Sl/THAM a A COA C A C NUdC CHAU A
VAO HOAT DONG CI)A HOI DONG BAO AN UEN HOP QUOC
1. Cac nirdc chau A vdi vi tri uy vien khong thirong true Hoi dong bao an Lien hop quoc
Hgi ddng bao an Lien hgp qudc la co quan quan trgng nhat cua Lien hgp qude trong viee giir gin hoa binh va an ninh the gidi.
Co cau cua Hdi ddng bao an dugc quy djnh tai Dieu 23 Hien chuang Lien hgp qude nhu sau: Hgi ddng bao an gdm 15 thanh vien, trong dd cd 5 thanh vien thudng tryc gdm: Trung Qudc, Phap, Nga, Lien hiep Vuong qudc Anh va Bac Ai-len, My. Mudi thanh vien cdn lai ciia Lien hgp qudc duge Dai hgi ddng bau ra vdi tu each la nhiing uy vien khdng thudng tryc eua Hgi ddng bao an. Mudi nudc thanh vien khdng thudng tryc dugc bau theo sy phan bd khu vyc dia li nhu sau: 5 nudc thuge chau Phi va chau A; 1 nudc thudc Ddng Au; 2 nudc thuge viing My Latinh va Caribe; 2 nudc thudc Tay Au va cac nudc khae. Nhiing uy vien khdng thudng tryc cua Hgi ddng bao an dugc bau ra vdi nhiem ki 2 nam.''^
Trong viec bau eir nay, trudc het Dai hgi ddng luu y den sy ddng gdp eua cac thanh vien Lien hgp qude vao viee duy tri hoa binh va an ninh qudc te, miic do thyc hien cac muc dich khae cua Lien hgp qudc ciing nhu lun y den sy phan bd cdng bang theo khu vue dia li.
PGS.TS. DINH NGOC VUONG *
Theo thong ke cua chiing toi, cho den nay da cd 123 nudc la iiy vien ciia Hgi dong bao an qua cac thdi ki, trong do cd 5 nudc la uy vien thudng true Hgi ddng bao an.^ ' Tinh din nam 2007, cd 74 nudc tren tong sd 192 nudc thanh vien Lien hgp quoc cdn dang
"xIp hang" de cd nhiem ki dau tien la iiy vien Hgi ddng bao an Lien hgp qudc. Neu tinh rieng chau A thi da cd 24 nudc timg dugc bau vao iiy vien khdng thudng tryc, Trung Qudc la thanh vien thudng tryc va 25 nudc dang "xep hang" vao vi tri thanh vien khdng thudng tryc.^^^
Trong sd 24 nudc chau A dugc bau lam iiy vien khdng thudng true Hgi dong bao an Lien hgp qudc qua cac thdi ki ta cd thi thiy Nhat Ban la nudc chau A dugc biu lam uy vien khdng thudng tryc Hgi ddng bao an Lien hgp qudc nhilu ki nhit (10 nhiem ki) va khoang each xa nhat giira cac nhiem ki la 8 nam (1998 - 2005), gin nhit la 4 nam. Co the ndi Nhat Ban la nudc kha dac biet d chau A trong viec tham gia boat dgng cua Hoi ddng bao an Lien hgp quoc. Nhat Ban la nudc thua tran trong Chiln tranh thi gidi lin thir II nhung chi sau 13 nam kl tir khi chiln tranh kit thiic, Nhat Ban lin diu tien da
* Vien Tir diin hpc va Bach khoa thu Viet Nam Vien khoa hpc xa hoi Viet Nam
NGHIEN c a u • TRAO DOI
bau lam uy vien khdng thudng trye Hdi ddng bao an Lien hgp qudc. Vdi nhiem ki 2 nam ciia iiy vien khdng thudng tryc Hgi ddng bao an Lien hgp qudc, hau nhu cir sau 4 nam Nhat Ban lai dugc tai bau. Rd rang vai trd ciia Nhat Ban la rat ldn trong Lien hgp qudc.
Tai sao Nhat Ban lai cd vai trd ldn nhu vay?
