K T H d d N G T H U C
SIEU MAY T i N H
PGS. LeVan Doanh-Pham Van Binh Trudng Cao ddng nghe Bach Khoa Hd Noi
Yeu cau cua viec mo phong the gidi vimo va vi md, cua dubdo ddi han thdi tiet, bien ddi Itbihdu, do thj phu tdi dien, cua dieu tihien thdng minh, thdi gian thi/c... ddi hoi phdi co mot cdng cu tinh todn dac biet vaS toe do rat cao. Cdc sieu mdy tinh (Supercomputer) ra ddi nhdm thoa mdn yeu d u toe do tinh todn ngay cdng cao, mo hinh tinh todn ngay cdng phitc tap cua Ichoa hoc vd cong nghe. Cudc cbgy dua xay dung cdc sieu mdy tinh dang diin ra rat sdi ddng tren todn thigicri. Bdi viet sau day diem qua bade phdt trien cOa sieu mdy tinh.
BlSOC P H A T TRIEN CUA TdC D 6 M A Y TINH SAU 67 NAM
Lich sd phat trien eua may tinh dien t d ke tU ngay ra ddi chiec may tinh dien tCfdau tien ENIAC (1946) den nay trai qua 67 nam. Vdi sU phat trien vUpt bac trong ITnh vUc ky thuat dien td, phan cdng cua may tinh da trai qua nhieu the he: den dien tU, transitor mach rdi, mach dien t d tich hpp IC, mach tieh hop cd Idn VLSI, bp vi xd ly edng nghe nano Intel Core... tdc dd xd ly cua may tinh tang vpt.
Tdc do cua d c sieu may tinh dupe danh gia bang sd phep toan dau phay ddng trong mdt giay FLOPS (FLoating Point Operations Per Second) ma khdng sd dung so lenh trong mdt giay IPS (Instructions Per Second). NgUdi ta thUdng sd dyng cae tiep dau ngd bdi so trong he SI ddng trUdc FLOPS dechi tdedd eua eae sieu may tinh nhuGiga (10"- Tera (1012), Peta (1015), Exa (1018), Zetta (1021). Ngoai ra cdn phan biet tdc do tinh RMAX va tdc dp ly thuyet RPEAK theo FLOPS.
Tren hinh 1 bieu dien tdc dd tinh toan theo thang loga theo thdi gian tU luc may tinh ra ddi cho den nay.
ly song song cd tdc dp l,9Gflops la may tinh manh nhat eho den nam 1990. Sau 1990 cae sieu may tinh ed hing ngan bd vi xd ly hoat ddng song song bat day xuat hien d My, Nhat Ban v i d e nude khae. d Viet Nam trUdng Dai hoc Bach khoa Ha Ndi t d nam 2003 cung dupe trang bi mot sieu may tinh cd 10 bd vi xd ly hoat ddng song song. Sang the ky21 cac sieu m a y t i n h c d t P i 100.000 bd vi xd ly hoat ddng song song, tdc dp d c sieu may tinh hien dai dat den CO trieu ty phep toan trong mdt giay (Pflops).
TOP500 SIEU M A Y TINH
Ra ddi t d nam 1993 danh sach TOP500 do Hans Meuer Trudng dai hpe Mannheim (CHLB DUc) Jack Dongarra TrUdng dai hoc Knoxville va Erich Strohmaier, Horst Simon, Phdng thi nghiem qudc gia Lawrence Berkeley (My) khdi xudng, cd 6 t h i n g ghi nhan ele sieu may tinh tren toan the gidi. Theo cdng bd euaTopSOO sieu may tinh ngay 17 t h i n g 6 trong phien hpp lan thd 42 tai Leipzig thi trong sd 500 sieu may tinh tren toan the gidi Mycd252,TrungQude66, Nhat Ban30, Anh29, Phap23, Ddc 19, An dp 11, Canada 9, Nga 8 chiec.
MUe dd tich hpp cac bp vi xd ly hoat ddng song song trong mdt may d a t i n g v o t D d thi hinh 2 cho thay sU tang trudng cua sd bd vi xd ly tich hop trong sieu m i y tinh theo thdi gian.
Hinh 1 Su tdng trudng cua toe do sieu mdy tinh theo thdi gian
Viec sddung thuat toan xd ly song song da cho phep ra ddi chiec sieu may tinh dau tien CDC 6600 do Seymour Cray thiet ke vao n i m 1964. N i m 1985 Cray 2 cd 8 bd vi xd
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Hinh 2 Sobd vixiily tich hop trong sieu mdy tinh
34 I Dien d Ddi song
DIEN THl/dNG THl/C Q
hMgng mdy tinh phan tdn:
Mang gdm nhieu m i y tinh d n h i n PC hoat ddng phin t i n d ele dia diem khic nhau, duoe ndi mang Internet v i cung g i i i quyet mot nhiem vy chung (hinh 4).
