Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Luat hgc. Tap 34, So 4 (2018) 62-74
Tap chi Khoa hoc Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi: Lu|t hoc
Website: ht^;//js.vnu.edu.vn/LS
Co che quan tri dai hoc tu chu va yeu cm hoan thien phap luat tu chii dai hoc a Viet Nam
Do Due Minh*
Ban Thanh tra vd Phdp che Dgi hgc Quoc gia Hd Ndi, 144Xudn Thiiy, Cdu Gidy, HaNgi, VietNam
Ngay nhan 14 thang 11 nam 2018
Chmh sua ngay 15 thang 12 nam 2018; Chap nhan dang ngay 24 thang 12 nam 2018 Tom tat: Bai via lam ro nhung vin &k ca ban vd ca chi quan tri dai hoc tgr chii, khai qudt tiSn ttinh the che hoa chii ttrrong tir chii dai hpc va trign khai thirc hi§n ttr chu dai hoc trong dioi gian qua, phan tich nhiing han che, bat cap cua phapluat va iam ro nhu c'mi hoan thien phap luJit ve tu chii dai hgc, dap ung yeu cku d6i mai can ban, toan dien giao due dai hoc hien nay.
Tu- khoa: Ty chu dai hgc, D6i mai giao due dai hoc, Viet Nam
1. Cff ehi quan tri daii hoc ty chii l.T Tu-chu dgi hoc (universily autonomy)
Tir chii dai hpc (TCDH) la quyen tir do cua trucmg dai hoc trong viec quyet dinh nhung cong viec cua chinh minh; tha hien kha nang chu dong trong viec xay dung va thuc hien chien lugc cua nha tnrong ma khong bi troi bupc boi nhirng quy dinh va quan li a cSp vT mo. La kha nang toan di?n cua trirang dai hpc boat dpng theo each thuc lira chon dl dat dugc sij menh va muc tieu dugc dat ra, tir chu cung mang lai nhirng lgi the cho cac trirang dai hgc boi mot nguyen li co ban diing sau tu chti la cac co so giao due dai hpc (GDDH) se van hanh t6t bon.
•DT 84-24-37547016.
Email' [email protected], https://doi org/10.25073/2588-n67/vnuls 4183
Quyen hr chu dai hgc dugc phan biet thanh 2 dang thiic [1]:
1) Tu chu thuc chdt hay bdn the (substantive autonomy) - la quy6n cua nha trurong dugc tu xac dinh cac muc tieu, chuong trinh cua minh de tra lai cau hoi day "cai gi"?
va dieu nay dugc the hien a tuyen bo su m^ng cua nha truong (cac truang dai hgc co quyen tuyen bo su mang va cac muc tieu, each thiic di den muc tieu ma khong phu thupc vao bSt cu su can thiep nao tir cbinh phu va cac ca quan quan li)- Do chinh la tham quySn dSy dii cua hirang dai hgc trong loai hinh t6 chiic cua minh d6 dira ra cac quyit djnh chuomg trinh, muc tieu (cai hgc thuat) va van hanh nba truang.
2) Tu- chii thu tuc (procedural autonomy) [2]
- la quyen ciia nha truong dugc xac dinh cac bien phap thi hanh de theo du6i cac muc tieu va chucmg brinh da vach ra (each hgc thuat). Do
D.D. Minh / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Lugt hgc. Tdp 34. So 4 (2018) 62-74
chinh la tham quyen ciia truang dai hgc trong loai hinh to chiic cua minh de thuc hien cac quyet dinh san c6 (day hpc "nhu the nao") nhimg khong co quyen dua ra quyet dinh. Hat nhan cua khai niem tu chii la van hoa quan li phdn cdp, phdn quyen (decentralization) ve trach nhiem cong viec va trdch nhiem gidi trinh (hay trach nhiem xa hgi - accountability) trong hgc thuat va tbirc hien cac chiic nang quan li.
"Truang dai hgc la mgt to chiic tu chu trong trai tim cua cac xa hgi"'. Mgt truang dai hgc can phai la ca so giao due tu chu de thoa man nhu cau ciia the giai xung quanh no. La dac tinh von CO, ban chat c6t loi cua giao due, tu chii dai hpc (TCDH) la dieu kien thi6t yeu de thuc bien cac phuong thiic quan tri dai hgc tien tien tao dpng luc de cac truang doi moi nham cai tien nang cao chat lugng dat bieu qua cao hem boat dpng, lam gia tang tinh canh tranh giira cac ca sa GDDH va da dang boa cac hoat dpng giao due. Quyen tu chii mgt mat dam bao cho truang dai bgc dugc tu quyit dinh cac van dl ciia minh nhimg mat khac cung de cao trach nhiem xa hpi (TNXH) cua nha tnrong. Xu huang chung trong doi mcfi GDDH tren the gicri hien nay la chuyen dich din tu mo hinh nba nuac kiem soat sang cac mo hinh co miic do tu chu cao hon, tir mo hinh dai hpc do nha nuac kiem soat sang mo hinh nha nuoc giam sat chat luang. Viec tao moi truang cho phep cac truang tu quyet va chiu trach nhiem dugc nhieu chinh phu lira ehgn nhu la giai phap de iing pho truac siic ep tai chinh va su thay doi nhanh cua nen kinh te.
Vai tro manh me truyen thong cua nha nuac dirge nhan thiic lai, thay vi kiem soat chi tiet nha nuoc c6 the tang cucmg giam sat va can thiep than trgng trong quan li cac trutmg, Khuynh huang nay ciing lam giam gia tri truyen thong ciia m6i quan be nha nucrc va truong dai hgc. Tbeo do, viec tang quyen luc a cSp tmcmg dai hgc cOng dong ngbia vol giara hot quyen lire ciia co quan quan li Nha nuoc (nhu Bp GD&DT),
' Trong diln ngon GDDH cua cac nudc phucmg Tay, lg chu la mpt khai mem rSt quan trgng va duoc xem la mot gia In can ban cua mpt tnrong dai hoc, nhir da dupc tai khang dinh trong Tuyen b6 Magna Charta Universitatum tai Bolo^ia 1988
1.2. Cdc thdnh td cua tu chd dgi hgc Tir chu dai hpc (TCDH) dugc hilu la su chu dgng trong quan li ciia to chiic trucmg dai hgc mang tinh phap li ve cac mat sau day:
• Tif chil trong hgc thudt (academic freedom): la sir tu do ciia ca so GDDH trong viec quyet dinh nhiing van de thupc ve hpc thuat nhu: nganh hgc va chuong trinh dao tao, tai lieu giang day, cac tieu chuan hgc thuat va chat lugng, phuang phap su pham, so lugng va phuong thiic tuyIn sinh, kT thuat danh gia ket qua hgc tap cua sinh vien; quyen cua trutmg dugc tu do lua ehgn thiy giao,.,. 6 phuong dien ca nhan, tu do hgc thuat la quyen dugc tu do lua cbgn noi dung giang day, tbeo di' ii tri thiic va cong bo cac ket qua nghien ciiu cua giang vien va sinh vien ma khong bi can thiep vo li hay bj gicri ban bai luat phap, cac quy djnh ciia CO so giao due bay ap luc cua cong chung;
la quyen cua giao chiic dai hgc "khong bi rang bugc bai bat ki giao li dinh san nao, ve tu do giang day va thao luan, tu do tien banh nghien ciiu, pho bien va xuat ban ket qua nghien ciiu, tu do bay to y kien ciia minh ve to chiic hoac he thong trong do hg lam viec, tir do thoat khoi kiem duyet ciia nha truang va tham gia cac to chiic nghe nghiep hay cac ca quan dai dien hgc thuat" [3]. Viec nghien ciru va giang day cSn phai dgc lap ve mat dao diic, tri tue doi vai cac quyen lire chinh tri va siic manh kinh te. Ve ban chat, tu do hpc thuat la sir chii dgng trong hoat dgng dao tao va NCKH cua nba truang tren ca so tir tri ve quan li ma cot loi la toan quyen tu quyet trong viec lira ehgn chuang trinh giang day, nghien ciiu va bo nhiem nhan su theo hucmg tu do hgc thuat cua nha truong.
La gia tri cot loi cita dai hgc, tu do hpc thuat (tu do nghien cuu va tu do giang day) tro thanh tinh than xuyen suot cua mpi boat dpng ciia tru'ong dai bgc. Tir tinh than hr do hpc thuat, truang dai hgc tra thanb noi khai pha, raoi duang, truyen ba va xien duong tri thicc; cung khong cbi la mpt trung tam tri tbiic ma con la mpt trung tam van hoa. Trong thai dai kmh tl tri thiic_ cua the ky XXI, truang dai hpc tro thanh co may then cb6t cua xa hoi tri thirc thi tu
£1D Mmh / Tgp chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN: Ludt hoc. Tdp 34. So 4 (2018) 62-74
do hpc thuat cang quan trpng va y nghTa doi vdi hieu qua hoat dong cua nha tnrong cung nhu de tao nen mot xa hpi dan sir lanh manh va phat tnen doi song tri thuc.
