Thach thitc tfoi vdi

A ^ t

Thach thitc tfoi vdi

sa PHAT TRIEN BEN V Q N G

VA BIEN EX5| KHI H A U d VIET NAM

GS.TSKH. PHAM NGOC DANG I

Phat trien ben vufng la djnh hUdng phat trien va ky vong cua mdi qudc gia tren toan the gidi, trong dd cd dat nUdc ta. Tuy nhien, trong qua trinh phat trien kinh te va dd thj hda manh me, nhieu van de ve mdi trddng da nay sinh, can dufdc khac phuc de dd thj Viet Nam cd the phat trien ben vdng, dac biet, la phat trien thich dng vdi tinh trang bien doi khi hau hien nay.

P

hat trien ben vQng dQPe ca'u thanh bdi 3 thanh phan: Phat trien ben vQng ve kinh te, phat trien ben vQng ve xa hpi va phat trien ben vQng ve m6i trQdng; Phat trien ben vQng qudc gia phai dQa tren phat trien ben vQng cija cac dja phQdng, cac d6 thj, cac khu cong nghiep cung nhQ cac vung n6ng then. Trong dd, phat trien dd thj ben vQng cd tam quan trpng dac biet ddi v6i sy phat then ben vQng cua qudc gia, bdi vi dan sd dd thj ngay cang chiem ty le cao, cac heat dpng kinh te - xa hpi ngay eang tap trung treng cac d6 thj va da ddng gdp dang ke vao GDP nude nha. Tuy nhien, cung vdi nhQng ddng gop tich cQc, mQc tieu thy nang iQpng cija cac dd thj cd the chiem tdi 3/4 tdng nang IQdng tieu thy cija qudc gia. Cac van de mdi trudng bUc xuc cua qudc gia cung thudng xay ra d khu vyc d6 thj.

6 day chung t6j chi ban den cae thach thQc hay cac yeu kem ve mat mdi trQdng can dupe khlc phuc trong viec phat then do thi Viet Nam ben vOng va sy phat trien ay can

thich Qng vdi sy bien ddi khi hau. TrUdc he't can tim hieu the nae la met dd thj phat trien ben vQng ve mat mdi trUdng.

Cd the neu ra day 5 tieu chi cd ban dedanh gia phat trien ben vung nhusau:

• 0 6 thj da sQ dyng hdp ly tai nguyen va moi trudng: tao dupe can bang cac he sinh thai dd thj, giQ dQdc sU phat trien dan sd khdng vUdt qua kha nang dap Ung (sUc chju tai) ciia tai nguyen va mdi trudng;

• Heat dpng cija dd thj tieu thy tai nguyen va nang lupng hpp ly, thai ra chat thai it nhat, eae chat thai dupe tai che, tai sQ dyng tdl da, khdng gay ra ap lye 6 nhiem m6i trUdng ddi vdi ban than do thi va vung ndng thon xung quanh;

• Phat trien giae th6ng dd thj ben vQng: rat thuan Ipi di lai che ngudi dan, phat trien giao thdng cong eong, an toan giao th6ng cao, siS dyng phuong tien giae thdng phat thai khio nhilm tha'p;

• Ha tang ky thuat d6 thj hoan thien va hien dai, dae biet la he thdng cap nude, thoat nudc, xQ ly nUde thai, thda man nhu cau cap 7 4 .XD So 41 .2009

D a n g a n h

nude sach cho mpi ngudi dan dd thj, dd thj khdng bj ung ngap, 100% nude thai dUdc xQ ly dat quy chuan moi trudng trudc khi thai ra ngudn nUdc.

• 06 thj la met dd thj "xanh", dung thed ca nghTa den va nghTa bdng eija dd thj xanh, nhu la ty le dien tich cay xanh dd thj tren dau ngUdi phai dam bae cay xanh hap thy 100%

lUdng khi C02 dd hdat dpng eua dd thj sinh ra, treng dd thj cd nhieu kh6ng gian xanh thda man nhu cau nghi ngdi, giai tri, dad chdi cija nhan dan d6 thj, m61 trudng khdng khi, m6i trudng nude, mdi trudng dat deu trong sach, mpi ngudi dan dd thj deu cd nep sdng than thien ddi vdi mdi trudng.

