T A N G C U V N G C O N G T A C Q U A N L Y M O I T R U V N G T R O N G T H O I K Y C O N G N G H I E P H O A , H I E N D A I H O A D A T N U D C
• ThS. HOANG THI CITONG (*)
1. Danh gia cdng tac quan ly mdi trUdng 6 Viet Nam trong thdi gian qua
NhQng thanh tUu da dat dUdc
Trong thdi gian qua Viet Nam da dat dupe nhieu thanh tUu quan trpng trong ITnh vUc b i o ve mdi trUdng.
He thdng cd che, chinh sach ve b i o ve mdi trUdng da dUdc hoan thien tUng budc. He thdng van b i n phap luat da, dang va se tiep tuc dUdc xay dung, bd sung dong bp, tao nen t i n g vQng chic, hanh lang phap ly d i y dd de dieu chinh, q u i n ly mpi hoat dpng lien quan den tai nguyen va mdi trUdng trong xa hpi. He thdng cd quan q u i n ly nha nude ve mdi trudng dupe tang cUdng va hoan thien tU Trung Udng de'n cd sd. Tong cue Mdi trudng dupe thanh lap; luc lupng C l n h sat moi trUdng dUdc hinh thanh; uy ban b i o ve mdi trudng luu vUc cac sdng ldn; td chUc q u i n ly mdi trudng d cac bp, nganh va dia phUdng, nha't la chi cue b i o ve mdi trudng dupe thie't lap, budc d i u hoat ddng cd hieu q u i .
Y thUc, trach nhiem b i o ve mdi trudng trong xa hpi dupe nang cao. Nhieu vu viec ldn, nhieu van de moi trudng bUc xuc, keo dai dUdc giii quye't dUt diem.
Cac giii phap b i o ve mdi trudng trong cac du an phat trien kinh te - xa hpi dUdc quan tam d i u tU thUc hien. Da xua't hien mpt so md hinh dd thi xanh, khu cdng nghiep, cd sd s i n xua't xanh, md hinh kinh te sinh thai. Cac nganh, ITnh vuc da huy dpng dupe nhieu ngudn lure trong nUdc cung nhu sU hd trd cua qud'c te, dong thdi tUng budc chu dpng trong viec b i o ve, c i i thien mdi trudng va Ung phd vdi bien ddi khi hau.
Nhin chung, cac dieu kien cd b i n , thie't yeu lam tien de, tao the va lUc cho cdng tac quin ly, bio ve mdi trUdng thdi gian tdi da dUdc dap Ung.
ThUc trang yeu kem ve moi trUdng Theo danh gia cua td chUc Mdi trUdng the (*) HQC vien Hanh chinh
gidi va cd quan q u i n ly nha nude ve moi trUdng, mdi trUdng Viet Nam dang bj xudng cap t r i m trpng va I n h hudng tieu cue de'n sue khde, ddi sd'ng cua nhan dan.
6 nhilm mdi trUdng nUdc, khdng khi dang lan rdng, cd ndi d mQc dp t r i m trpng, khdng nhQng tai cac khu cdng nghiep, khu dd thj dan cu ddng due ma c l 6 nhQng vung ndng thon.
Tai nguyen thien nhien bj khai thac qua mQc, thie'u sQ kiem soat. Nguon nude mat, nucic ngam nhieu ndi bj suy thoai, can kiet; da dang sinh hpc tiep tuc bj suy giim; bien ddi khi hau va nude bien dang da gay ra trieu cudng, lu, lut, mua, bao vdi cUdng dp ngay cang ldn, diin bien ngay cang phdc tap, khd ludng. Cung vdi hien tUdng bat thudng cua thdi tiet, thien tai khien nude ta hang nam phii hUng chiu hang chuc cdn bao, mUa lu lam chet hang tram ngudi, gay thiet hai hang chuc ngan ty dong. Thanh qua xay dung va phat then cua dja phUdng trong nhieu nam chf sau mpt ddt thien tai cd the bien mat neu khdng du bao dung va cd bien phap Ung phd kjp thdi.
NhQng van de neu tren neu khdng cd giai phap cap thie't, thoa dang se la iQc c i n ldn dd'i vdi qua trinh phat trien kinh te - xa hpi, de dpa nghiem trpng su phat trie'n ben vOng cua da't nude.