- Tu- chu ve td chdc vd qudn li hay tu cbii trong quan tri (organizational autonomy): la sy tu do ciia CO so dao tao trong viec sap xep va to chirc cac su kien, cac raoi quan he lien quan den lap ke hoach, to chirc va dieu phoi de thiic day su nang dpng, phat trien ciia timg ca nhan va sir virng manh ciia ca so GDDH. Cac trudng dai hpc can duoc tu quyet dinh va cbu dong xay dung CO cau to chuc, phan cbia, thanh lap cac dan vi true thupc, tuyen dung, bo nhiem, dai ngo nhan tai hoac xay dung chien luac phat trien co tam nhin va dinh huang ro rang. Ve ban chat, do la su cbii dgng ve cac each tbiic quan li nguon luc ben trong ciia nha truong nham muc tieu phat trien,
- Tu- chii ve tai chinh (financial autonomy):
la sir tu do ciia co sa dao tao trong sir dung cac nguon luc tai chinh theo chien lugc uu tien lira chpn, bao gom cac van de tai chinh nhu: phan bo kinh phi, cung cap tai chinh tu nguyen, van hanh tai chinh va trach nhiem giai trinh. "Dinh nghia sie dung duac ve tif chii dai hgc Id su khdng phu thudc vdo mdt ngudn hd tra duy nhdt vd chat hep ndo cd"'. Ve ban chat, do la su chu dpng ve viec dam bao cac nguon lire ben trong phuc vLi cac boat dgng dao tao va NCKH cua tnrong. Co so cung cap tai chinh da dang va tham quyin sir dung, tao nguon thu, quyen quyet djnh dpc lap ve su dung ngan sach dugc nha nuac cap ciing nhu quyen dugc tao quy tir nhiing nguon khac dugc xem la nhiing van dl cot loi cua tu chii tai cbinb Cac truong dai hgc can dugc tu quyet dinh va chii dpng khai thac, tim kiem cac nguon tai chinh; each thiic sii dung cac nguon tai chinh va tai san hien co, dku tu cbo tai san tuong lai va can d6i thu - chi nham dam bao he thing lai chinh minh bach, tuan thu phap luat va khong vu Igi
_ "Trong boi canh mo hinh dai hpc truyin thong dang tra nen 16i thai va dang duoc thay the bang mo hinh dai hpc mai, khi ngudn lire
dau tu ciia Nba nuoc cho giao due han hep, vi8c trao quyen tir cbu day du cbo cac trutmg dai bpc la bien phap hiJu hieu nhat de phat tri^n GDDH". Do su chia se ngan quy cong cho GDDH dang giam siit va nha nuoc dang doi hoi GDDH phai ldm nhiiu hon v&i chi phi thdp hffn cho nen viec da dang hoa nguon thu se ma rpng mirc dp tu chu ciia nha trucmg. Sir da dang ciia co sa ngan quy la dieu cot yeu d8 tao ra nhung thay doi mang tinh he thong.
Mgt nguon tai chinh da dang la mgt phan cua TCDH va do sir ma rpng co sa tai chinh, TCDH tra nen rgng hon,
Tren quan diem he thong, sir chii dpng cua cac truang dai hpc ve cac phuong dien hpc thuat (chuyen mon), tai chinh va to cbiic quan li la khong the tach rai nham trao quyen "tir chu toan dien" cho cac co so GDDH^, Vai nhimg chil dpng tren, cac trutmg dai hpc vua dat duac muc tieu phat trien ben viing trong lau dai vira thiic day su canh tranh nang dpng va lanh manh nham nang cao sir dong gop ciia he thong GDDH vai su phat trien ciia quoc gia.
1.3. Tu chu dgi hgc - xu the tdt yeu cua gido due dgi hgc
Tu chii dai hpc la yen can hang dan trong qua trinh doi mai GDDH tren toan the gioi hi?n nay, dugc khang dinh nhumgt cong cu quan trong trong viec tao nguon luc de phuc vu cac boat dgng can thiet ciia mgt tnrcmg dai hpc va lam tron sii menh ciia no doi vai xa hpi, Tren thirc tl, sau klii gia nhap WTO (11/01/2007), Viet Nam da tham gia vao qua trinh toan cau boa trong do co ca giao due, nghia la GDDH Viet Nam ciing "bugc phai boat dpng trong mot moi truang canh tranh tren mpi phuong dien".
He thing GDDH Viet Nam dugc duy tri r^l lau trong CO che quan H toan dien can dugc chuyen sang ca che quan li mai, binh dang va rd rang hon. Tuy nhien, ket qua cua each lam cu ro rang
' Dinh nghta ciia Babbidge va Rosenweig nam 1962
Bai le: cac noi dung cua ttr chii lien quan chat che voi nhau, neu khong c6 dupc quyen tu chii trong mat nay iM quyen tu chu a cac mat khac khong the phat huy day du dupc, Nhu' khi diroc giao tgr chii ve tai chinh thi cln dutjc giao quyen chii dpng trong tuyen sinh, xay dyng miic thu hpc phi va cac khoan thu,.,.
D D Mmh / Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN. Ludi hoc. Tdp 34. So 4 (2018) 62-74
la chua dugc nhu mong muon cua xa hgi, dac biet la trong khi nhu cku hgc dai hgc da tro thanh dai chiing. Khong ngoai quy luat phat nien, khi he thong cac trudng dai hpe ngay cang da d?ng vl so hiru va gia tang nhanh chong ve so lugng thi each thirc quan li theo co che bao cap da khong con phii hgp va neu khong thirc hien TCDH theo Ip trinh thi GDDH Viet Nam khong the hoan thanh dugc sir menh ciia minh. Vai tro cua quan li nha nuac can duge tach bach tir vai tro quan li vi mo sang quan li vT mo mang tinb dinh huong va dieu phoi. Tir thuc te nay, Viet Nam can co mot eugc each mang trong GDDH va ehan hung giao due la menh lenh eugc song. Doi mai GDDH la yeu cau hire thiet va tu ehu ehinh la giai phap chien lugc eho GDDH; cac trirang dai hge (truoe bet la eac truong eong lap) can phai ehuyen doi nhanh chong sang co che tu ehu va chju TNXH, Vi vay, nhihig nam dau ciia the ky XX ciing voi su xuat hien khai niem tir ehu, tu chiu trach nhiem da thu biit su quan tam va tranh luan ciia xa hpi, nganh giao due da buoc vao cong cuoc doi m6i mang tinh buoc ngoat va dot pha ve ea chi quan li GDDH, D6ng thai, qua trinh doi moi (cai each) theo huong trao quyen tu ehii cho cac trudng dai hgc cung huang tdi xay dung va hoan thien he thong phap luat ranh mach, thong nhat, binh dang va trien khai cac chinh sach ho trg phii hop, nhat quan cho cac loai hinh trudng tham gia eung cap san pham, dich vu GDDH mgt each thuan lgi va chii dpng.
2. Tien trinh xay dirng phap luat ty chu dai hgc ff Viet Nam
Tir phuong dien phap li, TCDH dugc xem la kha nang hanh dgng chii dgng mang tinh pbap li vl cae mat hpe thuat, tai chinh, to chiie va nhan sir eiia to chire trudng dai bpc; la phuang thiic quan trj dai hpc tien tien nham cai tiln, nang cao ehat lugng dao tao, da dugc khSng dinh la mgt cong cu quan trpng n-ong viee tao nguon lire dl giiip eac trudng thuc hien tot sii menh ciia minh doi vdi xa hpi. Thuc hien CO cbl quan tri tir chii ciing la mgt yen eau bang dau trong qua trinh dli mai GDDH Viet Nam
hien nay nham dap irng yeu eau dao tao nguon nhan luc trinh do cao trong tbdi ki day manh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai boa va hpi nhap quoc te. Trong 2 thap ky qua, cac tnrdng dai hgc Viet Nam timg budc dugc trao quyen tu chii, dugc the hien qua cac dao luat giao due va van ban phap quy cua Nha nudc, nhu:
2.1. Quyen ttf chu qua Ludt Gido duc vd cdc vdn bdn phdp quy cda Nhd nu&c
Thuc hien chu truong doi mdi GDDH, Luat Giao due, Dieu le nha tnrdng va nhieu van ban quy pbam phap luat (VBQPPL) dugc ban hanh nliam trao quyen tir chii, tu chiu trach nhiem eho cae don vi sir nghiep dao tao eong lap. Cu till la:
- Lugt Gido due ndm 1998 (Luat so 11/1998/QHlO) danh ddu su chuyen bien tich cue trong nhan thiic cua cac cap quan li ve TCDH bang sir ghi nhan quyen tu chii va tu chiu trach nhiem cua trudng cao dang, trudng dai bpc vdi eae npi dung:
1) Xay dung chuong trinh, giao trinh, ke hoach giang day, hgc tap doi vai cac nganh nghe dugc phep dao tao;
2) To ehiie tuyen sinh theo chi tieu ciia Bg Giao due va Dao tao, to chiie qua trinh dao tao, cong nhan tot nghiep va cap van bang theo tham quyen;
3) To chiie bp may nha trudng;
4) Huy dgng, quan li, sir dung cac nguon lire nham thuc hien mue tieu giao due;
5) Hgp tac vdi cac to chiic kinb te, giao due, van boa, the due, the thao, y te, nghien ciiu khoa hgc (NCKH) trong nude va nude ngoai theo quy dinh cua Chinh pbii (Dieu 55). Nhirng quyen nay tbugc 4 nhom quyen co tinh khung ve hgc thuat, to chiic va nhan su, nguon lire vat ehat va ve hgp tac.