Nhat Ban la mdt trong nhimg nudc ddng gdp tai chinh nhieu nhat cho Lien hgp qudc.
Chang ban, nam 2005, cac nudc thanh vien dong gdp tdng cgng 1,83 ti USD cho Lien hgp qudc, trong so nay Nhat Ban ddng gdp 338 trieu USD, chilm 19,47% va chi dimg sau My vdi 22%. Trong 5 thanh vien Hgi dong bao an. ngoai trir My, tdng sd tien ciia 4 nudc cdn lai ddng gdp cho Lien hgp qudc chua bang Nhat Ban. Sd tien Trung Qudc dong gdp cho Lien hgp qudc chi chiem 2,1%, Nga la 1.1%. Anh 6.1% va Phap 6%.'''' Rd rang la neu trong thdi ki dau mdi thanh lap, cac nudc cd vai trd ldn trong Lien hgp qudc la cac nudc thang tran trong Chien tranh the gidi lan thir II thi sau nay vai trd nay cang md nhat, nhudng chd cho vai trd ciia sire manh kinh te, nhat la viec ddng gdp kinh phi cho boat ddng ciia Lien hgp qudc.*^' Neu Nhat Ban cat giam kinh phi ddng gdp cho Lien hgp qudc se gay khd khan cho Td chirc nay ve mat tai chinh.
Viec Nhat Ban tuyen bd se cat giam ngan sach ddng gdp cho Lien hgp qudc dang lam biing nd nhirng cugc tranh cai quyet liet xung quanh trach nhiem ciia cac nudc thanh vien. Mgt so nudc cho rang Lien hgp qudc khong phai la nai ma cac thanh vien cd the doi hdi vj tri, quyln lgi dya tren sd tien ma
hg ddng gdp vi lam nhu vay td chirc ldn nhat the gidi nay se bi le thudc. Neu Nhat Ban cat giam khoan tai chinh ddng gdp cho Lien hgp qudc thi cac thanh vien khae chac chan se phai tang khoan ddng gdp cua hg cho Lien hgp qude vi td chirc nay vdn dang rat eo hep ve tai chinh de chi cho nhieu boat dgng mang tinh toan cau.
Tiep theo sau Nhat Ban, An Do va Pakistan la hai nudc chau A da tham gia nhieu nhiem ki uy vien khdng thudng tryc Hgi ddng bao an Lien hgp qudc (mdi nudc 6 nhiem ki). Neu ehi tinh rieng 10 nudc ASEAN, da cd 6 nudc dugc bau lam thanh vien khdng thudng tryc Hdi ddng bao an:
Philippine (4 nhiem ki), Indonesia (3 nhiem ki), Malaysia (3 nhiem ki). Singapore (1 nhiem ki). Thai Lan (1 nhiem ki) va Viet Nam (1 nhiem ki). Hien 3 nudc thanh vien cua ASEAN chua dugc bau lam iiy vien khdng thudng tryc Hdi ddng bao an Lien hgp qudc la Lao, Campuchia, Brunei.
Theo quy djnh tai Dieu 27 Hien chuang Lien hgp qudc, khi bd phieu bieu quyet de thdng qua cac quyet djnh, nghj quyet ciia Hdi ddng bao an, mdi thanh vien Hgi ddng bao an cd mdt la phieu; nhtrng nghj quyet ciia Hdi ddng bao an ve cac van de thil tuc dugc thdng qua khi 9 uy vien Hgi ddng bd phieu thuan; nhirng nghj quyet ciia Hdi ddng bao an ve cac van de kbac dugc thdng qua sau khi 9 uy vien ciia Hdi ddng bao an, trong dd ed tat ca cac uy vien thudng tryc bd phieu thuan, dT nhien la ben duong sy trong tranh chap se khdng bd phieu ve cac nghj quyet theo quy dinh
TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 1/2009 49
tai Chuang VI va khoan 3 Dilu 52 Hien chuang Lien hgp qudc.
