ven bien...
Trong ChUdng trinh Muc tieu qudc gia dng phd vdi BDKH de ra nhiem vu bao ve, phat then ben vOng rdng, tang eudng hap thu KNK va bao ton DDSH. Day nhanh tien dp cac du an trong rdng, tai trong rOng, khuyen khich doanh nghiep dau tU vao trong rOng kinh te. Den nam 2020, thiet lap, quan ly, bao ve, phat trien va sd dung ben vOng 16,24 trieu ha dat dupe quy hoach cho lam nghiep; nang ty le dat cd rdng len 45%; quan ly ben vOng va cd hieu qua 8,132 trieu ha rdng san xuat, 5,842 trieu ha rOng phdng hp va 2,271 trieu ha rOng dac dung.
Bao ton DDSH, chu trpng bao ve va phat then cac he sinh thai, cac gidng, ioai c6 sufc chong chiu tot vdi cac thay doi khi hau; bao ve va bao ton nguon gien va cac giong loai co kha nang bi tuyet Chung do tac dpng ciia BDKH.B 4 0 Tdi nguyen vd M6I tru-ong I Ky2-Thing2/2017