- Nghi dinh sd 31-CP vd Nghi dinh .sd 32- CP ngdy 4/4/1994 ciia Chinh phii vl viec thanh lap lap Dai hgc Thai Nguyen va Dai hpc Da Nang khong ghi nhan quyin hr ehu nao. Nhu vay, quyen tu ehii ciia dai bpe vimg duac xac
DD. Mmh / Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Ludt hoc. Tap 34. So 4 (2018) 62-74
do bpc thuat eang quan hpng va y nghia doi vdi hieu qua hoat dpng ciia nha trudng ciing nhu de tao nen mpt xa hpi dan sir lanh manh va phat trien ddi song tri thuc.
- Tu chu ve to chare vd qudn li hay tu chu trong quan tn (organizational autonomy): la su tu do cua CO sd dao tao trong viec sap xep va to chirc cac sir kien, cac moi quan he lien quan den lap ke hoach, to chirc va dieu phoi de thiic day su nang dpng, phat trien ciia timg ea nhan va sir vUng manh cua co sd GDDH. Cac trudng dai hgc can duoc tu quyet dinb va chu dgng xay dung CO cau to ebiie, phan chia, thanh lap cae don vi true thuoc, tuyen dung, bo nhiem, dai ngo nhan tai hoac xay dung ehien lugc phat trien co tam nhin va dinh hudng ro rang. Ve ban chat, do ia sir chu dpng ve cac each thirc quan li nguon luc ben trong ciia nha trudng nham muc tieu phat trien
- Tir chii vi tdi chinh (financial autonomy):
la sir tu do ciia co sd dao tao trong sir dung cae nguon lire tai chinh theo chien luge uu tien lira ehgn, bao gom cac van de tai cbinh nhu: phan bo kinh phi, cung cap tai chinh tu nguyen, van hanh tai chinh va traeh nhiem giai trinh. "Dinh nghia su dung dug-c vi tu chu dgi hoc Id su khdng phu thudc vdo mdt ngudn hd trg duy nhdt vd chdt hep ndo cd"~. Ve ban chat, do la sir chii dgng ve viec dam bao cac nguon luc ben trong phuc vu cac boat dpng dao tao va NCKH eua trudng. Ca sd cung cap tai chinh da dang va tham quyen sii' dung, tao nguon thu, quyen quyet dinh dgc lap ve sii dung ngan sach duge nha nudc cap cung nhu quyen duoc tao quy tir nhihig nguIn khac dugc xem la nhirng van dl cot loi eiia tu chii tai ehinh. Cac tnrdng dai bgc ciin dugc hr quyit dinh va chu dpng khai thae, tim kiem eac nguon tai ehinh; each thire sii dung eae nguon tai ehinh va tai san hien co, diu tu cho tai san tuong lai va can doi thu - chi nham dam bao he thong tai chinh mmh bach, tuan thii phap luat va khong vu lgi.
"Trong boi canh mo hinh dai hpe truyin thong dang trd nen I6i thdi va dang duge thay the bang mo binh dai hge mdi, khi ngudn lire
dau tu cua Nha nudc cho giao due ban hep, viec trao quyen tir chu day dii eho eac trudng dgi hpe la bien phap hiru hieu nhat dl phat triin GDDH". Do su chia se ngan quy eong cho GDDH dang giam siit va nha nude dang doi hoi GDDH phai ldm nhieu hon v&i chi phi thdp hffn cho nen viec da dang hda nguon thu se md rpng mirc do tu chu ciia nba trudng. Su da dang ciia co sd ngan quy la dieu cot yeu de tao ra nhirng thay doi mang tinb he thing.
Mgt nguon tai chinh da dang la mot phan ciia TCDH va do su md rgng co sd tai ehinh, TCDH trd nen rgng hon.
Tren quan diem he thong, su chu dgng ciia cac trudng dai hgc ve cac phuang dien hpc thuat (chuyen mon), tai chinh va to chiic quan Ii la khong the tach rdi nham trao quyin "tu chii toan dien" cho cac ca sd GDDH', Vdi nhimg chii dgng tren, cac trudng dai hpc vira dat dirge muc tieu phat trien ben viing trong lau dai vja thiic day su canh tranh nang dpng va lanh manh nham nang cao su dong gop cua hS thing GDDH vdi su phat trien cua quoc gia.
1.3. Tu chu dgi hoc - xu thi tdt yeu ciia gido due dgi hgc
Tu chii dai hgc la yeu cau hang dau trong qua trinh doi mdi GDDH tren toan the gidi hien nay, duge khang dinh nhirmot cong cu quan trgng trong viee tao nguon lire de phuc vu cSc hoat dpng can thiet ciia mgt trudng dai hpc va lam iron sii menh ciia no doi vdi xa bgi. Tren thuc tl, sau khi gia nhap WTO (11/01/2007), Viet Nam da tham gia vao qua trinh toan cau boa trong do eo ca giao due, nghia la GDDH Viet Nam ciing "bugc phai boat dgng trong mgt moi trudng canh tranh tren mpi phuong dien".
He thdng GDDH Viet Nam dugc duy tri r§t lau trong CO che quan li toan dien can dugc ehuyea sang CO che quan li mdi, binb dang va ro rang hon. Tuy nhien, kit qua cua each lam cu ro rang
Dinh nghTa ciia Babbidge va Rosenweig nam 1962.
B&t le: cac noi dung ciia Hr chii hen quan chat che vol nhau, neu khong co duoc quyen t^r chii trong m^t nay lii quy^n tu chii 6 cac mat khac khong thd phat huy dliy dii dupc, Nhw khi duoc giao ty chii ve tai chinh ihi can &W giao quyen chii dong trong tuyIn sinh, xay dimg miic fliu hpc phi va cac khoan thu.,,,
D D Minh / Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Ludt hgc. Tdp 34. So 4 (2018) 62-74
la chua dugc nhu mong muon ciia xa hgi, dac biet la trong khi nhu cau hgc dai hpc da trd thanh dai chung. Khong ngoai quy luat phat trien, khi he thong cac trudng dai hpc ngay cang da dang ve sd hiiu va gia tang nhanh chong ve so lugng thi each thiie quan li theo co che bao cap da khong eon phii hgp va neu khong thue hien TCDH theo lg trinh thi GDDH Viet Nam khong the hoan thanh duge sir menh eua minh. Vai trd ciia quan li nha nudc can dugc tach bach tir vai tro quan li vi mo sang quan li vT mo mang tinh dinh hudng va dieu phoi, Tir thuc te nay, Viet Nam can c6 mpt cupe each mang trong GDDH va chan hung giao due la menh lenh cupc s6ng, Doi mdi GDDH la yeu cau bite thiet va tu chii cbinh la giai phap chien lugc cho GDDH; cac trudng dai hoc (trude bet la cac trudng cong lap) can phai chuyen doi nhanh chong sang ca chi tu chu va chiu TNXH.
Vi vay, nhiing nam dSu cua thi ky XX cimg vdi su xudt bien khai mem tu chu, tir chiu traeh nhiem da thu hiit su quan tam va tranh luSn eua xa bgi, nganh giao due da budc vao cong cuoc doi mdi mang tinh budc ngoat va dot pha vl co che quan li GDDH. Dong thai, qua trinh doi mdi (eai each) theo hudng trao quyen tu chii cho cac trudng dai bpc eung budng tdi xay dimg va hoan thien he tbong pbap luat ranh mach, thong nhat, binb dang va trien khai cac cbinh saeh ho trg phii hgp, nhat quan cho cae loai hinh trudng tham gia cung cap san pbam, djch vu GDDH mpt each thuan loi va chu dgng.
2. Tien trinh xay diing phap luat tu chu dai hoc ff Viet Nam
Tir phuang dien phap li, TCDH dugc xem la kha nang hanh dpng ehii dpng mang tinh phap li vl eac mat hgc thuat, tai cbinb, to chiic va nhan sir eiia to chiic trudng dai hgc; la phuang thire quan tri dai hge tien tien nham cai tien, nang cao chat lugng dao tao, da dugc khang dinh la mgt cong eu quan trgng trong viec tao ngudn luc de giiip cac trudng thuc hien tit sii menh eiia minh doi vdi xa hgi. Tbirc hien CO che quan tri tu chii cung la mgt yeu cau hang diu trong qua trinh dli mdi GDDH Viet Nam
hien nay nham dap iitig yeu cau dao tao nguon nhan lire trinh do cao trong thdi ki day manh cong nghiep boa, bien dai hda va hpi nhap quoc te. Trong 2 thap ky qua, cac trudng dai hgc Viet Nam timg budc dugc trao quyen tu chu, dugc the hien qua cac dao luat giao due va van ban phap quy eua Nha nudc, nhu:
2.1. Quyin tu chit qua Lugt Gido due vd cdc vdn bdn phdp quy cua Nhd nu&c
Thue hien ehii truong doi mdi GDDH, Luat Giao due, Dieu le nha trudng va nhieu van ban quy pham phap luat (VBQPPL) dugc ban hanh nham trao quyen tu chu, tu chiu trach nhiem cho eac don vi sir nghiep dao tao cong lap. Cu thi la:
Lugt Gido due ndm 1998 (Luat so n/1998/QHlO) danh diu sir chuyin biln tieh cue trong nhan thiic ciia eae cap quan H ve TCDH bang su ghi nhan quyen tu cbii va tu chiu traeh nhiem eua trudng cao dang, trudng dai hgc vdi eae ngi dung:
1) Xay dung chuang trinh, giao trinh, kl hoach giang day, hgc tap doi vdi cae nganh nghe dugc phep dao tao;
2) To chiie tuyen sinh theo chi tieu cua Bg Giao due va Dao tao, to chiic qua trinh dao tao, cong nhan tot nghiep va cap van bang theo tham quyen;
3) To cbiic bp may nha trudng;
4) Huy dpng, quan li, sir dung cac nguon lire nham thue hien mue tieu giao due;
5) Hgp tac vdi eae to chiic kinh te, giao duc, van boa, the due, the thao, y te, nghien ciiu khoa hgc (NCKH) trong nude va nudc ngoai theo quy dinh ciia Cbinh phu (Dieu 55). Nhirng quyen nay thupc 4 nhom quyen c6 tinh khung ve hpc thuat, td ehiie va nhan su, nguon lire vat chat va ve hop tac.
