TAP CHi Gone THIfltNG
CACH XAC DINH LUAT AP DUNG CHO HOP DONG CO YEU TO NlJCfC NGOAI THEO
QUY DINH CUA LIEN MINH CHAU AU - SO SANH veil PHAP LUAT VIET NAM
IPHUNG HONG THANH
TOM TAT:
Trong bd'i canh todn eau hda va hdi nblp qudc td' dang didn ra ngdy cang manh me, nhffng quan bd dan sff phat sinh giffa cdc the nhan va phap nhan tff cac nufdc khac nhau xud't hien ngay mdt nhieu hdn, nhd't la trong ITnh vffc hdp ddng. Do dd, viec xdy dffng nhffng nguydn tac nham xdc djnh phdp luat dieu chinh hdp dong cd ye'u id' nffdc ngodi mdt each hieu qua la va'n d l can dffdc quan tam nghien cffu. Trong pham vi bai vie't nay, tac gid phan tich nhffng quy djnh cua phap luat Lien minh ehdu Au ve nhffng quy djnh lien quan de'n each xac dinh phap ludt cho hdp ddng cd ye'u td' nffdc ngoai. Tff nhffng phan tich nay, tdc gia se dffa ra mot so' kie'n nghi ngan gpn nham gdp phdn hoan thien Tff phap qud'c td' Vidt Nam ve quan he hdp ddng.
Tif khda: Hdp ddng cd ye'u td' nffdc ngoai; luat dp dung; phap ludt Lien minh ehdu Au; tff phap qud'c t8'.
1. Dgt vdTn d§
Tff phap qud'c te Lien minh ehdu Au la long the edc nguyen tdc vd quy pham phap luat do Lien minh chau Au xay dffng va ban hanh, nham dieu ehinh cac quan he ddn sff cd yeu id nUdc ngoai, cd hieu Iffc dp dung thd'ng nha't va trffc tie'p dd'i vdi cdc the nhdn, qud'c gia thanh vidn va cac cd quan, thidt che cija Lien minh ehdu Au. Lien quan den nhffng quy dinh vi cdch xac djnh phdp ludt dp dung dd'i vdi quan he hdp dong cd ye'u Id'nffdc ngoai, phai ke de'n Quy djnh Rome I'.
Quy djnh Rome I Id Quy dinh di^u chinh ve viee Iffa ebon phdp luat cho hdp ddng tai Lien minh Chau Au. Quy dinh du'dc xay dffng dffa tren Cdng ffdc ve Luat dp dung cho nghia vu trong hdp dong nam 1980 (Cdng ifdc Rome 1980) vd eung nhdm de thay the' cho Cdng ffdc nay Quy dinh Rome I cd hieu Iffc vdi ta't ca cdc nifdc thanh vien cua Lien minh ehdu Au trff Dan Mach, dp dung cho cdc hdp ddng dffdc giao ke't tff ngay 18/12/2009. Quy dinh dffdc xay dffng nhdm dieu chinh cdc nghTa vu hdp ddng trong ITnh vffc ddn sff va thffdng mai. Ndi dung cua Quy djnh
Rome I tap trung vao 3 van de cd ban trong viec xac djnh phap luat dp dung cho quan he hdp ddng, bao gdm: quy dinh quyen tff do Iffa chpn luat dp dung cua cdc ben tham gia hdp dong; dffa ra nguyen tac xdc dinh luat dp dung cho hdp dong trong tru'dng hdp cdc ben khdng chpn ludt, va cdc nguyen tac chpn ludt eu thd' cho mot sd' loai hdp dong nha't djnh.
Theo Quy djnh Rome I, phap luat dp dung cho hdp ddng cd yd'u to' nffdc ngodi dffdc xdc djnh ttong bai trifdng hdp cu the'. Tnfdng hdp thff nhd't la khi cdc ben trong quan he thda thudn Iffa chon phap luat de ap dung va trffdng hdp thff hai la khi cdc ben trong quan hd khdng Iffa chon phap luat de diiu chinh quan he cua minh. Trong tnfdng hdp thff hai nay, phdp ludt nffdc ngodi se dffdc dp dung theo sif dan chie'u cua cac quy pham phdp ludt xung dot.
2. Phap lu3t ap dung cho hdp ddng cd yeu t6' nifdc ngoai trong trifoTng htfp cac ben cd thoa thuan chpn luat
I.l. Phdp luqtLien minh chauAu Vdi each quy djnh cua Quy djnh Rome I, nguyen tdc dau tien de xdc dinh phap luat dp dung
92 So 8 - T h d n g 5/2019
lUAT
cho hdp ddng dd la nguyen tdc tff do thda thuan chpn luat cua cac ben trong hdp dong. Dieu nay dffdc the hien ngay d ten gpi cua Dieu 3 '^Quyen tff do Iffa chpn". Theo do, dieu ludt nay khang djnh:
"Mdt hdp dong se dufdc dieu ehinh bdi phdp luat do cac ben Iffa chpn". Ra't nhieu binh luan da khang dinh day la nguyen tac nen tang, la trpng tam cua Quy djnh Rome I, de' xdy dffng khung phap ly dieu chinh cho ede hdp ddng cd ye'u to' nude ngodi.
Nguyen tac nay difdc ke thffa tff cdc quy djnh trong phdp ludt Anh, cung nhif Cdng ffdc Rome 1980 va nd dffdc dp dung rat phd bie'n trong nhieu an le cua Tda an Anh.