Nhu vay, cac thanh vien khdng thudng trye va thudng trye cua Hgi ddng bao an deu cd quyen ngang nhau trong viec thao luan cac van de ve hoa binh, an ninh the gidi va trong viec thyc hien cac chirc nang va nhiem vu ciia Hgi ddng bao an. Tat ca eae thanh vien cua Hgi ddng bao an deu cd mgt phieu khi bieu quyet de thdng qua cac quyet dinh va nghi quyet eiia Hdi ddng bao an. Khi bieu quyet ve cac van de td chiic, thii tuc, ehi can 9 phieu thuan thi nghi quyet dugc thdng qua, khdng phu thudc vao sd phieu thuan do thuge ve cac thanh vien khdng thudng tryc hay thanh vien thudng tryc. Tuy nhien, ddi vdi eae nghi quyet ve van de hoa binh va an ninh the gidi thi ngoai yeu cau sd phieu thuan phai la 9/15 cdn cd yeu cau la khdng thanh vien thudng true nao bd phieu chdng.
Day chinh la quyen phu quyet ciia cac thanh vien thudng tryc Hgi ddng bao an. Quyen phu quyet (veto) la viec mgt nudc thanh vien thudng trye Hdi ddng bao an cd kha nang ngan can viec thdng qua mgt nghi quyet khdng lien quan den thii tyc bang mgt phieu chdng cua minh ke ea khi tat ea cac nude thanh vien khae, thudng tryc va khdng thudng trye bd phieu tan thanh. Ndi each khae, day la viec thyc hien nguyen tae ddng thuan giira nam nudc uy vien thudng true.
Trong sudt qua trinh boat dgng cua minh vdi tu each uy vien thudng tryc, tat ca nam nudc nay deu da ap dyng quyen phu quyet cua minh trong dd hai nudc My va Lien Xd (cu) la nhiing nudc sir dung nhieu nhat. NIU nhu
mdt nudc uy vien thudng tryc khdng ung ho hoac khong muon bieu thi su iing hg cua minh ddi vdi mgt nghi quyet dong thdi cung khong mudn ngan can viec thong qua nghj quylt, nudc do cd the bd phieu trang^^^ hoac khdng tham gia bd phieu, hanh dgng nay khdng bi coi la phu quyet va nghi quyet van dugc thdng qua. Thong thudng, cac nudc uy vien Hgi ddng bao an cd tim each dan xep trudc dl nghi quyet cd the dugc thong qua.
Tuy nhien, da khong it Ian, nhieu nudc, cho dil bilt trudc du thao nghi quyet ciia minh se bi phii quylt nhung van dua ra bd phieu nham gay sire ep chfnh tri.
2. Cac niro'c chau A va van de cai to Hoi dong bao an Lien hop quoc
Nam 2005, nhan loai ki niem 60 nam ngay thanh lap Lien hgp qudc - td chiic quoc te ldn nhat toan cau hien cd 192 nudc thanh vien, duge hinh thanh sau Chien tranh the gidi lan thir II. Hon 60 nam qua Lien hgp qudc da gdp phan to Idn trong viec bao dam hoa binh va an ninh the gidi. Tuy nhien, the gidi hdm nay da cd nhieu doi thay, nhan loai dang diing truoc nhiing vin dl cip bach cin giai quyet. Nghi quylt cua Dai hgi ddng Lien hgp qudc sd 55/2 vl Tuyen bd thien nien ki cua Lien hgp qudc dugc thong qua tai Phien hgp toan the thii 8 ngay 8/9/2002 da khing dinh cac nudc thanh vien Lien hgp quoc se cd gang bing mgi each dl lam cho Lien hgp quoc trd thanh cong cu cd hieu qua hon nhim thuc hien tit ca cac uu tien: Cuoc chiln vi su phat triln cua tit ca cac dan tpc tren the gidi; eugc chiln chdng ddi ngheo, dot nat va benh tat; cugc chiln chdng bat
NGHIEN c a u • TRAO DOI
cdng; cugc chien chdng bao lyc, khung bd va tgi pham; cugc chien chdng tinh trang xudng cap va hiiy hoai mdi trudng.