- Nghi dinh sd 31-CP vd Nghi dinh sd 32- CP ngdy 4/4/1994 cua Cbinh phu ve viec thanh lap lap Dai hpc Thai Nguyen va Dai bpc Da Nang khong gbi nhan quyen tu chu nao. Nhu vay, quyen hr chii cua dai hgc viing dugc xac
D D. Mmh / Tgp chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN: Ludt hoc. Tgp 34. So 4 (2018) 62-74
lap chung vdi loai hinh trudng dai hgc theo Dieu 1? Trudng dai bgc.
- Diiu le tru&ng dai hgc ban banh tbeo Quylf dinh si 153/2003/QD-TTg, ngay 30/7/2003 ciia Thu hrdng Chinh phu neu ro:
"Trudng dai hpc dugc quyen tu chu va hr ehiu trach nhiem theo quy dinh cua phap luat va Dilu le trudng dai hpc ve quy hoach, ke hoaeh phat triin nha nude, to ehiic boat dpng dao tao, KH&CN, tai cbinh, quan he quIc tl, to chiie va nhan su" (Dilu 10). Dilu le quy dinh 7 nhom quyin hr chu ddi vdi loai hinh tnrdng trudng dai hge, gom: I) hoach djnh phat triin; 2) xay dung chuong trinh, giao trinh, ke hoach dao tao, tuyen sinh, to chiic dao tao, cong nhan tot nghiep, in an va cap bang; 3) huy dgng, quan li, su dung cac nguon luc, hgp tac va lien ket nang eao chat lugng va su phii hop; 4) dang ky tham gia tuyen ehgn, thuc hien nhiem vu va ky ket hgp dong khoa hpc cdng nghe; 5) hgp tac, lien doanh, nhan tai trg, gop von, sir dung nguon tbu ngoai ngan sach; 6) nhSn dat, thue dat, vay von;
va 7) to chiie bg may nha trudng.
- Lugt Gido due ndm 2005 (Luat so 38/2005/QHl 1) xac lap quyin hr chu va TNXH cua CO sd GDDH, gbi nhan quyen tu ehii eiia trudng dai hpc vdi ngi dung tutmg tu quan niem eua eac nudc phat trien, the hien tap trung d nhiing quy dinh ve thirc hien phan eong, phan cap quan li giao due, tang cudng quyen tu ehii, tu chiu trach nhiem ciia co sd giao due; khang dinh "Nba nudc ... se tang cudng quyen tu ehii, tir chiu trach nhiem cua ca sd giao due" (Dieu 14) va quyen tu ehu va tu chiu trach nhiem ciia trudng trung cap, trudng cao dang, trudng dai hpe (Dilu 60)".
Dilu 60 (Luat Giao due 2005) quy dinh: "Truong trung cap, mitmg cao dang, tmong dai hpc duoc quyin tt; chu va tu chiu trach nhi?m theo quy dinh cua phap luat va theo Dieu le nha tnrong ttong cac hoat dong: 1) Xay dung chuong tt-inh, giao ttnnh, kl hoach giang day, hpc tap d6i voi cac nganh nghe dupc ph^p dao tao; 2) Xay dung chi lieu myen sinh. to chiic myen sinh, to chiic qua ttinh dao tgo, cong nhan tot nghiep va cAp van bang; 3) To churc bp may nha truong; myen dung, quan li, s i dung, diii ngp nha giao, can bo, nhan vien, 4) Huy dpng, quan li, su dung cac nguon luc; 5) Hop tac voi cac to chirc kinh tl, giao duc.
Nghi quyet sd 14/2005/NQ-CP ngdy 02/11/2005 cua Chinh phu ve doi mdi co ban va toan dien GDDH Viet Nam giai doan 2006 - 2020 eiing khang dinb tam quan trpng ciia viec hoan thien ehinh sach phat trien GDDH theo hudng bao dam quyen tu chu va trach TNXH eiia eo sd GDDH, quan li cua Nha nudc va vai tro giam sat cua xa hgi doi vdi GDDH, Doi moi CO cbe quan li can chuyen cac ea sd GDDH cong lap sang boat dpng theo ca ehe tu chu, co phap nhan day dii, co quyen quyet dinh va chiu traeh nhiem ve dao tao, nghien eiiu, to chiic, nhan su va tai chinh; xoa bd co cbe bg chu quan, xay dung co che dai di$n sd hixu nha nudc doi vdi cac ca sd GDDH eong lap.
Nghi dinh 43/2006/ND-CP ngay 25/4/2006^ cua Chinh phu quy dinh quyin tir chu, tu chiu trach nhiem ve thuc bien nhi?mvv, to chuc bg may, bien ehe va t^i chinh doi voi don vi su nghiep cong lap. Nghi dinh nay dugc ban hanh nham tao dieu kien eho eae don vi sir nghiep cong lap noi chung, ea sd GDDH cong lap noi rieng vugt qua nbung thach thiic trong thuc hien co che tu chu, tbiic day phat trien su nghiep GDDH, nang eao chat lugng dich vu, cho phep cac don vi su nghiep dao tao cong lap tim kilm bien phap md rpng boat dpng dich vi^, tang nguIn thu, chi tieu tiet kiem de hoan thanh tot nhiem vu dugc giao. Tren co sd cho phep huy dgng su dong gop va tham gia tieh cue ciia cgng dong xa hgi cho phat trien GDDH, tang nguIn thu su nghiep va tang thu nhap cbo cong chiic, vien chiic ciing nhu tang cudng tinh coog khai minh bach, dan chu trong eac quyet dinh va boat dgng cua nha tnrdng, Nghi dinh gop phan nang cao tinh chu dgng, sang tao cac trudng dai hpe cdng lap.
- Quyit dinh 121/2007/QB-TTg ngay linilOQl ciia Thu tudng Chinh pbii phe duyet mang ludi cac tnrdng dai hge va cao dang giai doan 2006 - 2020, trong do co xae dinh cac tnrdng trgng diem (14 tnrdng). Quyen tu chu van hoa, the due, the thao, y te, NCKH ttong nuoc va nuoc ngoai iheo quy dinh ciia Chinh phii".
^ Nghi djnh nay dupc hinh thanh va khen nguIn tir Nghj dinh 10/2002/ND-CP ngay 16/01/2002 vl viec Uiuc hien tlii diem che dp tai chinh ap dung cho don vi sir nghiep co thu.
D D Minh / Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Ludt hoc. Tap 34. Sd 4 (2018) 62-74
Ciia trudng trgng diem dugc trao theo phuang thiic dac biet, mang tinh cue bg va ca biet ma theo tni tinh la de thuc hien vai tro dau dan h-ong he thong GDDH, la t l chiic khoa bpc cong nghe manh cung nhu eo du nang luc tiep nhan va sii dung bieu qua von dau tu tap trung.
Vi?e tang cudng quyin tu chu nh^m tao thuan lgi cho cae trudng thuc hien ehinh sach uu tien ciia Chinh phii.
- Thdng tu liin tich 07/2009/TTLT-BGDBT- BNV cita Bd GD<&DT vd Bd Ndi vu ngay
15/4/2009 hudng dSn quyin tu chii, ty chiu trach nhiem ve vi?c thyic hi?n nhiem vu, t6 cbiic bg may, bien che doi vdi don vi sy nghiep cong lap GD&DT da neu ro quyen tu chu ciia dan vi trong viee xac dinh nhiem vu xay dung ke hoach va to cbiic thuc hien; t l chuc bg may va bien chi trong dan vi; viec tuyen dyng, quan li va sir dung can bg, cong cbiic, vien cbiic,
- Quyit dinh sd 380/QD-TTg ngdy 24/3/2009 va Quyit dmh s6 391/QD-TTg ngdy 31/3/2017 ciia Thu tudng Cbinh phu ban hanh quy ehe ve to ehiic va boat dpng ciia Trudng dai hpc Viet - Diic va Trudng Dai hgc Viet - Nhat. Theo do, quyen tu chii cua dai hpc quoc tl dugc xae lap day dii nhit, ca quyin ty chu t l chiic va quyen tu do hgc thuat vdi quy che to chiie va hoat dgng rieng biet (trudng dupe tu quyet dinh cac eong viec noi bp va hr chii eao hong hpc thuat) nham thyc hien yeu cau chinh sach GDDH^. So vdi cac quy dinh v6 tu chii trude, quyen tu do hgc thuat dugc ghi nhan kha ro rang, eho thSy sy thay doi tu duy budc dau ve trao quyen ty chii triet de cho trudng dai hgc cong.