Ben canh dd, Dieu 3 cung dffa ra nhffng quy dinh chi tie't lien quan den viec lifa chpn phap luat cua cac ben. Theo dd, cac ben cd the the hien sff thda thuan cua minh bdng mdt dieu khoan rd rang trong hdp ddng hoac cae ben eung ed the Uida thuan ngam vdi nhau theo tffng trffdng hdp cu the. Tda dn khi xet xff vu viec se cd the chap nhan sff thoa thuan ngam ndy ne'u nhff nd cd the dffdc chffng minh thdng qua nhffng dieu khoan trong hdp dong hoac bang edc tinh tie't cua vu viec. Day Id mdt quy dinh kha bay cua Quy dinh Rome I vd phu hdp vdi thffc tien cdc giao dich hen quan de'n hdp ddng cd ye'u td' nifdc ngoai, Bdi le khdng phai trong trffdng hdp nao cdc ben trong hdp dong ciing the bien minh bach, cu the viec Ida chpn phdp ludt cho hdp ddng cua minh. Va vdi each quy dinh "thodng" nhff vay, them mdt Ian nffa Quy dinh khdng dinh muc tieu de cao nguyen tac tU do trong viec lifa chon phdp luat dp dung cho hdp dong ciia cac ben.
Khdng chi dffng lai d dd, cac ben trong hdp ddng cdn cd the thoa thuan Iffa chpn luat de dieu chinh mdt phan hoac loan bd hdp ddng-. Tffc la mdt hdp ddng cd the dUdc dieu chinh bdi phap luat cua nhieu nu;de khac nhau, phu thudc vao sff Iffa chon cua cdc ben tham gia hdp ddng. Cd the xem qua mdt vi du gid dinh sau. Ngffdi mua (A) va ngu'di ban (B) ky ke't mdt hdp dong mua cd phan lien quan de'n viec kie'm sodt cdng ty D. Ben thff 3 (C) dam bdo nghia vu thanh toan cho A trong hdp ddng nay. Hdp dong giffa A vd B quy djnh rdng, vdi muc dich xdc djnh gid, nhffng bdo cao tdi chinh cua cdng ty D phai man theo phap ludt nffdc X - la ndi cdng ty D dffdc thanh lap.
Ben canh dd, quyen va nghia vu cua A va B du'dc dieu ehinh bdi luat nffdc Y, va nghTa vu dam bao ciia C se phdi tuan theo luat nffdc Z - ndi A dffdc thanh lap. Nhff vay trong hffdng hdp nay, theo dung sff thoa thuan cua cdc ben, phdp luat ciia 3 nffdc X, Y, Z se
deu du'dc dp dung de dieu chinh nhffng phan khac nhau cua hdp ddng.
Ve thdi diem chpn luat dp dung, Quy djnh Rome I cho phep cac ben trong hdp ddng cd quyen thda thuan va thay ddi sff thda thudn cua minh bang mdt be thd'ng phap luat khac vao ba't ky thdi die'm nao^.
Tuy nhien, neu trong tru'dng hdp cac ben cd sff thay ddi sff Iffa chon luat dp dung khac vdi he thd'ng phdp luat ban dau sau khi hdp ddng da dffpc ky ke't thi sif thay ddi dd chi dffpc chap nhan khi thda man dieu kien khdng lam phifdng hai de'n hieu life ve hinh thffc cua hdp ddng hoac khdng gay anh hudng xd'u de'n quyen ldi cua ben thff ba"*.
Quy dinh Rome 1 cung khdng gidi ban pham vi dp dung cua ludt do cae ben lUa chon de dieu ehinh hdp ddng. Dieu nay difdc hieu la luat do cdc ben Iffa chpn se dffdc dp dung de dieu chinh td't cd cdc van de lien quan de'n viec gidi thich hdp ddng, thffc hien hdp ddng, quyen va nghia vu cua cac ben trong hdp ddng, he qud cua viec vi pham hdp ddng. Ben canh dd, hieu Iffc ve hinh thffc cua hdp ddng cQng du'dc dieu chinh bdi ludt do cac ben Iffa cbpn^.
Tuy nhidn, bdn canh viec thffa nhan quyen tff do cua cac ben tham gia quan he hdp dong cd ye'u to nUdc ngodi trong viee chpn ludt dieu chinh hdp ddng, Quy dinh Rome I cung dda ra nhffng quy djnh han che quyen tff do thoa thuan chpn luat cua cac ben trong nhffng tnfdng hdp nhat dinh.
Thdnhd't, viec thoa thuan chpn luat ciia cac bdn khdng dUdc anh hifdng den viee dp dung cdc "quy pham bat budc".
Cdc quy pham phdp ludt bat budc la nhffng quy pham du'dc xem la vd cung quan trpng dd'i vdi mot qud'c gia nham bao ve nhffng ldi ich cdng cua qudc gia dd, chang ban nhff nhffng quy dinh hen quan de'n td chffc ehinh tri, xa hdi hay kinh te' ciia qud'c gia.
Nhffng quy dinh nay se dUde dp dung trong mpi tinh hud'ng thudc pham vi dieu chinh cua nd. khdng ngoai trff phap luat nao khde dp dung cho hdp ddng theo quy dinh cua Quy djnh Rome I. Se khdng cd quy djnh nao trong Quy dinh nay cd the ban che' viee dp dung cac quy pham phap ludt bat budc cua nifdc cd Tda an giai quye't vu viec^
Theo Quy dmh Rome I, sff thoa thuan chpn luat cua cac ben se cd the bj tff chdi ne'u nd anh hudng de'n nhffng quy pham phdp luat bat budc trong phdp luat ciia nifdc cd Tda an hoac phdp ludt cua nUdc cd md'i lien he chat che vdi hdp ddng, eu the' day cd the la qud'c gia ndi ede ben thdc hien nghia vu phdt sinh tff hdp ddng''. Tren thffc te dd cd mot so phdn quye't
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TAP CHi CONG T H M G
do cac Tda an cua cac nifde thanh vien Lien minh chau Au dUa ra lien quan den viee dp dung edc quy pham phap ludt bat budc.