Nguyen nhan cua nhQng yeu kem trong cong tac q u i n ly mdi trUdng
Nguyen nhan cua tinh trang neu tren co nhieu, nhung nguyen nhan chu quan v l n la chinh. TU duy coi trpng tang trUdng kinh te, xem nhe b i o ve mdi trUdng v l n cdn phd bien;
phat trien kinh te v l n cdn theo chieu rpng, chu yeu dua vao khai thac tai nguyen thien nhien;
nhieu nganh, ITnh vUc s i n xuat cdn sCf dung cdng nghe lac hau, gay d nhilm mdi trUdng nghiem trpng; gia tang dan so, dd thj hda nhanh dang gay ap luc ldn len mdi trUdng.
Trong khi dd, the che, chinh sach ve b i o ve mdi trudng va phat trien ben vQng v l n chUa theo kjp vdi yeu c l u phat trien kinh te - xa hpi T o c h i r c n h a n u o c so 6 / 2 0 1 1
cua da't nUdc. He thd'ng to' chufc cac cd quan lam nhiem vu quan ly nha ni/dc ve moi trUdng v l n cdn nhieu bat cap, thie'u nhan IL/C, nha't la d cac dia phUdng. Dau tu cua Nha nUdc, doanh nghiep va ngudi dan cho bao ve moi trudng chUa dap Ung dupe yeu cau. Khau to chUc thUc hien cdn nhieu yeu kem. Ben canh do, con thie'u cUOng quye't va chUa xU ly nghiem cac vu viec vi pham phap luat ve bao ve moi trUdng.
2. Quan diem cua Dang va muc tieu dat ra cho cong tac quan ly mdi trUdng
PhUdng hudng dau tien va quan trong nha't dUdc nhac tdi trong CUdng ITnh xay dUng da't nUdc trong thdi ky qua dp len chu nghTa xa hpi (bd sung va phat trien nam 2011) la "Day manh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa da't nUdc gan vdi phat trien kinh te tri thUc, bao ve tai nguyen, mdi trudng".
Nghi quye't sd 41-NQ/TW ngay 15/11/2004 cua Bp Chi'nh tri ve bao ve moi trUdng trong thdi ky day manh cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa da't nUdc the hien ro quan diem cua Dang:
- Bao ve moi trUdng la mpt trong nhQng van de sd'ng cdn cua nhan loai; la nhan td bao dam sUc khoe va chat lupng cupc sd'ng cua nhan dan;
- Bao ve mdi trUdng vUa la muc tieu, vUa la mpt trong nhQng npi dung co ban cua phat triln ben vQng;
- Bao ve mdi trUdng la quyen ldi va nghTa vu cua mpi to chQc, moi gia dinh va cua mdi ngUdi, la bieu hien cua nep sd'ng van hoa, dao dUc, la tieu chi quan trong cua xa hpi van minh va la sU ndi tiep truyen thd'ng yeu thien nhien, sd'ng hai hoa vdi tU nhien cua cha ong ta;
- Bao ve mdi trUdng phai theo phUdng cham lay phdng ngUa va han che tac dpng xa'u dd'i vdi mdi trUdng la chinh ket hpp vdi xU ly d nhidm, khac phuc suy thoai, cai thien mdi trUdng va bao ton thien nhien;
- Bao ve mdi trUdng la nhiem vu vUa phUc tap, vUa cap bach, cd tinh da nganh va lien vung rat cao, vi vay can cd sU lanh dao, chi dao chat che cua cac cap uy dang, sU quan ly thd'ng nha't cua Nha nUdc, sU tham gia tich cUc cua Mat tran To qud'c va cac doan the nhan dan.
Muc tieu dat ra cho cong tac quan ly mdi trddng den nam 2020:
Khdng ngUng bao ve va cai thien moi trUdng nham nang cao chat lUdng cupc sd'ng va sUc khoe nhan dan, bao dam sU phat trien ben vQng da't nUdc.
Cu the: phdng ngQa d nhilm; bao ton va sQ dung ben vQng nguon tai nguyen thien nhien, da dang sinh hoc; cai thien mdi trudng;
han che mQc dp gia tang 6 nhilm; bao dam can bang sinh thai d mUc cao; dap Qng cac yeu cau ve mdi trudng de hpi nhap kinh te qud'c te va han che cac tac dpng tieu cue tQ mat trai cua toan cau hoa.