- Nghi quyit sd 05-NQ/BCSD cua Ban cdn su Ddng Bd GD&DT ngay 06/01/2010 vl doi mdi GDDH §iai doan 2010-2012 k h k g djnh thuc bien quyin hr chu, tu chju trach nhiem ve thuc hien nhiem vu, td chiic bg may, bien cbl doi vai dan vi su nghiep cong lap trong GD&DT; tang cudng quyin ty chu, tu chiu
*• Npi dung cac quyin ttong tting mat duoc quy dmh ro rang ca vl tu chii Ihyc chat va thu mc; chi bj gioi han boi trach nhi?m "xuat s5c", nghTa vu "cong khai, giai trinh, bao cao ccr quan chu quan".
trach nhiem va kiem soat ben trong cua trudng dai hgc phii hgp vdi cac quy dinh ciia Nha nudc. Nghi quyit xac djnh cac giai phap cu the, nhu: phat buy cao do tinh ty chii, ty chiu trach nhiem, hr kiem soat ben trong ciia eac trudng;
tang cudng giam sat va kiem tra ciia nha nudc, xa hgi va ban than cac trudng; nhan manh co che thu trudng cac ca sd GDDH quyit dinh bae luong eiia giang vien theo sy cdng hien cua hg va ket qua danh gia hoat dgng giang day hang nam.
- Chi thi 296/CT-TT^ ngay 27/02/2010 ciia Thii tudng Chinh phu ve doi mdi quan li giao due trong giai doan 2010-2012 neu ro viec doi mdi quan li GDDH (gom quan li nha nudc ve giao due va quan li ciia cac ea sd dao tE j) la khau dot pha de doi mdi toan dien cua GDDH.
Thu tudng ciing giao cho Bg GD&DT ra soat, bo sung, dieu chinh VBQPPL da ban hanh; xay dung cac VBQPPL mdi ve thanh lap trudng, tuyen sinh, to chuc dao tao, quan li tai ehinh, quan li chat lugng, tuyen dung, lam ro trach nhiem va che do eiia nha giao trong dao tao va NCKH, quan be giiia Ban giam hieu, Hpi dong tmdng, Dang uy, cac doan till d trudng... Tren CO sd do, eac trudng dai hpc, cao dSng thue hien quyen ty ehu va ngbia vu ty ehiu trach nhiem trude xa hpi va nha nudc theo Luat Giao due.
Ngoai ra, tir nam 2006-2007 nganh giao due va cac ben co lien quan ciing xay dung mgt so de an trao quyen tu cbii cho cac trudng dai hpc neu cac tnrdng thoa man 5 tieu chi ve dam bao chat lugng, kiem dinh chat lugng, kiem toan thudng xuyen, cong bo mirc hge phi, chuang trinh dao tao va phii hgp vdi quy hoach. Nhin chung, viee trao quyen tu chii, eho cac don vi sy nghiep (dac biet la khoi GDDH) ngay cang dugc quan tam.
2.2. Quyen tu chu cda cff s& gido due dgi hgc theo Ludt Gido due dgi hgc ndm 2012 vd Nghi dinh 186/2013/ND-CP
Ngay 18/6/2012, tai ki bop thir 3, QuIc hpi khoa XII da thong qua Luat GDDH (Ljat si 08/2012/QH13) glm 12 chuang, 73 dilu, co hieu lue thi hanh tii ngay 01/01/2013. Luat
D.D Minh / Tgp chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN: Ludt hoc. Tdp 34. SS 4 (2018) 62-74
GDDH dugc ban hanh nham myc tieu the che hoa cac chii truong chinh saeh ciia Dang - Nha nude ve giao due, tao co sd pbap li vung ehae, thong nhat cho su phat tnen eiia GDDH va thuc hien cac mue tieu giao due'. Luat quy dinh ve to chiic, nhiem vu, quyen ban ciia co sd GDDH, eae hoat dgng dao tao va hgp tae quoc tl, bao dara chat lugng va kiera dinb ehat lirgng GDDH, giang vien. Day la sy kien co y nghTa quan trong nham hoan thien co sd phap H, nang cao chat lugng to chiic va boat dpng GDDH, ddi mdi quan li GDDH, tao dieu kien eho su nghiep giao due phat trien manh me hon. Luat GDDH 2012 mgt lan niia khang dinh quyet tam thue hien nhung cai each theo hudng tang quyen tu ehu eae trudng da dugc neu tai Luat giao due 2005, la mpt budc tien quan trgng trong tu duy QTDH Viet Nam von rat quen thuge vdi sy chi dao va kiem soat ehat che ciia Bp GD&DT doi vdi cac trudng eiing nhu vdi cac giang vien va ngudi hpc. Luat quan tam nhieu den van de ty ehii ciia ca sd GDDH va da khang dinh quyen ty ehu ciia cac trudng dai hpc trong mpt dieu luat rieng (Dieu 32). Lan dau tien quyin ty ehu eiia trudng dai hge dugc dua vao van ban phap luat va su kien nay dugc xem la mpt budc phat trien ve ca che quan tn dai hpc nudc ta. Ngoai ra, quyen TCDH ciing dupc till hien d nhieu dieu khoan cua Luat vl Hgi ding ttudng, Hgi dong quan tri, Hieu trudng, nhiem vy va quyen ban cua ca sd giao due, tuyIn sinh, chuong trinh giao due, van bang, hgc phi, le phi tuyen sinh.Cac co sd GDDH dugc hr cbu ttong cac boat dpng chii yeu thuge eac ITnh vyc td cbiic va nhan su, tai cbinb va tai san, dao tao, khoa
Nhir; doi moi quan li nha nuoc vl GDDH va d6i moi quan li ciia co so giao due, nang cao chit lupn§ GDDH, gop phan doi moi co ban va toan dien GDDH; d6i moi va nang cao chat lupng cong tac quan Ii giao duc va can bp quan Ii GDDH; day manh phan cip quan li GDDH va thi;c hien quyen tu chii, tu chiu trach nhiem ciia ca so GDDH phii hpp voi nang li^c quan li, nang !uc to chirc ho^t dpng giao due va TNXH; d5y manh xa hoi hoa giao due, huy dong cac nguon diu tir phat tnIn GDDH; tao dilu kien phap li de cai tien manh me chirong trinh, ngi dung va phuong phap giang day, dSy manh d6i moi n$i dung, chuong trinh va phuong phap giao duc theo huong khoa hpc, hi?n dai, tien tiln va thiet thuc, phii hpp voi thuc tiln Viet Nam.
hge va eong nghe, hop tac quoc te, bao dam chSt luong GDDH; tu ehu quyet dinh phuang thirc tuyen sinh, chiu ttach nhiem ve edng tac tuyIn smh; chiu ttach nhiem cong b l eong khai chi tieu tuyen sinh, chat lugng dao tao va eac dilu kien bao dam ehat lugng dao tao; tu ehii, tu ehiu trach nhiem ttong xay dyng, tham dinh, ban hanh chuang trinh dao tao trinh dp cao dang, dgi hpc, thac sT, tien sT... De gan ehat lugng dao tao voi ten tuoi ciia nha trudng, Luat ciing quy dinh co sd GDDH dupc tu ehii xae dinh va thuc hien chi tieu tuyen sinh, xay dyng va thye bien chuong trinh giao due, danh gia kit qua hpc tap va cong nhan tot nghiep, in phoi van bang, cap van bang cho ngudi hge.
Khang dinh quyen tu chu la mot thupc tinli cua CO sd GDDH, Luat da trao quyen hr chii a miic toi da phii hgp vdi nang lyc va dieu kien dam bao thue hien quyen tu chu cua eac co so GDDH.Nbara danh gia uy tin, chat lugng dao tao phuc vu cong tae quan li Nha nudc va mi tien dau tu ngan sach Nha nude, eac co so GDDH se dugc phan tang, xep bang dira tren cac tieu chi chinh^. Ca sd GDDH thue hien quyen tu chii d miic dp cao ban phii hgp voi nang lyc, ket qua xep hang va kiem dmh chSt lugng giao due. Triet li cbinh va tu tudng nh^t quan, xuyen suot ttong cac quy dinh eiia Luat la trao quyen tu ehu phii hgp vdi nang lyc thyc bien cua cac co sd GDDH, theo su phan t^og, xep hang dai hgc^; g3n vdi cam ket chiu trach nhiem ciia co sd GDDH va 16 trinh thich hpp, Tu chu dara bao su nang dpng sang tao nhung Nhu- vj tri, vai tto trong he thong GDDH; quy mo, nganh nghe va cac trinh dp dao tao, co cau cac hoat dong dao tjo va khoa hoc cong nghe, chat lupng dao tao va NCKH..
'' Dieu 32 quy dmh; 1. Co so GDDH tt; chu trong ciic ho^t dong chii yeu thuoc cac ITnh virc to chite va nhan sir, Ui chinh va lai san, dao tao, KH&CN, HTQT, bao dam chat lirong GDDH. Co so GDDH thirc hien quyin tv chu o muc dp cao hon phii hpp voi nang luc, ket qua xIp h?ng va kel qua kilm dinh chSt lupng giao due 2. Co sd GDDH khong con dii nang lire thuc hien quyin tu chii hoac vi pham phap Iuat frong qua ttinh thuc hien quyin tu chii, tiiy thupc miJtc dp, bj xii li theo quy dinh ciia phap luat.vl hgc thuat, Ian dau tien cdc trucmg dugc tti chu xay dung, thim djnh, ban hanh CTDT trinh dp cao dSng, dai hoc, thac s^
tiln si; tu chii xac djnh chi tieu tuyIn sinh, tu in phdi bing, cap bang cho lat ca cac ttinh dp ma tnrong dao tao.