Vao nam 2005, Cdng ty Unamar NV (difdc thanh lap tai Bi) va Cdng ty NMB (qud'c tjch Bungari) ky ket hdp ddng dai ly thifdng mai. Theo dd, Unamar se thffc bien nhiem vu lam dai ly cho dich vu van chuye'n container cua NMB. Trong hdp dong thdi ban 1 nam ciia 2 cdng ty chffa dffng dieu khoan Iffa chpn ludt Bungari va dieu khoan trpng tai chi dinh cd quan trpng tdi thudc Phdng Thifdng mai va Cdng nghiep d Sofia (Bungari) giai quye't tranh chd'p. Hdp ddng du'dc gia han hang nam cho den cud'i nam 2008, khi NMB cham dfft hdp ddng. Unamar da khdi kien tai Tda thu'dng mai Antwerp vd yeu cau bdi thifdng thiet hai. NMB phdn dd'i tham quyen cua Tda dn bdi trffdc do cac bdn da cd dieu khodn trpng tai trong hdp dong. Tuy nhien Tda an Bi vdn quye't djnh rdng Tda an cd tham quyen giai quye't tranh cha'p ndi tren. Dong thdi Tda an cung dffa ra phdn quye't rang, mac dij hai bdn cd thoa thuan chpn luat dp dung Id ludt Bungan tuy nhien Dieu 27 Ludt Bi ve hdp dong dai iy thffdng mai phdi difdc dp dung nhu mdt "quy pham phap ludt bat budc" nham bdo ve quyen Idi cua cdc dai ly thffdng mal^ Nhff vdy, cd the thd'y trong thffc tidn dp dung, quy pham phdp ludt bdt budc thu'dng dUde cdc Tda an dp dung khi nd hen quan dd'n quyen Idi ciia ben "ye'u the" hdn trong quan he hdp ddng.
Thd hai, viec thoa thudn chpn ludt cua cdc ben khdng dffdc trai vdi trat tff cdng edng ciia qud'c gia cd Toa dn xdt xff vu viec.
Cho den didi diem hien nay, cac hoc gia ghi nhan khdng nhieu nhffng vu viec thuTc tien lien quan trffc tiep den cdc phdn quye't cua Tda an cdc nffdc chau Au vl bao Iffu trat td edng cdng trong cdc hdp ddng cd ye'u to nifde ngoai. Tuy nhien, cd the xem qua mdt vu viec da difdc ECJ^ giai quye't. nhu" mdt dien hinh cho viee gian tie'p dp dung bao lifu U'dt tff cdng cdng.
Trong vu franh cha'p giffa Ingmar GB Ltd. (difdc thanh lap tai Anh) va Eaton Leonard Technologies Inc. (difdc thdnh lap tai CaIifornia)'^ ECJ da dffa ra phdn quye't cho mdt dieu khoan chon luat dp dung dp dung cho hdp ddng dai ly giffa hai cdng ty ndi tren.
Theo thda thuan hdp ddng, ben dai iy (Ingmar GB) se thffc hien cdc boat ddng thifdng mai tai ehdu Au va luat dp dung cho hdp ddng nay la ludt ciia Cahfomia (Hoa Ky). Tuy nhien theo ECJ thi thda thuan nay cua cac ben cd khd nang vi pham nhffng tidu chud'n difdc dffa ra bdi Chi dii cua Hdi dong (EEC) sd 86/653 ve
viec dp dung phap luat cua edc nifdc thanh vien chau Au lien quan de'n boat ddng cua cdc dai ly tai cac nffdc thanh vien ehdu Au. Va ECJ da quye't dinh Chi thi ndi tren se phdi dffdc dp dung khi dai ly thffdng mai tie'n hdnh boat ddng ciia minh tai ehdu Au mac du ben giao dai ly dffdc thanh lap tai mdt nffdc khdng phai thdnh vien eiia Lien minh chau Au va hai ben da cd thda thudn chpn luat dp dung. Phdn quyet nay cua ECJ dffde xem la da ap dung bao luu trat tif cdng cdng trong tru'dng hdp nay''.
1.2. So sdnh vdi phdp luat Viet Nam Tai Viet Nam, quyen thda thuan ebon luat cua cac ben trong hdp ddng cd ye'u to nffdc ngoai dffdc ghi nhdn d nhieu van bdn phap luat khac nhau. Cu thi, khoan 1 Dieu 683 Bd luat Ddn sff 2015 quy djnh "Cdc ben trong quan he hdp ddng dffde thda thuan lifa chpn phap luat dp dung dd'i vdi hdp ddng". Ben canh do, trong linh vifc thu'dng mai, khodn 2 Dieu 5 Luat Thu'dng mai 2005 cho phep cac ben trong giao dich thifdng mai cd yfe'u to nffdc ngoai dUdc thda thudn dp dung phap ludt nffdc ngodi, tap quan thu'dng mai qudc te'de dieu chinh hdp ddng cua minh. Trong linh vffc hang hai, Dieu 5 Bd ludt Hdng hai 2015 eung ghi nhan cac ben cd quyen thoa Uiudn ap dung ludt nffdc ngoai hoac tap qudn hang hai qud'c te' trong cac quan he hdp ddng de' giai quye't tranh cha'p. Trong hoat ddng dau td nffdc ngodi, quyen dida thuan Iffa chpn phap luat nude ngoai va tap qudn dau tff qudc te'cung difdc quy dinh tai khoan 4, Dieu 4 Ludt Dau tu2014.