3. Mpt so giai phap nham tang cUdng cdng tac quan ly mdi trUdng dam bao phat trien kinh te - xa hpi nhanh, manh va ben vQng
De dat dUdc muc tieu phat trien nhanh, manh va ben vQng dat ra trong Chien lupc phat trien kinh te - xa hpi cua da't nUdc, cdng tac quan ly mdi trUdng trong thdi gian tdi cd y nghTa sd'ng cdn, dong thdi la nhiem vu het sUc khd khan, phQc tap, ddi hoi phai doi mdi tu duy, doi mdi each lam va can nhQng giai phap mang tinh dot pha.
Thd nhat, cu the hda npi dung chuyen dich cd ca'u kinh te theo hudng than thien vdi mdi trudng, tiep can md hinh "tang trudng xanh" da dUdc de cap trong "Chien lupc phat trien kinh te - xa hpi giai doan 2011-2020" va "CUdng ITnh xay dUng da't nUdc trong thdi ky qua dp len chu nghTa xa hpi". Can ket hdp hai hda giQa tang trUdng kinh te, bao dam an sinh xa hpi vdi bao ve mdi trUdng, Ung phd vdi bien doi khi hau; xay dUng nang lUc npi sinh nham sQ dung va phat trien cac cdng nghe tiet kiem tai nguyen, nguyen lieu, nang lUdng than thien vdi mdi trUdng, phat trien kinh te xanh. Day la ddng lUc chu yeu de thuc day qua trinh cai each va chuyen djch cO ca'u kinh te cua da't nUdc ta. LUa chpn md hinh tang trUdng ben vQng hdn. Hpc tap kinh nghiem xay dung nen
"kinh te xanh" cua cac nUdc tren the gidi, dac biet la nhQng nUdc dang phat trien.
Thd hai, day manh cd che kinh te hda, chuyen dd'i quye't Net CO che nang ve "bao cap", "xin - cho" trong quan ly tai nguyen va moi trUdng sang cd che thj trUdng, nham nang cao hieu \Uc, hieu qua quan ly nha nude, nang cao hdn nQa sU ddng gdp cua nganh tai nguyen va mdi trUdng trong nen kinh te qud'c dan. Tai nguyen thien nhien chi mang lai ldi ich to ldn cho da't nude khi chung ta cd ke hoach khai thac, sQ dung hdp ly, ben vOng.
Thd ba, khuyen khich dau tu vao cac nganh san xua't cac san pham cd gia trj gia tang ldn, sQ dung cdng nghe sach. Han che dau tU vao cac nganh tieu hao nhieu nang T o c h o c n h a n u o c so 6/2011
lUdng, khong chap nhan nhQng dQ an dau tu1 cdng nghe lac hau, gay d nhilm mdi trudng.
ThUc hien nghiem phap luat ve bao ve mdi trudng va cac giai phap dong bd de cd the xQ ly triet de gan 4.000 cd sd dang gay d nhidm mdi trUdng nghiem trong; tiep tuc dau tU de xQ ly d nhilm mdi trUdng cho hdn 1.500 lang nghe, hdn 200 khu cdng nghiep tren ca nude;
kiem soat viec xa nude thai ra cac lUu vUc sdng chfnh va khf thai tai cac khu vUc nhay cam; tranh bien nude ta thanh bai thai cdng nghe cua cac nude phat trien.
Thtf tU, tiep tuc hoan thien he thd'ng phap luat hien hanh; xay dung bp Luat mdi trudng mdi tren cd sd danh gia tac dpng cua Luat Bao ve mdi trUdng nam 2005 vao thdi gian sdm nha't. Trudc mat, can bd sung, hoan thien cac quy dinh va cd che quan ly ve bao ve moi trUdng khu cdng nghiep, khu che xua't, khu kinh te, cum cdng nghiep, lang nghe, cac luu VUC sdng, mdi trUdng ndng thdn, mien nui, bien va hai dao.
Cdng tac thanh tra, kiem tra viec chap hanh phap luat ve bao ve mdi trudng can tiep tuc dupe day manh; dac biet, can xQ ly nghiem cac hanh vi vi pham phap luat ve bao ve mdi trUdng tren pham vi ca nUdc. Can cd sU phdi hdp td't hdn giQa cac cap, cac nganh va cd sQ giam sat chat che cua nhan dan trong qua trinh thanh tra, kiem tra.