Tren the gidi da c6 hang chue d6 thj dupe cdng nhan la dd thj phat trien ben vOng ve mdi trudng - dd thj "xanh", nhu la Singapere, Ble Hal (TQ) d chau A, Freiburg (Cong hoa lien bang OQe) b Chau Au, Poriand, San Francisco (My), Uritiba (Brasil) d Chau My.

So vdi cac tieu chi dd thj ben vOng neu tren thi hau het cac dd thj nude ta cdn lau mdi dat dQdc.

Do thj hda d nUdc ta nhanh nhUng thieu ben vdhg ve mat mdi trUdng Cd the neu ra mdt sd van de phat then dd thi thieu ben vdng d nUde ta nhu sau:

Phat trien ha tang ky thuat va ha tang xa

hdi do thi cham hdn so vdi stfgia tang dan so va md rdng khdng gian dd thi.

Toe dp phat trien he thdng ha tang giao thdng d6 thj hien nay cham hdn rat nhieu so vdi toe dp tang dan sd d6 thj va tdc dp gia tang cac phQPng tien giao thdng. Dien tich dat giae thong d6 thj kh6ng du, mang lQ6i dudng giae thdng phan bd khbng ddng deu, khdng bao dam chat lUPng. Tai Ha Npi dien tich dat giao thdngchi chiem khoang 7,8%, tai TP. HCM, dien tich dat giao thdng khoang 7,5%, mat dp dUdng dat 3,88 km/

km2. Trong khi dd 6 nhieu thanh phd tien tien tren the gidi, ty le dien tich giae thong chiem tdi 15-18%. PhUPng tien giae thong ea nhan d cac d6 thj nude ta lai tang trudng rat nhanh, nhu la s6 xe may b Ha Npi nam 1996 mdi c6 khoang 600.000 xe, den nam 2007 da tang tdi 2 trieu xe.

He thdng cap nU6c, thoat nude b Ha Npi, TP. HCM, Hal Ph6ng, cung tUPng ty nhU d nhieu dd thj khac trong ca nude, deu la he thdng chip va glQa khu cu va khu mdi, glQa lac hau va hien dai, chat iQpng nudc cap chua dam bao tieu chuan ve sinh. Ty le sd dan dd thj dupe cap nude sach c6n tha'p, khoang 50 - 80%. ChUa co he thdng thoat nU6c thai rieng vdi nUde mUa. TQ 90-100%

nQdc thai dd thj chi dQpc xQ ly sP bp rdi dd thai thing vao s6ng, ho, gay 6 nhiim tram trpng m6i trUdng nude mat.

Viec thu gem, van chuyen va xQ ly chat thai ran b hiu het cac dd thj cdn ye'u kem, ehUa dat yeu eau.

Dan ngheo d6 thj rat thieu nha b, du la nha 6 vdi chat lupng rat thap. Hp khd c6 the tiep can dupc vdi cac djch vy mdi trU6ng d6 thj. Kheang each ve mQc sdng giau va ngheo trong dd thj cung nhU sU chenh lech ve mUc sdng giOa dd thj va ndng th6n ngay eang ldn.

Dd thi hda lang xa thanh phudng va mdrong khdng gian dd thi cdn nang tinh chu quan.

06 thj hea chu yeu vin la bien ddi ndng th6n thanh do thi. 06 thj hea dung quy luat la do dpng lUc phat trien kinh te dd thj lam chuyen ddi nha b kinh te nong nghiep eua lang xa sang kinh te phi n6ng nghiep. NhUng thUe te, khi quyet djnh dd thi hoa tU lang xa thanh phudng, thudng khdng dya tren su xem xet dpng luc phat trien kinh te phi nong nghiep cua lang xa xem no da nay sinh hay chUa.