Mdi PC (Client) n h i n v i thuc hien mdt nhiem vy cy the v l bio d o k^t q u i vi Server trung tam. Server nay cd nhiem vy tich hop cie ket q u i cua ele Client t h i n h Idi g i l l ehung.
Ngiy nay cdng nghe dien t o i n dam miy, edn gpi l i dien toin miy chu i p , mpi k h i n i n g cua cdng nghe thdng tin dupe cung d p dudi dang dich vu mang m l khdng can
p h i i quan t i m den so sd ha tang, do dd viee thuc hien mang m i y tinh p h i n tan trd nen don g i l n rIt nhieu. Tuy nhien viee lien ket ele PC qua mang cd the giai quyet d c b i i t o i n vdi dUlieu rat Idn nhung neu yeu d u tinh t o i n he thdng Idn, thdi gian thuc nhU he thdng dien thi mang may tinh p h i n t i n khd thuc hien dupe.
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Hinh 3 Sieu mdy tinh Thien Ha li Sieu m i y tinh Thien H i II do Dai hoc Cdng nghe Qudc phdng qudc gia dat tai Quing Chau, Trung Qudc la sieu miy tinh manh nhat hien nay. Vdi tdc dp tinh toan l i 33.863 trieu ty phep t o i n trong mdt giay (Pflops). Dieu nay cd nghia la trong mdt gid, Thien Ha II cd kha nang tinh toin tuong duang vdi 1,3 ty ngudi tinh toan trong vdng 1000 nam!
Thien H i II do 280 nha nghien cUu thue hien trong vdng 2 nam, sd dung 3.120.000 Idi bao gdm Intel Xeon E5-2692, Intel Xeon Phi 31 SI P va Galaxy FT-1500do IBM cung d p .
Bd nhd RAM 1.024.000 GB Dung lupng luu t r d 12,4 PB He dieu hanh Kylin Linux
' Tdng edng suat tieu thu 17 808 kW luc hoat ddng tdi da eiJng 24.000 kW cho he thdng lam mat. Dien tich dat m i y l i 4000m^
GlAl QUYIT CAC BAI TOAN LON
De gilt quyet d c bai t o i n Idn phdc tap cd the tien hinh theo hai hudng:
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Hinh 2 Mong may tinh phan tdn 2. Sieu mdy tinh:
Vdi viec ra ddi cdng nghe tinh toan song song eho phep tich hpp nhieu bd vi xd ly trong mdt may tinh. Viec truyen thdng giUa cac khdi do spi quang dam nhiem, nhung viec tang nhanh chdng sd lupng bd xd ly trong mdt sieu may tinh yeu cau tan nhiet rat Idn. Vi du Thien Ha II ed 3.120.000 Idi doi cdng suit 17.808 kW luc hoat ddng tdi da cung 24.000 kW eho he thdng lam mat. NhU vay chi tinh rieng tien dien cho may hoat ddng len den 33 trieu USD/
nam vdi g i i 10 eent/kWh. Chi phi dau tU rat Idn 390 trieu USD nen viee phdi hpp sd dyng gid may hop ly la nhiem vy quan trpng cua nguPi van hanh.
Trung Qudc da l i p de an xay dung sieu may tinh dat tdc d p i Exaflops(10'^pheptoantrong mdt gily) vao nam 2018.
An Dd eung ed dU an sieu may tinh tdc do Exaflops vao nam 2017. Ve ly thuyet, sieu may tinh tdc dp Zettaflops cd the dU bao thdi tiet trudc 2 tuan se xuat hien vao n i m 2030.
De giai quyet van de tang tdc dp tinh t o i n khdng the chp dpi mUe tich hpp d c bd vi xd ly trong mdt si^u m i y tinh nhu hien nay vi van de dieu khien hoat ddng song song cua h i n g trieu bd vi xd ly ia nhiem vu r I t phdc tap. Cd le p h i i giai quyet b i n g cdng nghe phan eUng hoan toan mdi. Vdi sU tap trung nghien edu vao Graphene ma chung tdi da de cap trong sd bao trUde, by vong trong tuong lai g i n linh kien Graphene cd the g i i i quyet t i n gdc van de niy.