Tuyen bd thien nien ki ciing dat vin dl cai td Lien hgp qude de td chirc nay boat dong hieu qua ban trong viec duy tri hoa binh va an ninh bang each cung cap cho Lien hgp qudc nhung ngudn lyc va cdng cu can thiet de ngan chan xung dot, giai quylt tranh chap mdt each hoa binh, giir gin, ciing cd hoa binh va tai thiet sau xung dot, cy the la:
- Khang djnh Dai Hdi ddng la co quan dai dien, lam chinh sach va tranh luan chu yeu ciia Lien hgp qudc ddng thdi tao mgi dieu kien de Dai hgi ddng thyc hien vai trd ciia minh mdt each cd hieu qua.
- Tang cudng nd lyc chung nham thuc hien cugc cai td toan dien Hdi ddng bao an d tat ca cac khia canh eiia nd.
- Tang cudng ban nira Hdi ddng kinh te va xa hdi, tren co sd phat huy nhiing thanh qua thu dugc trong thdi gian gan day nham giiip Hdi ddng hoan thanh nhiem vu dugc Hien chuang giao phd.
- Tang cudng Tda an cdng li qudc te nham bao dam cdng li va thyc thi luat phap trong cac van de qudc te.
- Khuyen khich cac cugc tham khao va phdi hgp thudng xuyen giira cac co quan chii yeu cua Lien hgp qudc nham thyc hien cac chirc nang eiia minh.
- Bao dam cung cip cho Lien hgp qudc CO sd ngudn lyc kjp thdi va cd the dy bao trudc ma Lien hgp qudc can cd de thyc thi sir menh ciia minh.
- Keu ggi Ban thu ki su dung tdt nhat
nhirng ngudn lyc nay, phii hgp vdi cac thii tyc va quy che da dugc Dai hgi ddng chap thuan.
- Xuc tien viec tuan thu triet de Cdng udc ve sy an toan ciia td chirc va nhan vien Lien hgp qudc.
- Bao dam sy gan ket ve chinh sach va sy hgp tac tdt ban giira Lien hgp qudc, cac co quan cua Lien hgp qudc, cac td chirc thudc he thdng Bretton Woods va Td chirc thuang mai the gidi cQng nhu cac td chuc da phuang khae nham myc dich thyc hien phuong phap tiep can dugc phdi hgp day dii ddi vdi cac van de ve hoa binh va phat trien.
- Tang cudng sy hgp tac giira Lien hgp qudc va nghj vien cac nudc thdng qua td chuc the gidi cua hg la Lien minh cac nghj vien tren cac ITnh vyc nhu hoa binh va an ninh, phat trien kinh te va xa hdi, luat phap qudc te va nhan quyen, dan chii va van de gidi.
- Tao them co hdi cho khu vyc tu nhan, cac td chirc phi chinh phii va xa hdi dan sy ndi ehung de hg gdp phan vao viec thyc hien cac muc tieu va chuang trinh cua Lien hgp qudc.
Trong cdng cude cai td toan dien Lien hgp qudc thi van de cai td Hdi ddng bao an dang dugc dat ra nhu nhiem vy cap bach can phai hoan tat trong nam 2005.
Ngay 23/5/2005 Tdng thu ki Lien hgp qudc Kofi Annan da phai van ddng timg nudc trong nd lyc thuyet phue dat dugc sy ddng thuan ve ke hoach cai td Hdi ddng bao an do dng de nghj. Dire, Brazil, Nhat Ban, An Do (img cu vien 4 ghe thudng tryc Hgi ddng bao an) da vap phai sy phan ddi ciia khoang 20 nudc - nhung nudc iing hg md
TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 1/2009 51
rgng Hdi ddng nhung khdng them ghe thudng tryc. Sau khi van dgng hai phia cua dng Kofi Annan, Dai sii Diic Gunter Pleuger ndi rd rang 4 nudc ndi tren da soan mgt dy thao nghj quyet de dua ra trudc Dai hgi ddng Lien hgp qudc vao giiia thang 6/2005 de tim sy ddng thuan sau 12 nam thao luan ma khdng dat ket qua. Dai sii Pakistan, Nunir Akram phan ddi dy thao nghi quyet tren, loai trir tat ca y dinh bd phieu va mudn ddi thoai dugc tiep tyc. Ong Annan da yeu cau cac nudc thanh vien xem xet lai ca cau Hgi ddng bao an trong ke hoach cai td rgng rai Lien hgp qudc do dng soan thao va dua ra vao giira thang 9/2005.