Va ta cung chUa xem xet day du den tac dpng mdi trUdng treng qui heach sQ dung dat, treng viec td chUe khdng gian d6 thj va treng thiet ke, xay dUng ha tang ky thuat dd thj mdi...

Treng nhieu trUdng hpp, viec quye't djnh lang xa thanh phudng chi vi myc dich tang sd dan dd thj, de dd thj dupe nang cap, hoac

i

^ n h

vdi mue dich lay dat cua lang xa de phat trien cac edng trinh d6 thj.

Trong qua trinh d6 thj h6a lang, xa thanh phudng thudng chi chu trpng xay dung dd thj mdi tren cac khoanh dat canh tac cua lang, xa, ma rat it quan tam den viec qui hoach eai tao khu dan eU lang, xa eu, dae biet la khdng c6 sU lien th6ng, hoa nhap ve qui heach giae th6ng, qui heach he thdng cap nUde, thoat nudc, dien va he thdng djch vy dd thj, gJQa khu d6 thj mdi va khu dan cQ lang, xa cu.

Day dang la nguyen nhan sau xa d i n den sy suy thoai mdi trQdng do thj.

Mot sd qui hoach phat trien cdng nghiep trong vung dd thi khdng phu hdp vdi yeu cau bao ve mdi trudng dd thi

Phat trien edng nghhiep va phat trien dd thj g i n bd vdi nhau nhu hinh vdi bdng. 0 6 thj hda va md rong dd thj da lam che nhieu nha may va cac khu cdng nghiep trudc day n i m b ngoai 6 thanh phd, nay da Ipt vae glQa cac khu dan cQ ddng due, dan cQ bam sat hang rao nha may va cac ngudn thai 6 nhilm cua c6ng nghiep da tac dpng trQc tiep den sUe khoe cong ddng. Quy hoach bd tri cac khu cong nghiep mdi, cac nha may xi nghiep mdi b nhieu d6 thi cung chQa xem xet day du de'n yeu cau bae ve mdi trudng ddi vdi dd thj.

Phat trien dd thi va xoa ddi giam ngheo cdn bat cap

Hau het b cac dd thi ldn b Viet Nam cdn tdn tai cac khu "nha d chupt", "x6m lieu", "xom bui", "x6m dan van d6". Cac dan cd ngheo nay rat it dUde tiep can vdl djch vu mdi trudng dd thj. Viec xoa ddi giam ngheo, xoa bd cac khu nha d chupt nay v6 cung kh6 khan, khi ma quan ly dd thj d nUde ta edn chua khlc phye dupc ye'u kem, sU phat trien dd thj va phat trien cac khu cdng nghiep chij yeu lay vao dat nong nghiep, khong it ngUdl ndng dan da bj ban cung hea.

Mdi trudng nudc, moi trudng khdng khi va chat thai tin d cac dd thi nudc ta dang bi d nhiim, cd ndi bi d nhiim nghiem trong Mdi trudng nude d dd thi nUde ta da bi d nhiim trim trgng, va eon tiep dien 10 - 15 nam nda

Nguon nude thai tQ sinh heat, djch vy va san xuat v i n ChQa dQpc xQ ly va ngay cang gia tang, da vQdt qua kha nang tQ lam sach eua

tat ca cac song, hd xung quanh. Nude thai tU sinh boat do thj la nguyen nhan chinh (chiem ty le tdi 80%) gay ra 6 nhiim cac chat hQu ed ddi vdi mdi trudng nude mat 6 d6 thj. Hau nhu chi b cac do thi ldn mdi c6 mpt vai tram xQ ly nude thai sinh heat tap trung. Vi vay dU bao tinh trang 6 nhiim nude mat b cac dd thj cdn tiep dien den 1 0 - 1 5 nam nQa.