Nhffng quy djnh Iren cho dia'y, phap luat Viet Nam ghi nhan quyen tif do thda diudn chon ludt cua ede ben la mdt nguyen tac nen tang, dffdc ffu tien dp dung trong viec giai quye't xung dot phdp luat ve hdp dong cd ye'u td nu'dc ngoai. Quy dmh nay la hdp Iy bdi difdi gdc dp Iy luan, nguyen tac tff do y chi la nguyen tac ed ban, xuyen sud't, ddng vai trd quan trpng dffdc phdp luat dan sff Viet Nam thffa nhan trong cae giao dich dan sff ndi chung. Va ddy cung la nguyen tac tffdng ddng vdi quy djnh cua phdp luat Lien minh chau Au trong viec xdc dinh ludt dp dung cho hpp ddng cd ye'u td nffdc ngoai,
Tuy nhien, phdp luat Viet Nam cung dat ra nhffng gidi han cho viec thda thuan chpn luat eija cdc ben de dieu ehinh hdp dong cd yd'u to'nffdc ngoai, cu the:
- Viec chpn ludt phdi dffdc quy dmh bdi dieu ffdc qudc te ma Cdng hda xa hdi chu nghia Viet Nam la thanh vien hoac ludt Viet Nam'l
- Hau qua cua viec dp dung phap ludt dffdc chpn khdng trdi vdi cac nguyen tac cd bdn ciia phdp luat Viet Nam'-'
94 So 8 - T h d n g 5/2019
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- Phap luat ma cac ben Iffa chon la quy djnh ve quyen, nghla vu cua cac ben tham gia quan he, khdng bao gom quy dinh ve xac dinh phdp luat dp dung''' (chi dffdc dp dung cdc quy pham thffc cha't trong he thd'ng phdp luat dffdc cac ben Iffa chon).
Ngodi nhffng nguyen tdc chung nay, tuy vao tffng loai hdp ddng dac thu, phdp ludt Viet Nam cung xdy dffng nhffng quy dinh rieng nhdm han che thda thudn chpn luat. Chang ban, dd'i vdi hdp ddng cd dd'i tifdng la ba't ddng sdn thi phap luat ap dung dd'i vdi viec chuyen giao quyen sd hffu, quyen khac dd'i vdi tai san la ba't ddng sdn, thue bd't dpng san hoac viec sff dung bd't dpng san de bdo ddm thffc hidn nghia vu la phdp luat cua nurdc ndi ed bd't ddng san, cac ben khdng dffdc quyen chpn luat dp dung'^ Hay nhff nhffng hdp ddng mang tinh cha't gia nhdp nhif hdp dong lao ddng hay hdp ddng tieu dung thi cdc ben chi cd the' thda thuan chon ludt dp dung vdi dieu kien phap luat do cdc ben Iffa chpn khdng anh hu'dng de'n quyen ldi td'i thieu ciia ngffdi lao ddng, ngifdi tieu dung theo quy djnh cua phdp luat Viet Nam'^.
Cd the thd'y so vdi nhffng quy djnh trddc ddy, Bd luat Dan sff 2015 da cd nhffng budc tie'n rd ret trong viec xay dffng cac quy dinh lien quan den viec xac dinh phdp ludt dp dung cho hdp ddng cd ye'u td nffdc ngoai trong tnfdng hdp ede ben ed thoa thudn chpn luat. Nhieu quy dinh hen quan den va'n de nay khd gid'ng vdi nhffng quy djnh trong phdp luat Lien minh ehdu Au. Tuy nhien, ben canh mdt so' diem ndi bat ma Bd luat Dan sff 2015 da xdy dffng dffde. Hen quan de'n cdc dieu kien dp dung phdp ludt nifde ngodi dd'i vdi hdp ddng ed ye'u to nffdc ngoai, van cdn tdn tai nhffng quy dinh chu'a difdc trien khai cu the, du'a de'n cdch hieu khdng thdng nha't, gay ra mdt sd' ban che trong qua tnnh ap dung tren thffc tien. Vi vay, de quyen chpn luat ciia cdc ben thffc sff phat huy hieu Iffc tren thffc te va de phap luat nffdc ngodi cd khd nang cao dffdc cac tham phan Viet Nam dp dung thi can phai xdy dffng cac quy dmh chi tie't ve dieu kien chpn ludt dd'i vdi cdc ben trong quan he hdp ddng. Vdi sff hien dien ciia cac quy dinh chi tie't ndy, Tda dn se cd cd sd di ap dung phap luat nffdc ngoai trong nhffng trffdng hdp dap ffng difdc cac dieu kien dat ra, cung nhffcd the tffcbd'i dp dung phdp luat nffdc ngoai mdt cdch minh bach va hdp ly ne'u phap luat difdc lifa chpn khdng ddp ffng dffdc dieu kien chpn ludt. Dieu nay se ban che dffdc tinh trang da so'Tha'm phdn deu tranh ne viec xem xet cdc tinh tie't the hien ye'u to ndde ngoai trong vu viec cung nhff bd qua viec dp dung phap ludt nffdc ngoai khi xet xff nhff hien nay.
Cac dieu kien lien quan den viec chpn ludt nffdc ngoai de ap dung cho hdp dong dffde phap luat Lien minh chau Au quy djnh khd rd rdng vd cu the, nhff tdc gia da phan tich d phan tren. Phdp ludt Viet Nam cd the hpc tap nhffng md hinh ndy de xdy dffng nhffng quy djnh tffdng tff.
3. Phap luSt ap dung cho hdp ddng cd yeu to' nu'dc ngoai trong trUtfng hdp cac ben khong co thoa thudn chpn luSt
3.1. Phdp luat Lien minh chau Au Trong cdc tru'dng hdp khi cac ben khdng cd thoa thuan chon luat dp dung cho quan he hdp dong ed ye'u to nffdc ngoai thi van cd the xdc dinh dffdc dp dung theo sff chi dan ciia cdc quy pham phdp ludt xung ddt trong tffng trffdng hdp cu the, difdc quy dinh tai Dieu 4, Diiu 5 ciia Quy djnh Rome I.
Theo dd, tai khoan I, Dieu 4 Quy dinh dffa ra nhffng nguyen tac chung de xac djnh phap ludt dp dung, can cff theo tffng loai hdp ddng, nhif sau:
- Ddi vdi hdp ddng mua ban hang hda dUdc dieu chinh bdi phdp luat ciia qud'c gia ndi cff tru thffdng xuyen cua ben bdn.
- Dd'i vdi hdp ddng eung cap djch vu difdc dieu chinh bdi phdp ludt ciia qud'c gia ndi cU tru thu'dng xuyen cua ben cung ca'p djch vu.
