THI/C T I I N - KINH NGHllM
PHAT TRIEN KINH TE H O DONG BAO KHMERTAY NAM BO
HIEN NAY
THS NGUYiN hffU THjNH *
Kinh te ho la te bao kinh te - xa hoi, tdn tai lau dai trong lich sd; la dan vi kinh te tu chu trong nen sin xuat hang hoa. Gan 30 nam thuc hien dudng loi doi m^,^ tinh hinh phat trien kinh te ho vung dong bao Khmer & cac tlrih T^ Nam bo co nhieu chuySn bien tich cue. Thy nhien, do nhieu yeu to nen kinh tS hang hda d vimg dong bao dan toe Khmer nhin chung con kem phat trien, toe do tang trudng kinh te cham, ean co nhirng giii phap de khac phuc.
1 . Ddc trtfng cda Mnh te ho dong bao Khmer lay Nam bd hien nay
Ben c?nh nhiing dde trung von cd cua idnh t l hd ndi chung, kinh te hd cda dong bao dan tdc Khmer Tdy Nam bd cdn cd nhiing ddc thu nhu sau:
Thli nhit, chu hd vd c^c thdnh vien cd net dac thii.ve phong tue, tap qudn, van hda, tin ngudng.
Cdc thu the kinh te dong bao dan tpc Khmer von cd lich sd hinh thdnh, ky thuat sdn xuat, phong tpc tap qudn, bdn sdc van hod rieng. Hau h i t ho deu sd dung tieng Vidt nhu Id ngdn ngu thd hai.
Da phin chu hd eung nhu cdc thdnh vidn ldn tuoi thudng khdng biet tieng Viet, bg giao tilp vdi nhau bang tieng dan tgc. Ddy cung la khd khdn cua hp khi hod nhdp vao eupc song cung nhu phdt trien kinh te gia dinh.
Do dnh hudng sdu sac bdi Phdt gido Tieu thda, nen trong triet Iy song eua ngudi Khmer thudng thien vl cdc gid tri tinh than hon vat chat. Chinh triet ly song nhu vay da dnh hudng khdng nhd den sdn xuat vd ddi song eda ba con.
Thli hai, kinh te hd dong bdo dan tdc Khmer
• Thidng Chinh tn Ton Ddc Thing
edn mang tinh tu cung, t u cap. Ddc diem ctia ding bdo Khmer TSy Nam bd Id trdn 90% dan so song d ndng thdn, cu tru thdnh nhting cum dSn cu gpi Id Phum, Sdc tuong doi biet lap vdi cgng dong cdc dan tde kbac, cung cd mdt bd phan dong bdo song xen ke vdi ngudi Kinh, cdn mflt so hg sinh sing rdi rdc d vung sau, viing xa, vimg bien gidi va d ven cae kdnh rach.
Dong hdo Khmer ton tai Idu ddi vdi phuong thdc eanh tdc truyen thong trdn nhCmg vdng dat dli nui chia eat, rudng dat manh mun, ehdnh lech v l do doc ldn. Phan Idn sdn xuit eda hg phu thupe vdo thidn nhidn. Nhung ndm mua thuan, gid boa thi dupc mua, nhiing nam then tilt khdng thuan lpi thi ddi song ba con gap nhieu khd khan, boat ddng san xuat - kinh doanh cua mOt bd phdn bd con cdn mang tinh tu phdt. Hg sSn xuit ra trudc h i t la de thda mdn nhu clu b ^ than, cdn lai mdi dem ban d l mua ve cdc san phim khdc. Cho du san xuit hdng hda vung ding bao ddn tdc Khmer da cd budc phdt trien, nhung van cdn mdt bd phdn bd con chua thoat khdi tinh trang sdn xuat khep kin tu cung, tu
s.
cap.
Thli ba, co cau sdn xuat - kinh doanh ngay 26 I TAPCH(KINHT^VAQUANLy|S(5l5(7-2015)
cdng da dang, trong dd ndng nghiep Id n i n tdng.
Sdn xuat ndng nghiep chiem mdt dia vi quan trpng trong dcri song kinh t l va cd anh hudng to Idn trong ede mat sinh boat van hod, xd hdi, tdn gido...cua ngudi Khmer. Nghl nghidp cliinh cda ba con Id trong Ida khodng trdn 50%, trong trgt hoa mdu chiem khodng 10 %, ehdn nudi gia sue, gia elm, thuy hdi sdn khoang 20%, cdn Iai Id budn bdn vd mdt bd phdn dong bdo di lam thud, lam mudn.
O cdc tinh Tdy Nam bd, hau h i t bd con Khmer chuyen sdng bang vide sdn xuat Ida gao, hoa mdu va g i n nbu da so di$n tich dat dai cua bd con Khmer ddnh cho vide trong Ida va boa mdu.
Hang nam, bd con Khmer cd t h i gieo trong td rapt den nhieu vu Ida va eac Ioai hoa radu. Ndng nghidp la nguon cung d p luong thue thue pham chu yeu cho ddi song con ngudi, cho chdn nudi vd trao doi hdng hoa cua dong bao dan tpc Khmer.