Qua nhieu phien hgp toan the Dai hgi ddng Lien hgp qudc va cac cugc thao luan rgng rai d eae khdi nudc, cac nudc thanh vien van ehua dat dugc ddng thuan ve eai td Hgi ddng bao an.
Cai td Hgi ddng bao an va van de thanh vien thudng trye ciia Hgi ddng phan anh quan niem ve thyc trang the gidi ngay nay da ed nhieu ehuyen bien so vdi thdi diem Lien hgp qude ra ddi nam 1945. Trudc day, Tdng thu ki Kofi Annan de nghi tang sd qudc gia hgi vien len thanh 24, vdi 2 phuong an:
Phuong dn 7: Tang them 6 thanh vien thudng tryc khdng cd quyen phii quyet:
Chau A (2), chau Phi (2), chau Au (1) va chau My (1), cgng them 3 thanh vien khdng thudng tryc vdi nhiem ki 2 nam.
Phuong dn 2: Them 8 thanh vien mdi vdi nhiem ki 4 nam: Chau Phi, chau A, chau Au va chau My cd 2 dai dien. Ngoai ra, cdn cd mgt thanh vien khdng thudng true vdi
nhiem ki 2 nam.
Viec phae thao ke hoach cai to Hgi ddng bao an Lien hgp quoc cd le khong gap phan img nao tir phfa cac nudc thanh vien Lien hgp qudc ciing nhu cac nudc iiy vien thudng tryc va khong thudng true cua Hgi ddng bao an. Tuy nhien, khi di vao cac phuong an thyc hien cu thi da xuit hien nhilu xung dot, mau thuin khd cd thi vugt qua dugc.
Din nay van chua cd dau hieu nao cho thiy cac phien hgp toan the cung nhu cac cugc thao luan giiia cac khoi nudc trong Dai hgi ddng Lien hgp quoc cd the loai bd dugc nhiing bit ddng sau sac giiia cac lien minh cd lap trudng mau thuan nhau ve cai td Hoi ddng bao an.
Hau het cac nudc thanh vien Lien hgp qude deu nhan thiic rang Hgi dong bao an khdng he mang tfnh dai dien. 5 trong sd 15 ghe eiia Hgi dong nay la cac uy vien thudng tryc cd quyen phu quyet, trong khi 186 quoc gia cdn lai chi dugc luan phien ngdi vao 10 ghe cdn lai va khong he cd quyen phu quyet.
Nhat Ban va Diic la hai nudc ddng gdp cho ngan sach Lien hgp quoc ldn thii hai va thii ba sau My tin rang hg cd du dieu kien ngoi vao chiec ghe thudng tryc Hgi ddng bao an.
An Do, quoc gia dong dan thii hai tren the gidi va Brazil, quoc gia ldn nhat khu vuc My La tinh ciing deu cho rang hg xiing dang de nam ghi thudng true Hgi ddng bao an. Ai Cap, Nigeria va Nam Phi thi cho ring chau Phi xirng dang cd dugc 2 ghi thucmg true.