D D. Minh / Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Ludi hoc. Tdp 34. So 4 (2018) 62-74
phai cong khai, dugc kilm soat chat che va dam bao quyen Igi cua ngudi hgc.
Bk phii hop hon vdi thue tiln GDDH Viet Nam, Luat da bo sung quy dinh eu the ban (Dieu 16) ve hgi dong trudng (la mpt thiet ehe khong the thilu) doi vdi co sd GDDH eong lap so vdi quy dinh tai Dieu 53 ciia Luat giao dye.
Hoat dpng ciia hgi dong trudng tao ra co che kiem soat quyen luc, giam sat boat dgng dieu hanh ciia ngudi dung dau co sd nham tranh tinh ttang dgc doan, mat dan ehu,
Nghi dinh sd 186/2013/ND-CP ngdy 17/11/2013 cita Chinh phit ve Dgi hgc Qudc gia duffc xem Id bu&c dot phd trong tu duy ciia nhd nuac ve bdo ddm tinh dgc lap nhiiu han cho tru&ng dgi hgc cdng. Mac dit chua dgt t&i mirc tu tri hay nhu cdc tap dodn nhimg td chuc DHQG cd quyen tie chu rdt cao trong cung cdp dich vu GDDH, nhdt Id trong ddo tao, nghien ciru, td chicc cdn bg, ki hoach - tdi chinh vd hgp tdc qudc te. So v&i cdc logi hinh tru&ng cdng khac, DHQG cd duoc khdng gian tg- chu rdng nhdt, cd quyen tu chu thifc chdt vd tu chu thu tuc Khd ndng chu ddng cao cua DHQG cd duac Id nh& duoc trao quyen theo ca che dgc biit. duffc ldm viec true tiep v&i Bg ngdnh hay ca quan ciia Chinh phu vd khi cdn cd thi bdo cdo v&i Thd tu&ng. Ngodi ra. Id dffn vi ddu mdi nhdn cdc chi tiiu ki hogch, DHQG cd the chu dgng trong hogch dinh phdt trien'".
Quyen tu chii ciia cac loai hinh trudng dai hpc.
Phan cap tu chu cua cac trudng dai hpc cong
Tnrung dgi hpc Dai hoc ™n
Dai hijc Quoc gi
I
Tmong dai hoc mo hinh moi
•1
'" So voi Nghi dinh 07/2001/ND-CP, Nghi dinh si 186/2013/ND-CP da b6 sung, khlc phuc tinh chira triet de vl quyin tu chii a mot s6 mat cua DHQG, nhir: trong ttiyen sinh, DHQG vln phai tuan thii quy che thi "ha chung" cua Bo GD&DT, trong cong tac can bp vln chua dupc quyin bo nhiem hieu tnrong trudng thanh vien.
3. Nhung bat cap cua phap luat ve tu* chii dai hoc trong thoi gian qua
Trong hon 2 thap ky vira qua, van de trao quyen ty chii, eho cac eo sd GDDH dugc nhac den ngay eang nhieu qua he tbong eac van ban va nhiing bat cap ttong quan li he tbong GDDH Cling dugc dan thao go, Tuy nhi^n, he thong van ban quy pbam ve TCDH vln tin tai nhieu ban cbe, bat cap can dupe quan tam khac phyc.
Cu the nhu sau:
- Ludt Gido due 1998 quy dinh eae nhdm quyen da bao quat duac npi ham to ehiic dai hpc tu chu, tuy eo "md rpng" pham vi tu chu d npi dung hgp tae nhung lai khong xae lap mpt npi dung quan trgng la quyen ty chu hpe thuat ciia ca nhan Dieu nay phan anh nhan tbirc chua dung miic ve vai ttd ciia to ehiic dai hpc va doi tugng hpe thuat. Su khiem khuylt nay la nguyen nhan lam cho quyin ty ehu thilu "tinh than tu ehii" va bi "khap khieng". Viec chua xac lap quyen ttr chu hgc thuat true tilp va cu the dugc xem la nguyen nhan lam cho quyet dinh hge thuat thudng bj "lu md", "nho be"
trude quyet dinh hanh cbinh; ban ehi viec phat huy kha nang chii dgng va trach nhiera hge thuat ciia nha tnrdng va ea nhan. Ngoai ra, luat cung chua xac lap cu tbi khung phap li tir chu ve danh gia (mac du luat da quy djnh "ty danh gia chat lugng giao due" (Dieu 58) nhung chua dil bao dam su ehu dong danh gia thyc sy).
D.D. Mmh / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Luat hoc. Tdp 34. S6 4 (2018) 62-74
Ngoai ra, viec quy dinh dan xen quyin ti; ehii vdi ttr ehiu trach nhiem khong chi dan den sy nham lan ma con gay kho khan cho sy phan dinh giua ehimg"; la nguyen nhan cua tinh trang khong it trudng dai hge co tan thu trong kbi xao lang traeh nhiem su dyng bieu qua nguIn lye. Cung c6 khong it quy dinh chua bao dam tu chii mgt each triet dl va di kem vdi nbiing quy dinb rang bugc lam cbo quyen tu chii khong thi trye tilp di vao cuge song va bi le thuoc vao sy hudng din, co cau va phan phii lai tbeo y chi chu quan eua bp nganh'^.
- Cdc Nghi dinh sd 31-CP vd Nghi dinh sd 32'CP khong ghi nhan quyin tu chu nao doi vdi Dai hpc vimg. Vl mat phap Iy, dai hge vimg hudng quyen ty cbii "ngang bang" vdi mgt trudng dai hgc tryc tbugc no. Tham quyen ttgi hon ma mgt dai hgc viing co dugc, ve ban chat la quyin cbia lai, khong tuong xiing vdi vi the mgt loai hinh trudng gom nbilu trudng dai hpc true thupc. Do vay, viec thuc thi quyen ty cbu ciia dai hgc vung CO the "phuong hai" den kha nang ehu dpng cua eae tmdng dai hpc thanh vien,
- Dieu li Tru&ng dgi hgc 2003 da ghi nhan 7 nhdm quyen tu chu ddi vdi loai hinh trudng dai hge nhung tten thye te khong dam bao kha nang ehu dpng bdi quyen chu quan ciia bp nganh ciing duge quy dinh ngay ttong Dieu le.
- Ludt Gido due 2005 mac dii ghi nhan quyen ty chii ciia trudng dai hgc nhung radi chi la khung nen phai dgi ban hanh cac van ban dudi luat de ro ngi ham cua cac dieu Chang han, Quy dinh ve huy dpng, quan li, sir dung cac nguon I\rc o Dieu 60, Khoan 4: Mpt truong dupc chu dong
"huy dpng" hay "kilm tiln" la khi nang tir quyit dinh ttong khi "quan li" va "chi tieu" hay "xai tien" theo each CO hi^u qua lai la kha nang ve tu chiu trach nhiem.
'^ Cu the nhu: viec quy dinh tnrong dai hpc dupc tu chii
"xay dung chuong trinh" nhung bi gioi han boi quy dinh k^m theo la "dli voi cac ng^nh nghi dupc phep d^o tao"
hay vi|c dugc tu chii trong "hpp tac" nhimg phai "theo quy djnh ciia Chinh phii" {Dieu 60, Khoan I, 5) la minh chimg ve sir tu chii khong triet de va kha nang chi phoi cao cua cac co quan quan H nha nuoc doi vdi ho?t dpng cua tmong dai hpc.
khoan nay. Ngoai ra, theo quy dinh cua Luat thi Nha nudc vSn ddng vai ttd kiem soat rk Idn eiing nhu nhieu quy dinh trai chieu eiia luat da gay anh hudng, kho khan trong vi^c triin khai thyc hien TCDH'^
- Quyet dinh 121/2007/QD-TTg cac trudng dai hgc trgng diem dugc quyen ty chu tang them nhung khong ben viing vi eac trudng nay dugc Nba nudc ehgn theo timg thdi ky.