- Dd'i vdi hdp dong nhffdng quyen thffdng mai se difdc dieu chinh bdi phdp ludt cua nu'dc ndi cff tru thudng xuyen cua ben nhu'dng quyen.
- Dd'i vdi hdp ddng phan phd'i se du'dc dieu chinh bdi phdp luat cua nffdc nPi cff tru thffdng xuyen cua nha phdn phd'i.
Mac dii nhffng quy dinh trdn da liet ke khd nhieu cac nguyen tac dp dung phdp ludt ehd tffng loai hdp ddng cu the' nbung nham muc dich xdy difng mdt khung phap Iy tinh hoat, thich ffng vdi moi tinh hud'ng phdt sinh tren thu'c te. Dieu 4 tie'p tuc dffa ra nhffng nguyen tac thay the mang tinh khdi qudt:
"Ne'u mdt hdp dong khdng the xac djnh dffdc ludt dp dung theo cac trffdng hdp tren hoac cdc yd'u td' trong hdp ddng phu hdp vdi nhieu can cff quy djnh tai khoan 1 thi phap luat dffdc dp dung cho nghia vu trong hdp dong la phap luat ndi cff tru thifdng xuyen cua ben phai thffc hien nghia vu "''. Day la mdt cdch quy dinh rd't hay, bao qudt moi trffdng hdp phdt sinh tren thffc tien, giup cac ben tham gia quan he hdp ddng cd yeu to nffdc ngoai lan cac c(3 quan cd tha'm quyen cdcdche'de xac dmh phap luat eho hdp ddng trong td't ca cac bd'i canh thffc te
Ben canh dd, khoan 3 Dieu 4 cua Quy dinh tie'p tuc dffa ra them nguyen tae xdc dinh phdp ludt thay
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TAP CHi CONG THIfONG
the khac, dffdc xem la the hien rd "mdi quan he gan bd nhd't" vdi hdp ddng: "Khi xac djnh rd rang rang cdc ye'u to' liSn quan dd'n hdp dong ed md'i quan he mat thie't vdi mot qud'c gia khac khdng phai la qud'c gia dffpc xdc dinh d tren thi phap luat difdc dp dung cho hdp ddng la phdp ludt ciia qudc gia cd md'i lien he mdt thiet dd".
Nhin chung, nguyen tac xac dinh phap ludt dp dung cho hdp dong cd ye'u td' nffdc ngodi trong trffdng hdp thie'u vdng sff thoa thuan chpn ludt cua cac ben du'dc ndu tai Dieu 4 dffdc xay difng dffa tren nen tdng tim kie'm phdp luat cd md'i hen he gan bd vdi hdp ddng. Yeu td' md'i hen he gan bd dffdc xdc dinh difa vao ndi cu'tru thffdng xuyen cua ben phdi thffc hien nghia vu ciia hdp ddng hoac ndi thifc hien hanh vi hoac ndi cd tai sdn tuy vdo tffng loai hdp ddng cu the. Viee xac dinh ndi cff tru thffdng xuyen can cff vdo Dieu 19 cua Quy djnh, ne'u nhu chu the cua hdp dong la doanh nghiep hay td chffc khac, cd hay khdng cd tff each phap nhan thi ndi Clf trij thffdng xuyen dUdc bid'u Id ndi ed ed quan quan ly chinh, ndi thu'dng tru eiia cd nhan hoat dpng kinh doanh la ndi ngffdi dd tie'n hanh hoat ddng kinh doanh chu yeu'**.
Ne'u hdp ddng du'dc ky ke't bdi mdt chi nhanh, dai ly hay la mdt cd sd kinh doanh khac ma theo do vigc thifc hidn hdp dong la nghia vu cua chi nhanh, dai Iy hay cd sd kinh doanh khde thi ndi cU tru thffdng xuyen dffdc hie'u Id ndi cif ngu ciia chi nhanh, dai ly hay cd sd kinh doanh dd'^ Trong ta't cd edc trffdng hdp trdn, thdi die'm de' xac dinh ndi cff tru thu'dng xuyen la didi die'm hdp ddng dffdc ky ke't'^
Ben canh nhffng nguyen tdc chung de xdc djnh phdp ludt ap dung cho cac loai hdp dong thi Quy djnh Rome I cung dffa ra nhffng quy djnh cu the hdn cho mot sd' loai hdp ddng dac thii Cd the ke de'n nhff quy dinh ddnh cho loai hdp ddng vdn chuye'n. Dd'i vdi hdp ddng van chuyen hang hda, phdp luat dp dung se la phap luat cua nffdc ndi diffdng tru cua ben van ehuyin, miln sao ndi nhan hoac Id ndi giao hdng hoac ndi cff tru thffdng xuydn ciia ben dffdc vdn chuye'n nam tren qud'e gia dd, ne'u khdng dap ffng difdc tieu chi tren thi phdp luat cua nffdc ndi giao hang do cdc ben da thda thudn trong hdp ddng. Ddi vdi hdp ddng van chuyen hanh khach, phap luat du'dc dp dung Id phap luat ciia nifdc ndi thffdng tru cua ben difdc van chuye'n midn sao hoac la ndi de'n hoac ndi di difdc xdc dinh Id d tai qud'c gia dd, trong trffdng hdp cac yeu eau tren khdng thoa man thi phdp ludt cua nUdc ndi thddng ttu cua ben van chuyen se dffdc dp dung--.
Trong trifdng hdp xac dmh phap ludt cho hdp ddng cd ye'u to' nffdc ngoai theo edc nguyen tdc xung dot ddde phdn tich d tren, phap ludt nffdc ngoai se chi difdc ap dung ne'u khdng trai vdi trat tff cdng edng ciia qudc gia cd Tda an va khdng rdi vao tnfdng hdp phai dp dung cdc quy pham phdp ludt bat budc.