Tuy nhien, tat ca nhiing nudc dang khao khat chiec ghe ay deu gap phai su phan doi tir nudc khae. Pakistan phan ddi An Dp,
NGHIEN c a u . TRAO DOI
Mexico thi phan ddi Brazil... va dd la nguyen nhan khien nhieu nam tranh cai vl van de cai td co che thanh vien eua Hgi ddng bao an deu khdng cd kit qua. Anh, Phap. Nga ung hg ca 4 nudc Nhat Ban, Dire, Brazil, An Do nhirng Trung Qudc ciing vdi Han Qudc va Cgng hoa dan chu nhan dan Trieu Tien deu khdng mudn Nhat Ban cd dugc vj tri nay vi sg rang Nhat kit hgp chat che vdi My de khdng ehl viing Ddng A. Rieng Italia bat man vi thiy minh la mdt trong nhirng nudc ldn tai chau Au khdng la thanh vien thudng tryc Hdi ddng bao an nen khdng ung hd Dire. Pakistan chdng viec An Do giir vai trd quan trgng d viing Nam A. Mexico. Argentina va da sd nhirng nudc ndi tieng Tay Ban Nha d Nam My khdng tan thanh Brazil la nudc ndi tieng Bd Dao Nha. My ung hg Nhat Ban nhung nghi ngd Dire khi qudc gia nay phan ddi cugc chien ciia My tai Iraq. Cac nudc iing hg Nhat Ban trd thanh uy vien thudng tryc Hdi ddng bao an deu td y lo ngai rang Dieu 9 Hiin phap Nhat Ban la dieu can tro viec nay. Dieu dd cd nghTa la neu mudn trd thanh iiy vien thudng true Hdi ddng bao an thi Nhat Ban phai sira Hien phap. Thii tudng Nhat Ban Kozumy cho rang d day khdng cd vin dl gi ca, Nhat Ban van cd the trd thanh iiy vien thudng trye Hdi ddng bao an cho dii Hiin phap Nhat Ban cd diem khae so vdi hien phap cac nudc iiy vien thudng trye Hdi ddng bao an hien nay.* '
Lien minh bdn nudc Nhat Ban. Dire, Brazil, An Do (ggi tit la G4) da dua ra Dy thao nghj quylt ciia Dai hdi ddng Lien hgp
qudc ve cai td Hdi ddng bao an. Theo du thao nay, cac nudc iiy vien thudng true mdi se khdng cd ngay quyen phii quyet ma phai dgi 15 nam sau ngay nghj quyet cd hieu lyc, viee nay mdi dugc Dai hdi ddng Lien hgp qudc xem xet. G4 eiing de nghj Lien hgp qudc thyc hien ba budc di (thang sau thdng qua phuang an cai td; thang bay xae djnh img cu vien Hgi ddng bao an va djnh thdi gian bau cu, cudi cimg la sua ddi Hien chuang). Ve phuang an cai td, G4 de nghj tang them mgt ghe khdng thudng true cho khdi Ddng Au. Cdn ve sira ddi Hien chuang, G4 de nghj bd "dieu khoan ke thii cu". am chi nhung nudc thudc tryc phat xit cu la Dire. Y, Nhat. My iing hg Nhat Ban nhung khdng ung hg Due. Trong kien nghj cua minh. cac nudc G4 ciing de nghj xem xet de hai nudc chau Phi trd thanh uy vien thudng tryc Hdi ddng bao an la Ai Cap va Cdng hoa Nam Phi ddng thdi md rgng thanh phan cac uy vien khdng thudng tryc.
Day la sy nhan nhugng cua G4 nham nhanh chdng trd thanh iiy vien thudng tryc Hgi ddng bao an, nhat la sau khi Trung Qudc cho biet se chdng tdi ciing viec Nhat Ban tham gia Hgi ddng bao an. Theo Trung Qudc, Hgi ddng bao an can dugc md rdng them vdi cac thanh vien mdi la cac nudc dang phat trien. Cac nudc G4 cung dua ra kien nghj ve trinh ty bau cac uy vien Hdi ddng bao an, dd la chi bau tai Dai hdi ddng theo nguyen tac bd phieu kin.
Italia, Pakistan, Han Qudc de nghj khdng tang sd iiy vien thudng tryc ma tang sd uy vien khdng thudng tryc dugc phan deu cho
TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 1/2009 53
cac khu vyc tren the gidi.