- Ludt GDDH 2012 dugc xem la ca sd phap li quan ttpng de ddi mdi GDDH Viet Nam va eho dil quyin ty chu cua cac truang dai hpc dugc neu ro rang ttong mgt dilu luat neng nhung vln chua phai la mgt budc ngoat co kha nang tao ra sy dgt pha, vi: 1) Sy kiem soat cua nha nudc vSn con rat chat ehe ve sii mang, vi tri, quyin ty chii phu thuge vao nang lyc va dua tten kit qua xIp hang (Dilu 32, 53). Ciing vcri phan tSng cd dinh theo luat, Chinh phii/Bp xep hang dai hgc va kilm dinh, Luat cung quy dinh miic do ty ehii khac nhau giiia cac trudng va de ngd kha nang "thu hoi quyen ty chii". Quyen tir ehii eiia cac trudng hoan toan phu thupc vao nhiing quyit dinh cua nha nudc lien quan viec xac dinh xem co sd giao due xiing dang dugc trao quyin ty chu den dau. Va sy phan tSng tten dudi CO tinh chat cl dinh blng phap luat, su xep hang cao th4p co tinh chat lau dai bang van ban cua ngudi diing diu Chinh phu ciing vdi nhung miic dp uu dai/ty chu khae nhau theo cac tieu
" Nhu: quy dinh ve tham quyin Bo trucmg Bg GD&DT vl: chuong trinh khung cho timg nganh dao tgo, bo nhi^m hieu tniong, che do lirong va cac phu cap theo quy djnb ciia Chinh phii.., "Tren co so tham dinh ciia Hpi dong quoc gia tham djnh nganh ve chuong ttinh giao due d^
hpc, Bp ttirong Bp GD&DT quy dinh chuong ttinh khung cho tiing nganh dao tao doi v6i trinh do cao dang, ttinh dg dai hpc bao gom co cau npi dung cac mon hpc, thdi gian dao tao, ty le phan bo thai gian dao tao giua cac mon hpc, giiia li thuyet voi thuc hanh, ihuc tap. Can cii vao chucmg trinh khung, tnrong cao dang, ttudng d^ii hpc xac djnh chuang trinh giao due ciia trudng minh" (Dieu 41): "Hi|u tnrdng ia ngudi chju ttach nhi?m quan li c4c hoat dpng cua nha tnrdng, do co quan nha nudc cd thSm quyen bo nhi?m, cdng ph^n" (Dieu 54), "Nha giao dupe hudng tiSn luong, phy cap iru dai theo nghi va cac phy cAp khac theo quy dinh ciia Chinh phii" (Dieu 81),
DD Minh/Tgp chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN-Ludt hgc, Tgp 34 So 4 (2018) 62-74
chi tang tten/dudi, hang cao/thip, eong lap/tu thuc, ttong/ngoai nudc se dan den eugc eanh ttanh khong binh dang giira cac trudng^''. 2) Ve to chiie, nhan su: luat quy dinh ca quan ehii quan quyet dinh thanh lap, ehia tach, sat nhap, giai the trudng; bd nhiem Chii tieh hpi ding, hieu trudng; quyet dinh bien che, luang... 3) Ve tai ehinh, Bg GD&DT van xet duyet ehi tieu tuyen sinh va to chiie ki thi "ba ehung"; eo che xin - cho con hien dien ttong quy dinh viee md nganh, in phoi bang cua cae tnrdng dai hgc.
Cimg vdi han che raiic do quyen tu chii eua eac tnrdng, Luat ciing con nhieu diem chua phu hpp vdi tinh thin TCDH hoac rapt s6 quy dinh con chua ro rang nen kho khan ttong thuc thi.
Khai mem tu cbu ciing chua dugc bieu diing, dan den timg khia canh eua quyen tu ehu deu bi han ehe hoae ehi dupc ttao mpt each hinh thiie:
quyen tu ehu vira duge giao d dieu nay nhung thudng xuyen bi ban che (thu hep) bdi nhiing dieu khoan khae, tham chi mau thuSn ngay giiia bai khoan ttong ciing mgt dilu luat'^ Quan niem ve ty chu nhu tren keo theo quan diem ttao cho nha nudc tham quyen rat ldn doi vdi toan bg boat dgng cua eac trudng va ea ba phuong dien tu ehii eua nba trudng deu hi han che mpt each toi da, Nhin chung, quyen tu ehii Mot thirc te la' cac trudng d t^ng dirdi/thii hang thap/mi dai kem se gap nhilu khd khan trong thuc hien quyen tir chii, cdn nhiing tmdng da diroc co dinh d tang cao/thir hang cao/uu dai cao cung se mtt dSn dpng co phan d3.u.^
'^ Ching han' 1/ Khdi ni$m "tu chu" a d^y khdng gidng nhu quan niem pho biln d phirong Tiy, tu chu khong dupc xem la quySn duong lihien cua co sd GDDH mi phu thupc vao nang lire ddng thdi dua tren kit qua xIp hang va kilm dinh (Bilu 32, 53) va ca hai viec nay diu do nha nudc kilm soat 2/ Vi viic xip hang, tuy Luat GDDH da cd quy dmh vl viSc cdng nhan ket qua xIp hang (Dieu 9, Khoan 5) nhung chua quy dinh ro ai la ngudi thirc hien.
Mac du viec kilm dmh dpc lap da dupc dat ra tu lau, nhimg theo Luat GDDH 2012 dii hoan toan do Bp GD&DT kilm soat, td khiu ban hanh chuin doi vdi co so giao due va chuong trinh giao due; yeu cau tdi thieu de thifc hien chirong trinh, quy trinh va chu ki fciSm dmh;
nguyen tic, dilu kien, va tieu chuan cua td chiic, ca nhan hoat dong kilm dinh chSt lupng, cip giiy, thu hoi giay chimg nhan kilm dinh; quyit dinh thanh lap hoac cho phep ho^t dpng kilm dinh (Dilu 52, Khoan 3).
duge eu the hoa ttong luat'^ mdi ehi d miie dp tu chu thu tue trong khi do tu ehu thuc chat - lien quan chu ylu din ty chit quan tri va ciing vdi mgt he thong giam sat minh bach, bieu qua mdi thuc su la nhiing van de can thiet de nang cao hieu qua, chat lugng ciia GDDH Viet Nam.
Mpt diem mdi khac eua Luat la quy dinh trudng dai hpe ed hgi dong trudng (do hieu trudng/
giam doe dai hgc lam chu tich) va qua ttiiih thuc hien TCDH thue ehat la qua trinh chuyin giao quyen lyc tap trung d bg chu quan va hieu trudng sang hgi dong tmdng nhung tren thue te bgi dong trudng eong dong vai tro hinh tiiiie va tu van hon la mgt hgi ding quyin lye (doi vdi HDQT trudng tu: quyen tu ehu la quyen ciia nhirng co dong ldn). Hpi dong trudng khong co quyen sap nhap/ehia tach trudng ma quyen nay thupc ve ngudi c6 thara quyen quyet dinh thanh lap hoac cho phep thanh lap co sd GDDH. Doi vdi cac trudng dai hgc eong lap, hgi dong trudng duge trao quyen rat Idn nhimg khong eo quyen bau va mien tihiem hieu tnrdng/giam doc. Mac dil khong pbai ehiu nhieu rang bugc nhu cae tnrdng cong lap nhung thuc hien quyen ty ehii ciia cac trudng dai hge tu thyc cung bi han che nhieu mat'^ va thue ehat la quyen cua nhijng co dong ldn ma khong phai eua eac nha ehuyen mon. Do Luat chua quy dinh ro moi quan he giiia to chiic Dang vdi h6i dong tnrdng nen hgi dong trudng chi mang tinh hinh thiic, khong CO thyc quyen.
Nghi dinh 43/2006/ND-CP ben canh nhiing mat tieh cue ciing bgc lg nhiing ban cbl trong viec phai tuan thii miic tran hgc phi do Nha nudc quy dinh tai Nghi dinh 49/2010/ND- CP (da hit hieu luc thi hanh tir 01/12/2015) trong khi mire hpc phi quy dinh ehua dam bao bu dap dli ehi phi hoat dgng chn thilt, ehua sat
Nhu: tu xac dmh chi tieu tuyIn sinh va phuong thirc tuyIn sinh, tir xay dpng, thim dinh vi ban hanh CTDT (h-ong khudn kho quy dinh cua Bp), hoac tu in phdi b^ng, cap van blng cho ngudi hpc,
Nhu viec bau hieu hirdng sau khi dupc bku phai 3\igc CO quan co tham quyen ciia nha nudc cong nhan.
D D. Minh /Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN Ludt hoc, Tgp 34, S6 4 (2018) 62-74
vdi yeu cau chi phi dae thii eua tirng nganh, nghe dao tao ciing nhu yeu cau ve chat lugng, thuong hieu ciia timg ttirdng. Co ehe phan bo NSNN con mang tinh binb quan, dua tren cac yeu 16 dau vao ma chua gan vdi ket qua, hieu qua hoat dgng. Viee quy dinh tnen khai thyc hien xa hgi hoa va lien doanh lien ket con ehua cu the, ro raiig;eap tren van giao ehi tieu bien che su nghiep nen ty chu ve nhan su bi han cbe... Nghi dinh 43/2006/ND-CP mdi cbi dap irng dugc van de quan li, quan tri ciia eo sd GDDH ma ehua di sau vao ngi dung eo ban eda npi ham tu chii, tu cMu trach nhiem cua GDDH.
De khae phuc nhirng bat cap tten, Chinh phu da ban hanh Nghi quyet so 77/NQ-CP ngay 24/10/2014 ve thi diem doi mdi co ehe boat dpng doi vdi cac ca sd GDDH eong lap giai doan 2014-2017 va Nghi dinh so 16/2015/ND-CP ngay 14/02/2015 vl ca chi ty chii cua dan vi su nghiep eong lap (thay thi Nghi dinh 43/2006/ND-CP) nbSm khuyin khich, tao dieu kien cho cac co sd GDDH cong lap CO dii dieu kien, eam ket ty dam bao kinb phi boat dgng chi thudng xuyen va chi dau tu dugc thyc hien tu chii, tu chiu traeh nhiem toan dien ve nhiera vy dao tao, NCKH, to chuc bg may, nhan sy va tai chinb'^. Mac dli viec ban hanh Nghi dmh 16/2015/ND-CP dugc cho la kip thdi dap iing yeu cau doi mdi, phat trien eiia hoat dgng su nghiep cong trong nen kinh t l thi trudng dinh hudng XHCN.
Nhieu quy dinh van ban phap li ehua kip thay doi de h i trg eac ttudng dai hpe ty chu (Nghi quyet 77/NQ-CP chi mdi la thi dilm nen cae van ban phap luat khdng thay dli theo), nen thyc hien tbi dilm TCDH trong thdi gian vira qua duge vi nhu vira ty chu vii'a troi chan.