3.2. So sdnh vdi phdp luqt Viet Nam Dd'i vdi quyen va nghia vu cua cdc ben trong hdp ddng, ve nguyen tdc ne'u ede ben khdng cd thda thuan chpn luat hdp phap thi vi6c xdc djnh phap luat dp dung dieu chinh quyIn va nghTa vu cua cac ben trong hdp dong se can cff vao sff chi dan ciia quy pham xung ddt.
Theo quy dinh cua Dieu 683 Bp luat Dan sff 2015 thi tru'dng hdp cac ben khdng cd thda thuan vi phap ludt dp dung thi phdp luat cua nffdc cd md'i lien he gan bd nha't vdi hdp dong dd dffpc dp dung. Vd dieu ludt nay cung liet ke phdp ludt eua nffdc sau ddy du'dc coi la phap luat cua nu'dc cd mdi lidn he gan bo nha't vdi hdp dong:
-- Phap luat cua nffdc ndi ngu'di ban cu'tru neu la ca nhdn hoac ndi thanh lap ne'u la phap nhan dd'i vdi hpp dong mua ban hang hda;
- Phdp luat cua nffdc ndi ngffdi cung cap dich vu cff tru ne'u Id cd nhan hoac ndi thanh Idp ne'u la phdp nhan dd'i vdi hdp dong djch vu;
-Phap ludt cua nifdc ndi ngffdi nhan quyIn cu'tru ne'u la ed nhan hoac ndi thdnh lap neu la phap nhdn dd'i vdi hdp ddng chuyen giao quyen sff dung hoac chuye'n nhffdng quyen sd hffu tri tue;
- Phap ludt ciia nifdc ndi ngifdi lao ddng thffdng xuyen thffc hien cdng viec dd'i vdi hpp ddng lao ddng. Ne'u ngifdi Iao ddng thffdng xuyen diffc hien edng viec tai nhieu nddc khde nhau hoac khdng xdc djnh dUdc ndi ngffdi lao ddng thifdng xuydn thifc hien cdng viec tbi phap ludt cua ntfdc ed md'i lien he gan bd nha't vdi hdp ddng lao ddng la phap ludt cua nffdc ndi ngu'di sff dung lao dpng cu" trii dd'i vdi ca nhan hoac dianh lap dd'i vdi phdp nhdn;
- Phdp luat ciia nffdc ndi ngffdi tieu dung cff tni dd'i vdi hdp ddng tieu dung.
Tuy nhien trong trffdng hdp chffng minh dffdc phdp ludt ciia nffdc khde vdi phdp luat dffdc neu 6 ti-en cd md'i lien he gan bd hdn vdi hdp dong thi phap ludt dp dung Id phap luat cua nifdc dd.
Cd the tha'y, hien tai Bd luat Dan sff 2015 xdc djnh phap ludt dp dung cho hdp ddng trong ti'ffdng hdp cdc ben khdng chpn luat, dda vao nguyen tdc ndi cd md'i lien he gdn bd nha't vdi hdp ddng. Tai khodn 2, Dieu 683 da du'a ra dau hieu xdc dinh md'i
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quan he gan bd nhd't bang cdch liet ke cdc nguyen tae phu hdp vdi tffng loai hdp ddng cu the nhff: hdp ddng mua ban hang hod, hdp dong dich vu, hdp ddng chuye'n giao quyen sff dung hoac chuyen nhffdng quyen sd hffu tri tue Day la cac nguyen tdc tffdng ddng vdi each quy dinh trong phap ludt cdc nu'dc tren the gidi. Cach quy djnh liet ke nhif tren cd u^ die'm la rd rang, de dp dung cho cdc hdp ddng chuyen biet, nhu'ng ed nhu'de diem Id khdng day dii va khd dp dung cho cac hdp ddng phffc tap ed ban chd't hdn hdp. Ngoai ra, viec het ke nhif vdy chdc chan se khdng bao trum dffdc he't cac quan he hdp ddng tren thffc te, nhff hdp ddng phdn phdi chang han
4. Kie'n nghi hoan thidn phap ludt Viet Nam ve xac dinh luat ap dung cho hdp ddng co yeu to' nffdc ngoai
Ben eanh mdt sd die'm ndi bat ma Bd luat Dan sU 2015 da xdy dffng difdc, hen quan de'n each xdc djnh phdp luat ap dung dd'i vdi hdp ddng ed ye'u td' nffdc ngoai, van edn ton tai nhffng quy djnh chffa difdc trien khai eu the, difa de'n each hieu khdng thd'ng nhd't, gay ra mdt so' han che trong qua trinh dp dung tren thffc tien. Vi vay, tdc gid se dffa ra mdt sd'de xua't de hoan thiSn phdp ludt Vi6t Nam ve vd'n di nay.
Thdnhd't, can bo sung quy dinh ve dieu kidn dp dung phdp ludt nffdc ngoai cho hdp dong cd ye'u td' nu'dc ngoai trong trffdng hdp edc ben cd thda thudn chon ludt.
Viec phap luat Viet Nam thffa nhdn quyen tff do chpn luat cua cdc ben de dp dung eho hdp ddng ed yeu td nifde ngodi la each quy djnh phii hdp vdi phap ludt cua cdc nUdc tren the'gidi. Tuy nhien, theo quan diem cua tac gia, de quyen chpn luat cua cac ben thffc sff phdt huy hi$u Iffc tren thdc te'va de' phdp luat nifdc ngodi cd khd nang cao dffdc cdc tham phan Viet Nam dp dung thi can phai xdy dffng cac quy dinh chi tiet ve dieu kien chpn ludt dd'i vdi cac ben trong quan he hdp dong. Vdi sff hien dien eua ede quy dinh chi tie't nay, Tda an se ed ed sd de dp dung phdp ludt nffdc ngodi trong nhffng tru'dng hdp ddp ffng dUdc edc dieu kidn dat ra, cung nhif ed the' tff chd'i dp dung phap luat nffde ngoai mdt each mmh bach va hdp ly ne'u phdp luat difdc Iffa chon khdng ddp ffng dffpc di^u kidn chpn ludt. Dieu nay se han che dddc tinh trang da so' tham phdn deu tranh ne viec xem xet edc tinh ti6'l the hidn ye'u to'nifdc ngoai trong vu viec cung nhff bd qua vide dp dung phap luat nffde ngoai khi xet xff nhd bidn nay.