Ngodi sdn xuat ndng nghiep, ngudi Khmer d dong bang sdng Cdu Long cdn cd rapt so boat ddng kinh t l khdc. Tuy tdng vung, tdng thdi diem nhat dinh ma cdc hoat ddng nhu tieu thu edng nghiep, dieh vu dugc ngudi ndng ddn Khmer tranh thu ldm them, vda tan dung thdi gian nhdn rli, vda tdng thu nhap.
Thli tu, qui md san xuat nhd be. Ddc trung noi bat eua cae hd ddn tdc Khmer hien nay la quy md canh tdc rat nhd be, bieu hidn rd tinh chat tilu ndng. Theo so lieu dilu tra eua Ban dan van Trung ucmg nam 1998, quy md dat dai binh quan Id 2,821 ha/hd, trong do cd 2,384 ha dat ndng nghidp, ridng dit trong eay ngan ngdy cd 2.149 ha.
Bdn canh didn tich dat binh qudn thap, khd ndng tich tu vd tap trung von cua dong bdo Khmer cdn nhilu ban chl. Do vay, hd dan tdc thudng xuydn hoat ddng trong tinh trang thieu von.
Do quy md san xuit nhd ndn Idid nang dau tu mua sdm rady radc, thiet bi cdn nhieu ban ehe.
Viec d i u tu thdm canh, tang vu, phdt trien ngdnh n g h l cung gap khd khan. Vi vdy, nang suat, chat lupng vd hieu qud san xuat - kinh
doanh thap, tich luy khdng cao, han c h l kha nang tai san xuat md rpng eua hd.
Thli nam, thu nhap va mdc sing edn nhieu khd khan. Ld nhiing eu dan ndng nghiep, ndn thu nhap chinh cua ngudi Khmer chd yeu do boat ddng trong trpt, ehan nudi mang lai. Cac hp cd thu nhap td hoat ddng tilu thu cdng nghidp, flich vu hoac Iam thud cliiem ty trpng thap.
Theo kit qua khao sat 400 hd ddn tdc Khmer d An Giang ndm 2009 cho thdy, thu nhap binh qudn dau ngudi cua bd con Khmer chi dat td 3,5 den 4 trieu dong/nam, ciii bdng 1/3 so vdi thu nhdp binh qudn chung cua tinh. Hien tai, so hd BChmer ngheo d khu vpc Tdy Nam bd cdn chiira khoang 40%, trong dd Vinh Long 42,35%, Trd Vinh 40,54%, Hdu Giang 38,07%, Cd Mau 37,7%... nhieu hp cd hoan ednh rat khd khan.
2. Cac qiia phap thuc day phap phat trien kinh te ho dong bao Khmer trong nhiimg nam tdi
Thli nhat, tilp tue gidi quylt tdt vdn de rudng d i t . Thpc t l phat trien kinh te hp dong bao Khmer cho thay, eac hd dua chu yiu vao ddt dai de sinh sing, ndn dat dai id tdi sdn quan trpng hang dau cua ndng dan. Do dd, mdt chinh sdch rudng ddt ddng ddn cd tac dung to ldn doi vdi su phat trien; ngupc Iai, se kim ham su phat trien, ddn den sp phdn hda gidu, ngheo d ndng thdn.
Vl vay, thdi gian tdi cae dia phuong can chd trgng gidi quydt kip thdi, hidu qud, dung luat cae tranh chap dat dai; Khuyen khieh tich tu, tap trung rudng ddt trdn ca sd ddm bao on dinh sdn xuat va ddi song ngudi dan; Xdy dung phuang dn tao quy dat d, ddt san xuat de thuc ludn eliinh sdeh ho trg cho bd con ngheo, ddi song khd khan...
Thli hai, gidi quylt nhung khd khan ve von phdt trien sdn xuat - kinh doanh. De gidi quyet nhirng khd khan ve von cho ba eon cin tien hdnh rd sodt, phan loai doi tupng va nhu cau von cua bd con de cd kd hoach ho trp phu hgp. Doi tupng dupc vay phdi Id nhirng hd ed nhu eau thuc su vay von de sdn xuit, sd dung dung muc dieh vd phdi cd hieu qud. Doi vdi nhung hd quy md vda
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THl/CTIEN-KINH NGHIEM
CO the cho vay Iheo cac du dn sdn xuat - kinh doanh cua hd ting vdi che do tin dung, von vay can phdi cd tdi sdn t h i chap hodc phai cd vat tu ddm bdo. Dli vdi nhung hd sdn xuit hdng hda quy md nhd can tang so lupng cho vay va thpc hidn cbl dp tin dung tdi trp, sd dung hinh thdc cho vay thdng qua cdc to chuc quan chung d co sd: Hdi Phu nii, Hdi Ndng ddn, Doan Thanh mdn, Hpi Ciru chien binh,v.v..