Nhin chung, thong qua cac van ban phap quy Nha nudc va Bg GD&DT da chii trpng va CO gang tao ra hanh lang phap li cho quyen tu
chii eiia cae co sd GDDH, Ty chu eua eac dai hgc tren cac van ban pbap li da cd nhiing thay ddi theo hudng cac dia hpc ngay cang dugc giao nliieu quyen hon. Qua trinh hoan thign quyen ttr ehu eho thiy cbii truong nhat quan ciia Dang va Nha nudc, vua khang dinh viia tang quyen ty chii cung nhu sy chuyen bien trong nhan thiic vl vin de trao quyen cbo trudng dai hgc tir rat e ngai den thira nhan ehinh thiic vl mat phap ii; gop phan dua he thong dai hge Viet Nara budc ra khdi thdi ki kho khan va dem lai nhieu thanh tyu mdi. Mae du nhan thiic phdp li ve tu chil CO bude tien nhung eon thieu triet de, nhat quan va su dong bg trong cae ehu truang chinh sach'^. Quyen ty chu dugc xac lap theo quan niem "cho" hay "phan" lai quyen ban la dya tren dia vi phap li dgc lap va mac dii bao quat duge nhieu ngi dung tu chu nhung van con thieu mgt si quyin trgng ylu khae. Van con tinh trang mpt so quy dinh ttong eae van ban phap quy con chung chung, chua thyc sy ro rang va ehua diy du nen hieu qua cua eac van ban nay ehua duge nhu mong muln, cac quyen tu ehu van ehua that sy phat huy het tac dung.
Quy dinh giao tu chu van nang xm - cho va cac ea sd GDDH dudng nhu van mong muon nhan dugc phan cap manh me hon va dugc tang them quyen tu chu (nhat la trong cac lmh vyc quan li tai chinh, bg may, nhan sy, tuyen sinh, trang thiet bi, ca sd vat chat) Ngoai ra, quyen ty chii do luat dinh cung phai ehiu "thach thtic" hi cac van ban dudi luat do co quan banh chinh quy dinh. Viec quy dinb quyen ty chii dan xen voi tu ehiu trach nhiem va bi gidi han bdi tap quan lap phap vdi "quy dinh kep", mdt quy dinh co kem theo quy dinb rang bude khae da lam cho quyen tu ehu bi lan Ign va khong the true tiep di vao cuoc song. Dong thdi, viec tang cudng quyen ty cbii theo each cue bg, ca biet va dua
'" Mpt so trudng dai hoc top dau nhu- Bach khoa Ha Ndi, Ngoai thuong. Hoc vien Tai chinh da tting budc dupc giao tu chii mpt phan ve tai chinh.
''' Phan ldn nhiing y kiln khi ban din TCDH thudng chi ndi den khia canh tai chinh (nhu xac djnh muc hoc phi, vay tien hoac gay quy...); ttiy nhien, co thd cac ttudng d?i hpc lai cd nhieu ttr chu hon trong cac mat td chiic, xay dimg li^c lupng ciia nha tnrdng ,
D.D. Mmh / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Ludt hgc, Tdp 34. So 4 (2018) 62-74
tten uu tien ehinh sach ngan ban co nguy ea tao ra dac quyen va sy bit binh dSng, canh tranh khong lanh manh giiia cac trudng. Nhung bat cap nay duge xera la mgt nguyen nhan ban ehe tinh ty ehii, keo theo ban ehe cua chat lugng dao tao. Thye te cho thay: viee trien khai ca che
TCDH dang gap mau thuan, bit cap giua mpt ben la nhirng dieu kien bien (luat, chinh sach, TNXH, truyen thong, chat lugng...) vdi mpt ben la nhiing dieu kien thyc te (luat khong nhat quan, thieu dong bg, bp may hanh chinh...).
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4. Ket luan
Ty chil, tu chiu trach nhiem la npi dung quan trpng trong budc di eiia qua trinh cai each GDDH nham dap ling nhu cau xa hpi va hpi nhap quoc te. Dugc dua vao thuc te GDDH Viet Nam trong ban 2 thap ky nay ciing vdi sy hinh thanh va phat trien ciia quan li ehuyen mon, TCDH dang duge trien khai thyc hien tich cyc d Viet Nam vdi hang loat co cbl, cbinb sach tao ca sd phap li, dae biet la cac ehinh sach ve ty chu tai chinh duge ban hanh va trien khai thyc hien. Luat giao dye 2005, Luat GDDH 2012 va nhilu VBQPPL da ghi nhan, trao quyen tu cbii, tu chiu trach nhiem eho cac trudng dai hgc. De dam bao viec thyc hien tu cbii ciia cac co sd GDDH thanh eong tbeo chii trucmg, chinh sach eiia Dang - Nba nude, tbiic day phat Irien sy nghiep GDDH, nang cao ehat lupng dich vy, Chinh phu da ban hanh nhieu CO cbl, chinh saeh tu chu tai cbinb. Cac ca che
ty chu, ty chiu traeh nhiem ve thye bien nhiem vu, to ehiie bp may, bien ehe va tai chinh doi vdi cac CO sd GDDH cong lap eung Hen tue dupc ban hanh, sua doi, bo sung phu hgp vdi yen can thuc tien, tao tien de phap li cho tien trinh va nhiing ket qua quan trgng trong viec chuyen doi co che quan tri dai hgc theo mo binh quan li theo ca che bao cap sang co che ty chu d Viet Nam.
Dac biet, ngay 19/11/2018, tai Ki hgp thii 5, Quoe hpi khoa XIV da thdng qua "Luat Sua doi, bo sung mpt so dieu eiia Luat giao due dai hpe" (gpi tat la "Luat GDDH sua doi", c6 hieu luc thi hanh tir ngay 01/7/2019) . Luat GDDH siia doi da sua doi can ban, toan dien Luat GDDH 2012. Cu thi la: I) So vdi Luat GDDH 2012, Luat GDDH sua doi da chinh sira, bd sung (cac khoan, muc, diem) 36/73 dieu; Luat mdi bo sung them 02 dieu (Dieu I va Dieu 16a). Luat GDDH sira doi da bao quat hau het cac van de can siia doi, bo sung doi vdi Luat
D.D. Minh / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN- Lugt hgc. Tap 34 S6 4 (2018) 62-74
GDDH 2012 nhung vin giir nguyen co cau, tbii tu (cac chuong, dilu) eiia Luat GDDH 2012, 2) Dia vi pbap li cua DHQGHN tilp tijc dupc duy yi (giii nguyen Dilu 8 eiia Luat GDDH 2012).
3) Luat GDDH siia dli co nhilu ngi dung mdi nhim gd bo nhiing "nut thSt" can ti:d GDDH phat triin, nhu: Khong eo su phan biet ttong van bing ciia eae hinh thiic dao tao khac nhau;
Tnrdng dai hpc duge tu chu md nganh; Chii tich hgi ding tnrdng khong can la tien sT. Luat GDDH sua dli ciing thi hien sau diem dot pha doi vdi GDDH la: Md rgng pham vi va nang cao hieu qua ty chu dai hgc; Doi mdi quan tri dai hge; Dli mdi quan li dao tao; Doi mdi quan li nha nude trong dilu kien tu chu dai hgc; Sira ddi quy dinh ve giang vien theo hudng dam bao ehuin ehit lugng, giao quyin hr chu cho ca sd GDDH trong viec bo nhiem, suy ton cac chirc danh giang vien; Vl tai chinh, tai san trong GDDH. Hy vpng ring, vdi nhilu dilm mdi va nbiing thay dli dot pha ve ca chi, ehinh sach GDDH thu hiit sy quan tam dac biet eua du
luan, Luat GDDH sua dli se tac dgng tao ra thay doi, ehuyen bien tich cyc trong tien Mnh hoan thien co che quan tn dai hgc ty chu; gop phin thyc hien mye tieu dli mdi can ban, toan di?n giao due dao tao nudc ta.
Tai li^u tham khao
[1] Callahan M. 1995. Academic Freedom, Autonon^
and Accountability. Largely absttBcted hom: OCUA Some Perspectives on Academic Freedom, Autonomy and Accountability. Task Force on Resource Allocation, Ontario Council on University Affeirs
<http://cclp.nuor.ca/Compex/AcFreeAccoiint__Aut_M Sgp.pdf>
[2] Vii Thi Phuang Anh, Tii chu tt-ong Luat gi^o due dai hoc cua Viet Nam: Can c6 ttr chii thirc chat - ttps:/^octhenao.vn/2014/08/l4/tu-chu-tt-ong-luat- giao-duc-dai-hoc-cua-viet-nam-can-co-tu-chu- thuc-chat-vu-thi-phuong-anh/
[3] Bao cao ciia Hoi ding Giao dye UNESCO vl Giao due thi ky XXI, 1997 (Khuyin nghi ciJa UNESCO vl vi thi cua giao vien va giang vien dai hoc.
Mechanisms of Authority of University and Authority Complete Legislative University Law in Vietnam
Do Duc Minh
VNU Inspection and Legislation Department, 144 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay. Hanoi, Vietnam Abstract; The paper clarifies the basics of university autonomy, outlines the process of institutionalizing university autonomy and implementing university autonomy in the past, analyzing constraints, Inadequacy of the law and clarification of the need to improve the law of university autonomy, meeting the requirements of radical and comprehensive reform of higher education today.
Keywords: University Autonomy, Higher Education Reform, Vietnam.