Cdc dieu kien lien quan de'n viee chpn ludt nffde ngodi de ap dung cho hdp ddng dffpc phdp ludt Lien
minh ehdu Au quy dinh kha rd rang va cu the, nhff tdc gia da phan tich d nhffng phan tren. Phap ludt Viet Nam cd the' hpc tap nhffng md hinh nay de xay dffng nhffng quy dinh tu'dng tff. Cd the die'm qua mdt so' dieu kien phd bie'n nhff sau:
(i) Ve hinh diffc cua thda thuan chpn luat: Cho phep cdc ben cd the the' hien sff thoa diuan ciia minh bang mdt dieu khoan ro rang trong hdp dong hoac edc ben ciing ed the thoa thudn ngam vdi nhau theo tffng tru'dng hdp cu the. Tda an kbi xet xff vu viec se cd the' cha'p nhan sff thoa thudn ngam nay ne'u nhff ede dffdng sff cd die chffng minh dffdc sff thoa thuan nay. (ii) Vl pham vi dp dung phdp luat dffdc chpn:
cdc ben trong hdp ddng cd the' thoa thuan Iffa chpn luat de dieu chinh mdt phan hoac toan bd hdp dong.
Tffc Id mdt hdp ddng ed the dffde dieu chinh bdi phap luat ciia nhieu nifdc khde nhau, phu thudc vao sff Iffa chpn ciia cac ben tham gia hdp dong.
(iii) Viec thod thudn chpn ludt cua cac ben khdng difdc anh hu'dng de'n viec dp dung cdc "quy pham bdt budc". Khdi mem nay khdng ddn gidn dd' cd thi dinh nghia va nhdn dien. Tuy nhien hen quan de'n dieu kien nay, cdc hoc gia Viet Nam da tffng tim hieu vd dd cap trong nhffng cdng trinh nghidn eiJu trudc day. "Day Id quy pham dieu chinh trffc tie'p mdt so quan he cd ye'u td'nffdc ngoai. Muc dich chinh eua quy pham dp dung bdt budc la de bdo vd ed eau to chffc hoat ddng xa hdi, kinh te', chinh tri ciia nifdc ma nd dffpc thie't lap. Trong thffc te, quy pham dp dung bat budc la nhffng quy pham qud'e ndi md vai trd tff nhien cua nd la dieu chinh cdc quan be trong nffde, nhffng chung dffdc dp dung bdt budc de dieu ehinh tnfc tie'p mdt vai chi tie't eua quan hd ed ye'u to nffdc ngoai, ddng thdi lam vd hieu hod cae quy pham xung dot dang le dffdc dp dung"-'. Cung theo cdc tdc gid ndy, nhffng quy djnh ve ngoai hdi ciia Viet Nam cung cd th^ dddc coi Id mot loai quy pham phap luat bat budc Nhu vay, phdp ludt Viet Nam can bo sung quy dinh ve viec tuan thu quy pham phdp luat bat budc trong nbiJng trifdng hdp ed lien quan.
Thff hai, can xay dffng cae quy djnh chi tie't hffdng dan thi hdnh cdc quy djnh eiia Bo luat Dan sff 2015 ve each xdc djnh phap luat dp dung eho hdp ddng cd ye'u td' nffdc ngoai trong ti'u'dng hdp cae ben khdng cd thoa thuan chon ludt dp dung.
Ve dieu kien ndy, phdp ludt Viet Nam cd the xay dffng quy dinh theo md hinh eua Quy dinh Rome I nhu sau
"Trong tru'dng hdp khdng xdc djnh dffdc ndi cd md'i lien he gan bd nhd't vdi hdp ddng theo khoan 2
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Dieu 683 hoac hdp ddng trung khdp vdi nhieu hdn mdt dd'u hieu dffdc het ke d khddn nay thi phap luat dp dung cho hdp ddng la phdp luat ciia nifdc ndi ben thffc hien nghia vu ehinh cua hdp dong cff tru ".
Ben canh dd, khoan 3 Dieu 683 la mdt dieu khoan khd hay nham de md cho cdc chu the dp dung phdp ludt trong trffdng hdp "chffng minh dffdc phdp ludt cua nifdc khde vdi phdp luat dffdc neu tai khodn 2 Dieu nay cd md'i hen he gdn bd hdn vdi hdp ddng thi phdp luat dp dung la phap ludt ciia nffdc do". Cdch quy djnh nay cd y nghia hffdng hdp dong de'n mdt he thd'ng phdp ludt cd md'i lien he rd rang, thffc cha't, dam bdo quyen ldi cua cdc ben ed lien quan. Tuy nhien, de' quy dinh ndy cd die trie'n khai tren thifc te can ed sff hffdng dan ro rang hdn. Cu the, ai se la chu the chffng ininh phdp luat ciia mdt nifde ed md'i hen hd gan bd hdn so vdi quy djnh cua phap luat? Va tinh cha't "gan bd hdn" can du'dc hieu vd nhdn dien nhu the ndo? Ne'u chi quy dinh mdt each khdi qudt nhff hien nay thi e rang quy dmh nay se khd dUdc cac thdm phan dp dung trong thffc tidn xet xff. Theo quan diem cua tdc gid, nen quy dmh nghia vu chffng minh
thudc ve cac du'dng sff. Ne'u dffdng sff mud'n dp dung mdt he thd'ng phdp luat cd sff gan bd chat che hdn vdi quan hd md minh tham gia, du'dng sif ed nghTa vu phdi chffng minh sff gan bd dd. Toa dn se difa vdo nhffng tai lieu, chffng cff do du'dng sff cung ca'p d^ difa ra quye't dinh cud'i cung.