ThU nam, Nghj quye't Dai hpi XI cua Dang da dua ra nhQng chien lUdc cu the ve cdng tac quy hoach. Van de mdi trudng, bien dd'i khi hau va nUdc bien dang phai dUdc the hien rd trong quy hoach, ke hoach phat trien cua tUng vung lanh tho, tQng nganh, dia phuong, trong tUng du an, vdi tam nhin dai han, tham chi cd nhQng quy hoach phai tinh de'n 50 nam, 100 nam tdi.
Theo du bao, Viet Nam la mpt trong so nhQng nUdc bj anh hudng nang ne nha't cua bien ddi khf hau. Theo Kjch ban bien ddi khi hau tai Viet Nam, neu rriuc nude bien dang cao 1m, se cd khoang tren 15.000 km2 tai dong bang sdng Cftu Long bj ngap (chiem 40% tong dien tich), trong dd thanh phd Ho Chi Minh se bj ngap khoang 470 km2 (tren 20% dien tich thanh phd); 10-12% dan so nude ta bj anh hudng true tiep va tdn that khoang 10% GDP. Thien tai, bao, lu, han han se gia tang ve quy md va mUc dp khdc liet.
Viet Nam da cd ChUdng trinh muc tieu qud'c gia Qng phd vdi bien ddi khi hau, tuy nhien, can sdm xay dQng Chien lupc Ung phd vdi
bien dd'i khi hau, nUdc bien dang phu hdp vdi tUng giai doan phat trien cua da't nude, theo hUdng thfch Ung de sdng^ chung vdi bien ddi khf hau, bao dam phat trien kinh te - xa hpi va cudc sd'ng, an sinh cua nhan dan.
6 tam chien lUdc, Viet Nam can nhan thufc rd van de an ninh mdi trUdng cua nUdc ta trudc nhQng de dpa nghiem trpng bdi cac yeu td nhU: bien dd'i khi hau; sU chenh lech trong phat trien giQa cac vung; nhQng mau thuin phat sinh trong sQ dung tai nguyen thien nhien cung nhu van de d nhilm xuyen bien gidi va sU xam hai cua sinh vat ngoai lai. Ngoai ra, nguon nude cua cac ddng sdng ldn bj khong che tU nUdc ngoai, mUc dp d nhilm cac dong sdng tang nhanh,... deu tac dpng de'n an ninh nguon nUdc va hau q u i chua the' ludng het dupe. Vi vay, an ninh mdi trUdng neu khong dupe xU ly thoa dang se gay tac dpng xau de'n mpi mat kinh te' - xa hdi cua da't nUdc.
777Q sau, tiep tuc kien toan he thdng cd quan q u i n ly nha nude ve mdi trudng theo hudng hien dai, du nang luc thuc hien nhiem vu ngay cang phUc tap, nang ne, dap Ung yeu cau de ra. Tao cd che phdi hdp, hdp tac va huy dpng mpi thanh phan kinh te, toan xa hpi tham gia b i o ve mdi trudng, Qng phd vdi bien doi khi hau. LUc lUdng can bp q u i n ly moi trUdng ci nUdc ta cd khoing 10 ngudi/1 trieu dan, thap xa so vdi cac nude nhu Trung Quoc la 20 ngudi, Thai Lan 30 ngudi, Malaysia la 100 ngudi. Viec tang cUdng luc lUdng can bo q u i n ly mdi trudng ndi chung, dac biet d dia phUdng, cd sd la het sUc cap thie't.
Xay dUng van hda Qng xQ than thien vdi mdi trUdng va tiep tuc nang cao nhan thUc ve b i o ve mdi trUdng. Day manh xa hpi hda cong tac b i o ve mdi trudng, phat huy td'i da vai tro cua cac to' chQc chinh trj - xa hdi, doan the trong cac phong trao ve b i o ve mdi trUdng.
ThU bay, nang cao vai trd va huy dpng nguon luc cua cpng dong trong nude; xay dUng chien lupc van dpng cac nude, cac nha tai trd qud'c te hd trd Viet Nam Uu tien giai quye't cac van de ve mdi trUdng, Qng phd vdi bien ddi khi hau va nude bien dang nham tranh thu cac nguon lUc nay phuc vu muc tieu phat trien nhanh, ben vOng cua nUdc ta. Cac bp, nganh va dja phUdng c i n phd'i hpp chat che vdi Bp Tai nguyen va Mdi trUdng de tiep tuc van dpng, md rpng hdp tac qud'c te trong cdng tac b i o ve mdi trUdng va Ung phd vdi bien ddi khi hau •
T o chut* n h a n i r o c so 6 / 2 0 1 1