Trong cai td Hgi ddng bao an, gan nhu chic chin cd 2 nudc cua Lien minh chau Phi trd thanh thanh vien mdi cua Hgi ddng bao an. Tuy nhien, 2 thanh vien nay cd quyen phu quyet hay khdng hien van edn la van de gay nhieu tranh cai. Ben canh 2 ghe thudng tryc, Lien minh chau Phi gdm 53 qudc gia eiing dang yeu cau danh cho hg them 5 ghe thanh vien khdng thudng true tai Hgi ddng bao an de ea 5 khu vyc cua chau Phi deu cd dai dien tai co quan day quyen lye nay.
Cai each Hgi ddng bao an chi la mgt phan trong tien trinh cai each toan bg Lien hgp qudc, trong dd cac bien phap khdi phuc quyen lye eua Dai hgi ddng va lam cho Hgi ddng kinh te-xa hdi eiia Lien hgp qude (ECOSOC) trd nen hieu qua ban la khdng the thieu duge. Viet Nam da va se tiep tyc ling hg cac nd lire lam cho Hgi ddng bao an cd tinh dai dien cao hon, dan chu ban, hieu qua ban va minh bach ban. Hoat dgng cai td thyc sy Hdi ddng bao an chi dugc coi la hoan thanh khi nao qua trinh cai td dat tdi viee vira tang sd lugng thanh vien Hgi ddng bao an, vira cai thien dugc cac phuong phap lam viec cua Hdi ddng bao an. Viec sir dung quyen phu quyet ciia Hgi ddng bao an nen dugc gidi ban. Cai td Hgi ddng bao an Lien hgp qudc phai toan dien, phai dugc thyc hien trong khudn khd tang cudng quyen lye cua Dai hgi ddng, dya tren sy minh bach va cac nguyen tae dan chu va dugc tien hanh phii hgp vdi muc dich thyc sy eiia nd. Vdi nhiing bit ddng gay gat hien nay giiia eae nudc uy vien thudng tryc Hgi dong bao an ve ket nap
cac nudc khae vao ghe uy vien thudng tryc, nhit la trong viec de cac nudc iiy vien thudng true mdi cd quyen phii quyet thi viec md rgng Hgi dong bao an chi cd the tien hanh de dang vdi cac nudc se trd thanh uy vien khdng thudng true. Dieu khd khan nhat la cac nudc uy vien thudng true hien nay khdng mudn chia se quyen phii quyet cho cac nudc khae. Tuy nhien, neu tang them so lugng liy vien thudng true nhung lai khdng cho cac nudc nay cd quyen phii quyet thi quyln binh dang giiia cac nudc iiy vien thudng tryc se bi vi pham. Phuang an cua G4 vl viec cac iiy vien thudng tryc mdi se khdng cd ngay quyen phu quyet ma phai dgi 15 nam sau ngay nghi quyet cd hieu lyc cd le la phuang an tdi uu, dung hoa giiia cac nudc iiy vien thudng true cii va mdi cua Hgi ddng bao an. Viec md rgng thanh phan Hgi ddng bao an chi cd the dugc thuc hien neu tfnh tdi phuong an cua G4. Cac phuong an khae chi cd the dugc chap nhan neu Dai hgi ddng thdng qua nghi quyet ve phuang phap md rdng Hgi ddng bao an: Bd philu kfn tai Dai hgi ddng ma khdng can den quyet dinh ctia Hgi ddng bao an. Van de quyen phii quyet cua cac uy vien thudng true cii va mdi cua Hgi ddng bao an ciing nen xae dinh ro trong mgt nghi quyet nhu vay cua Dai hgi ddng Lien hgp qudc.
Cugc dau tranh cai to Hgi ddng bao an Lien hgp quoc cho thay cac nudc chau A ciing da cd nhiing iing vien sang gia cho vi trf uy vien thudng true Hgi dong bao an, dd la An Do va Nhat Ban. Tuy nhien, ciing chfnh cac nudc chau A dang can chan nhau
NGHIEN cau-TRAO DOI
vao Hdi ddng bao an Lien hgp qudc. N I U xet vl mirc do ddng gdp va tim anh hudng trong quan he quoc t l thi An Do va Nhat Ban deu xung dang cd vi tri uy vien thudng tryc Hdi ddng bao an Lien hgp qudc. 0 mirc do nhat djnh vai trd cua Nhat Ban cd the ndi trdi han. Tuy nhien niu Nhat Ban trd thanh uy vien thudng tryc Hdi ddng bao an Lien hgp quoc thi vai trd ciia Nhat Ban se ndi trdi trong khu vyc Ddng Bac A. Cai dd khd cd thi dugc Trung Qudc va Han Qudc chap nhan.