Dien d ihH .songl 35
E] DIEN THl/dNG THtfC
TOP10SIEUMAYTINH
V i t r i
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1 0
Toe d o (Pflops) Rmax R p e a k
33.863 54.902 17.590 27.113 17.173 20.133 10.510 11.280 8.586 10.066 5.168 8.520 5.008 5.872 4.293 5.033 2.897 3.185 2.566 4.701
T i n sieu m i y t i n h So b o v i x d ly Thien Ha II 3.120.000 Titan 560.640 Sequoia 1.572.864 K computer 705.024 Mira 786.432 Stampede 462.462 JUQUEEN 458.752 Vulcan 393.216 SuperMUC 147.456 Thien Ha IA 186.368
N h i t h i e t k e B & v i x u f i y , k e t n o i N U D T
Xeon E5-2692 + X e o n Phi, C u s t o m Cray XK7 O p t e r o n 6 2 7 4 + Tesla K20X, Custom Blue G e n e / Q PowerPC A2, Custom RIKEN SPARC64Vlllfx,Tofu Blue G e n e / Q Pow/erPC A2, Custom PowerEdge C 8 2 2 0 Xeon E5-2680 + Xeon Phi, I n f i n l b a n d Blue G e n e / Q PowerPC A 2 , Custom Blue G e n e / Q PowerPC A2, Custom iDataPlex D X 3 6 0 M 4 Xeon E5-2680, Infiniband NUDT YH Cluster Xeon 5670-HTesIa 2050, Arch
N h a c u n g dp
NUDT Dai hoc C o n g n g h e Q u d c
p h o n g q u d c gia
Cray
IBM
Fujitsu IBM
Dell
IBM
IBM
IBM
NUDT
N d i d i t , q u o c gia
T r u n g t a m sieu may t i n h Q u a n g Chau
Trung q u d c , 2013 PTN q u d c gia Oak Ridge. M y , 2 0 1 2 PTN q u d c gia Lawrence Livermore. My, 2013 RIKEN Nhat B i n , 2011 PTN q u d c gia A r g o n n e My,, 2013 TT t i n h t o a n Texas
My, 2013 Forschungszentrum Jljlich.OLrc,2013 PTN q u o c gia Law- rence Livermore
My, 2013 Leibniz-Rechenzen- t r u m . D U c , 2 0 1 2 TT sieu may t f n h q u d c gia Thien Tan Trung q u o c
H e d i e u h a n h
Linux (Kylin)
Linux {CLE, SLES)
Linux (RHELvaCNK) Linux
Linux (RHELvaCNK)
Linux
Linux (RHEL and CNK) Linux (RHEL and CNK)
Linux
Linux
A N CA BIEN TR] HOAN Dl/GfC LAO HOA
DO TIA Tir NGOAI GAY RA
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hl't protein cua ca cd the tri hoan dupe thdi ki lao hda. Den tudi 30 ma sddung nhieu chat nay se dem lai hieu qua cai thien tdt nhat lam cho da tuoi tan, hdng hao, san ket hon len rat nhieu. Ndi chung, ngudi ta cho rang lao hda da la do bdi tudi tie. Thuc ra thi khdng han la nhu vay. Can eU vao ket qua nghien cdu cua gidiy hpe, ngudi ta phat hien ra rang cd tdi 80% lao hda da la do tia t d ngoai ehieu roi khap ngudi, khdng cd cho nao la nd khdng len lach tdi.Loai lao hda do I n h nang mat trdi gay g i t chieu rpi vao gpi l i "lio hda do anh n i n g chieu vao ngUdi".
Vi tia t d ngoai cd the kich thich co the sin sinh ra hang loat gdc tudo, pha hoai cac soi nguyen keodinh trong Idp da trong (chin bi), neu nhu k h i ning
t u bao ve cua da khdng tdt, da rat de mat di chat djch nhay bdng, nhat la d nhCitig vung nhiet ddi, quanh nam luc nao cung cd anh nang m i t trdi chieu rpi. Biet vay, nen ngudi ta da nghien cdu tim ra dUpc loai thUe pham giau chat Protein v i hpp chat dudng tUcic loai ea bien, die biet la cic loai ca bien d tang sau de san xuat chat bao dudng da va lam manh kha nang tai sinh cCia da. Cac loai d bien nay da va se cd the trd thanh loai thuc pham chdng lao hda rat tdt, rat quen thudc cua ngudi tieu dung d Trung Qudc l i u nay cung nhu mai m l i ve sau nay.
Nha ble hpe ve sinh hda ngudi Thuy Oien Allila Dahlgren da tdng phat minh ra Emetin, la ngUdi cd cdng trinh nghien cdu rat s i u sic ve mat nay, da giai thich: Chat protein
cua c i thUc ra khdng cd eich gi ngin ngda dUpc lao hda ve mat sinh li, ma chied lam tri h o i n dupe "lao hda do anh m i t trdi ehieu roi manh khIp ngudi" gay ra, thuc day td b i o gdc soi min phat trien, lam t i n g them chat spi min d i n hoi, spi mjn nguyen keo, lam eho dp day eua Idp da trong day them len, d i thien tinh dan hoi va tinh n i n g gid am cua da, ddng thdi giam di cac vet nhan tren da.
Ong Freerk. Chu nhiem khoa da cua Trudng dai hpe Erasmus, ngudi d i tdng tim dupe chat protein cd trong d de nghien edu l i m sang trong nhieu nam, cd ndi: Q u i trinh lao hda thit, da cua con ngUdI, dai the bat dau t d n i m tren 20 tudi. Do vay den n i m 30 tuoi II thdi ki thich hpp nhat de sd dyng c h i t protein trong c i . Cdn ddi vdi nam gidi, da tuong ddi d i y hon, cho nen tieu thu chat n i y trong thdi gian d i i hdn, nhU v i y mdi ed sU ell thien rd ret ve da va chdng l i o hda manh./.
Nguygn Van Dure