5. Kgt luan:
Dffa tren nhffng phan tich tren, cd the nhdn thd'y Bd luat Dan sff 2015 da cd nhffng thay dd'i khd can ban ve each xdc djnh luat dp dung cho quan he hdp ddng cd ye'u to nffdc ngodi. Nhffng thay doi nay dffdc ddnh gia la tie'n bd va nhin chung pbii hdp vdi quy dinh cua phdp luat Lien minh chau Au. Tuy nhiSn, nhiftig cai cdch phdp luat trong ITnh vffc nay vdn chUa that sff triet de va day du ndn mdt sd' quy dinh se co die gap phai vUdng mac trong qud trinh diffc thi. Do dd, de tie'p tuc hoan thien he thd'ng phdp luat Tff phdp qud'c te Viet Nam, dac biet trong ITnh vffc hdp ddng cd ye'u id nu'dc ngoai, cac nha lam ludt can cd nhffng quy djnh, hifdng ddn chi tie't, cu the hdn nham giffp ede ehu the ap dung ludt cd the thffc thi hieu qua nhffng quy dinh nay •
TAI LIEU TRICH DAN:
'Regulation (Ec) No 593/2008 of The European Parliameni and of The CouncH of 17 June 2008 on the law applicable lo contractual obligations (Rome 1)
-Khodn 1 Dieu 3 Quy dinh Rome I.
-'Khodn 2 Diiu 3 Quy dinh Rome 1.
''Khodn 2 Dieu 3 Quy dinh Rome I.
^Dieu 12 Quy dinh Rome I.
^Diiu 9 Quy dinh Rome I.
^Khodn 2, khodn 3 Dieu 9 Quy dmh Rome I.
"Unamar v. Navigation Maritime Bulgare, hllp://eur-lex.europa.eu, truy cdp ngdy 05/04/2019.
^The European Coun of Justice.
'"ECJ, 9/11/2000, Case C-381/98 Ingmar GB Ltd v Eaton Leonard Technologies Inc. [2000] ECR1-09305
"Prof Dr. Burkhard Hess, Prof. Dr. Thomas Pfeiffer (2011), Interpretation of the Public Policy Exception as referred lo in EU Instruments of Private International and Procedural Law, hltp://www europarl euroua eu truy cap ngdy 05/04/2019. f • - ^
" Khodn 2 Diiu 664 Bd ludt Dan sU2015; Khodn I Diiu 5 Bg luat Hdng hdi 2015; Khodn 4 Diiu 4 Ludt Ddu IU2014.
"Dieu 666. 670 Bg ludt Ddn sif 2015.
'•'Khodn4Dieu668Bd luat Ddn SU2015.
'^Khodn4Diiu 683 Bg luat Ddn su20l5 '^ Khodn 5 Dieu 683 Bg ludt Ddn su 2015.
'^Khodn 2 Diiu 4 Quy dinh Rome I.
'"Khoan 1 Diiu 19 Quy dmh Rome I.
'"Khodn 2 Dieu 19 Quy dinh Rome L -"Khodn 3 Dieu 19 Quy dinh Rome I.
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-'Khodn 1 Dieu 5 Quy dinh Rome I.
"Khodn 2 Dieu 5 Quy dinh Rome L ''Dd Vdn Dai. Mai Hong Quy, tldd(I6). tr.183.
T A I L I E U T H A M K H A O : 1. Bd ludt Ddn sUndm 2015 2. Bo ludt Hdng lidi ndm 2015 3. Ludt Dau tundm 2014
4. Regulation (Ec) No 593/2008 of The European Parliameni and of The Council of 17 June 2008 on the law- applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I)
5. Bryan A.Garner (2009), Black's Law Dictionary 9th, West Pub Co, USA.
6. TrUdng Dgi hgc Ludt TP. Ho Chi Minh (2017), Gido tnnh Tuphdp qudc te, Nhd xudt bdn Hdng Ddc - Hdi Ludt gia Viet Nam
7. Dd Vdn Dgi, Mai Hong Quy (2010), Tuphdp qud'c te Viet Nam, Nhd xXudt bdn Chinh In qudc gia.
8. Le Thi Nam Giang (2010), Tu phdp qudc te, Nhd xXudi bdn Dgi hoc qudc gia, TP. Ho Chi Minh.
9. Francisco J.Garcimartm Alferez (2008), The Rome I Regulation: Much ado about nothing?, The European Legal Forum.
10. OleLando, Peter Arm Nielsen (2008). The Rome I Regulation. Common Market Law Review. (45), pp 1687-1725.
11. http://eur-lex.europa.eu
Ngay nh|in bai: 4/4/2019
Ngay phan bidn danh gia va sufa chu'a: 14/4/2019 Ngay chd'p nhan dang bai: 24/4/2019
Thong tin tdc gid:
ThS. PHUNG HONG THANH Giang vien Khoa Luat qud'c te, TrifoTng Dai hpc Luat TP. Ho Chi Minh
DETERMINING THE LAW FOR CONTRACTS WITH FOREIGN ELEMENTS UNDER THE EUROPEAN UNION'S REGULATIONS
- COMPARING TO VIETNAM'S REGULATIONS
• Master. PHUNG HONG THANH Lecturer, Faculty of International Low
Ho Chi Minh City University of Law ABSTRACT:
In the cdntext of increasing globahzation and international integration, civil relations arise between natural persons and legal entities from different countries appear more and more, especially in contracts. Therefore, it is important to develop principles to effectively determine laws which adjust contracts with foreign elements. This article is to analyze the European Union's regulations regarding how to determine the law for contracts with foreign elements. Based on these analyzes, the article presents some brief recommendations to perfect the Vietnam's private international law on contractual relations.
Keywords: Contract with foreign elements, applicable law, European Union law, private international law.
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