Trong khi dd. uy tin cua Lien hgp qudc ngay cang giam siit, mdt phan la do thai do coi thudng Lien hgp qudc ciia cac nudc phuang Tay, mgt phan la do tam trang bat binh ngay cang tang cua nhirng nudc dang phat trien, hg coi thu tuc thdng qua quyet djnh va CO cau hien nay ciia Lien hgp qudc da ldi thdi, da khdng cdn thich hgp vdi nhirng hien thyc mdi ciia the gidi hien dai.
Hau nhu tat ca cac nudc thanh vien Lien hgp qudc deu nhat tri da den lue can cai td Lien hgp qudc nhung dieu nay lai khdng the lam dugc trong khudn khd cac quy tac hien hanh bdi vi bat ki sy sira ddi nao trong Hien chuang Lien hgp qudc deu phai dugc su ddng thuan ciia 5 nudc uy vien thudng tryc Hdi dong bao an va cua hai phan ba cac nudc hdi vien Lien hgp qudc, sau dd, cdn phai dugc Qudc hdi ciia timg nudc phe chuan. Tir trudc den nay. 5 nudc iiy vien thudng tryc hoan toan thda man vdi quy che hien nay ciia hg nen hg khdng mudn cai td Hdi dong bao an. Dilu tdi da cd the dat dugc trong hoan canh hien nay la tang them sd
lugng thanh vien Hdi ddng bao an bang each thda man yeu cau ciia Dire, Nhat Ban, Brazil va An Do. Bdn nude nay san sang tir bd quyen phii quyet va chi yeu cau dugc lam iiy vien thudng tryc ddng thdi thda man yeu cau md rgng quyen dai dien ciia cac nudc chau A, chau Phi va My Latinh. Viet Nam da nhieu lan khang djnh iing hg Nhat Ban trd thanh iiy vien thudng tryc Hgi ddng bao an Lien hgp qudc.
Dil phuang an nao duge dua ra thi cac nudc chau A, trong dd cd Trung Qudc, An Do va Nhat Ban cdng se dugc chii y. Tuy nhien, cac cudng qudc hien dang la iiy vien thudng tryc Hdi ddng bao an Lien hgp qudc khd cd the chia se quyen lyc ciia minh trong the gidi day bien ddng hien nay./.
(1). Tuy nhien. a lan dau tien sau khi tong so uy vien cua Hoi dong bao an duac nang tii 11 icn 15 thi 2 trong so 4 uy vien ichong thuong true bo sung se dupc bau voi nhiem ki ] nam. NhiJng uy vien vira man nhiem khong dupc bau lai ngay.
(2).Xem: http://www.un.org (3.Xem: http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/
(4).Xem: http://vietbao.vn/The-gioi/'i ranh-cai-trach- nhiem-nuoi-Lien-Hop-Quoc/70025380/159/
(5). Mirc phi cua cac thanh vien dupc tinh toan theo mpt cong thirc phire tap dupc xae dinh lai 3 nam mpt Jan. Mpt nghi quyet ve mirc phi dong gop vao ngan sach 2 tl USD hang nam cua Lien hpp quoc giai doan 2007-2009 da quy dinh mirc dong gop cua M y khong thay doi la 2 2 % va tang mirc dong gop ciia Nga tir mirc 1,1% len mirc 1,2%.
(6). Phieu trang dong nghTa voi viec khong tham gia bo phieu
(7).Xem: http://www.inopressa.ru
(8).Xem: Tuyen bo chung Viet Nam-Nhat Ban ngay 24/10/2006 - Bao nhan dan ngay 25/10/2006.
TAP CHi L U A T H O C S O 1/2009 55