Thli ba, tang cudng dau tu phat trien ket cau ha tang vung dong bao dan tde. Trudc mat, ehu trgng ndng cap, hoan chinh he thong thuy lgi vung cao de dap dng yeu cau phat trien sdn xuat, chuyen dich co c^u kinh te. Xdy dung vd hoan thidn hd thong thuy Ipi ndi dong, ddm bdo tudi tieu chu ddng cho todn bd dien tich dat trong Ida, phuc vu phat trien didn tich trong hoa mau, cay dupc lidu v^ cdc Ioai eay trong khac theo quy hoach. Thpc hidn phan cap qudn ly dau tu cho thuy lpl theo ke hoach hdng nam, van dpng nhdn dan ciing tham gia ddng gdp vd cung hudng lpi.
Tiep tue diu tu nang cap theo ke hoach cdc tuyen dudng true ehinh do cdc huyen qudn ly dat tieu chuan dudng cap V dong bdng. Nang cap, md rdng Id giao thdng ndng thdn ve d i n trung tdm cae xd vung dong bdo dan tpc di lai cdn nhilu khd khan.
Cdc dia phuong can tilp tpc ha the he thong dien, md rdng he thong cung cap nudc sach tdi c^c phum, sdc vung dong bao dan tdc de ddp dng ydu cau sdn xuat vd smh hoat cua ngudi dan. Doi vdi nhimg hd dan tdc ngheo, hd cd hodn cdnh dac bidt khd khan tbi dupc ho trp td ngan sdch vd edng dong d l ldp dat he thong didn, nudc sinh hoat va xay diing nhung ho xi hpp ve sinh.
Thli tu, lam tot cdng tdc khuyen ndng, tao dieu kien cho bd con tiep can va dng dung nhung thdnh tuu khoa hgc cdng nghd vdo sdn xuat.
Phdt huy vai tro khuyen ndng 4 thanh phan trong vung dong bao dan tdc (khuyin ndng nha nudc, khuyen ndng doanh nghidp, khuyen ndng td bao, ddi, cac nhk khoa hgc va khuyen ndng nhdn ddn);
trong do phdt huy vai trd khuyen ndng doanh nghiep, khuyen ndng nhdn ddn Xdy dung co che
phoi hpp giua trung tara khuyin ndng tinh vdi cdc dia phuong cd ddng dong bao ddn tdc sinh song de md cac ldp tdp huan, trien khai dng dung khoa hpc cdng nghd vdo sdn xuat. Tiep tue md rdng ck dang doi thoai vd cdc diem trinh dien thuc dia tren co sd liy kit qud mda mdng, hidu qua san xuat - kinb doanh minh hoa.
Da dang hod cdc hinh thdc khuyen ndng nhu xay dung md hinh trinh didn, to chdc cho ndng dan Khmer tham quan, khuyin idiich viec trao doi kinh nghidm sdn xuat giua cdc hd dan tpc Khmer vd gida hg vdi cae hd ngudi Kinh, qua dd giup hg ndng cao trinh dp bieu biet, ndm bat khoa hgc cdng nghe.
Thli nam, thdc diy chuyen dich eo clu kinh te.
phdt tri^n cdc ngdnh phi ndng nghiep trong viing dong bao dan tdc. Viec chuyin dich co cau ndng nghidp vung ddn tdc td nay den nam 2020 ca bSn vln dpa trdn nen tdng cay Ida. Song, chn tap trung day manh chuyen doi tir lua 1 vu vdi nang suat, chit lupng thap ldn sdn xuat 2 hoac 3 vu/nam gan vdi vide dng dung rdng idi nhdng tien bd khoa hgc ky thudt d nhirng noi cd di4u ki^n.
Ben canh dd, can quan tdm phdt trien cac ngcinh nghe phi ndng nghiep de tang thu nhap cho b^
con nhu: chl biln cdc sdn pham td cay thot lot, md hinh nudi bd, nudi Ipn, nudi gia cam, md hinh trong cdy thuoc id, md hinh trong me den, dau phdng, md hinh trong cay dupc lieu, md hinh l ^ nam ram, n i m bao ngu, ddt tho cam, v.v..
Thli sau, nang cao trinh dd ddn tri, lam tk edng tac ddo tao nghl, giai quyet vide lam va xoa ddi gidm ngheo. Day manh tuyen truyen giao due, ndng eao nhdn thdc trong can bd, ddng vidn vd dong bdo dan tdc ve vai trd cua tri thdc, cda gido due vd dao tao d l i vdi su phdt trien kinh te cua mdi gia dinh. Tap trung gidi quylt h ^ che bat dong ve ngdn ngu, bo sung ngay dpi ngu can bd biet tidng Khmer tham gia thuc hidn chuong trinh dan tpc. Can quan tdm tuyen can bp co nang luc de triln khai cd hidu qud cac chu truemg, ehinh sach eua Ddng vd Nha nudc. V^
lau ddi, cd chu truang, chinh sdch eu the, tao dieu kien de dong bao Khmer hpc tieng Viet.
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