Tmh trang ngap ung dd thi trong mua mUa chua the khac phuc duge nhanh

Co the neu ra 2 nguyen nhan ehu quan gay ra ung ngap: mpt la treng thdi gian dai trQdc day d nhieu dd thj da chuyen ddi nhieu dat cay xanh, dat nong nghiep thanh dat b, ba lap nhieu ao, hd de xay dpng edng trinh, lam mat can bang tich chQa nQdc, be tdng hda gan hau het dien tich mat da't dd thj, lam giam kha nang tha'm tieu nUde mUa. Nguyen nhan thQ 2 la he thdng thoat nQdc cija dd thj qua thap, kem ca ve mang IQdi cdng thoat, ea ve tie't dien dong chay.

Nguon nude cap cho dd thi ngay cang khan hiem, ty le dan sdduac cap nude d dd thi cdn thap, chat luang nude cip chua dam bao Ty le dan sd dQdc cap nUde bang he thdng cap nudc may b cac dd thj dac biet dat 85- 90%, b cac d6 thj leal 1,11 mdi dat 60 - 80%, b do thj leal 111 mdi dat 40 - 50%. Lupng nude cap cung chi dat kheang 50-60% nhu eau lupng nude can thiet tinh thee dau ngudi dan dupe cap nude, chat lupng nude cap chua bao dam tieu chuan ve sinh.

Quan ly chit thai ran dd thi bat cap dang la mdt thach thdc Idn ddi vdi dd thi hoa Tdc dp tang chat thai ran khdng chi vi dan sd ddthj tang len, san xuat, djch vu tang len, ma eon vl mUc sdng dd thi tang. Tdng lUdng chat thai ran sinh heat dd thj nude ta nam 2003 kheang 6 trieu tan/nam, nam 2006 kheang 7,5 trieu tan/nam, Udc tinh den nam 2010 len tdi tren 10 trieu tan va den nam 2020 e6 the dat tdi tren 20 trieu tan/nam. Chat thai rln sinh heat d6 thj 6 nUde ta hau nhU chua dupe phan leal tU ngudn, viec tai ehe, tai sQ dung chat thai cdn manh mun, phan ldn thai bo chu yeu bang chon lap b cae bai ch6n 16 thien kh6ng dung ky thuat ve sinh va tiem an 6 nhiim m6i trQdng nghiem trpng.

0 nhiem mdi trUdng khdng khi dd thi ngay cang tang

Mdi trudng khdng khi ddthj hien nay dang bj 6 nhiim nang ne ve bui TSP va byl PM10,

ndng dp bui trung binh gap 1,5 - 3 lan tieu chuan che phep. d cac khu phd dang dlln ra heat dpng xay dyng, sQa chQa thi ndng dp bui gap 5 - 7 lan tieu chuan cho phep. 6 nhiim cac khi dpc hai S02, N02, CO, Pb, CnHn ccn ed tinh cyc bp, chu yeu xay ra d eae nut giae th6ng ldn heac ben canh cac cd sd san xuat cd ddt than d i u .

Mdi trQdng khong khi do thj nQdc ta hien nay dang chju 2 ap IQc ngudn thai 6 nhiim rat ldn, dd la phQdng tien giao thong van tai cd khi phat trien rat nhanh va heat dpng xay dung sQa chQa cdng trinh trong dd thj thie'u quan ly chat che.

Ty le dien tich cay xanh dd thi cdn nho be so vdi yeu cau cua mot dd thi xanh Cay xanh trong d6 thj kh6ng nhQng co tac dyng hap thy khi C02, hap thy nhiet, loc byl, dieu hoa vi khi hau, ma cdn la dien tich tha'm nQdc, cung cap che ngudn nudc ngam, giam ung ngap dd thj. Nhung ty le dien tich cay xanh b cac d6 thj cija nude ta cdn rat be so vdi yeu cau cua met dd thj xanh.Tai Ha Npi (cu), chl tieu cay xanh chi dat la 4,6m2/

ngudi, TP. HCM, Hue la 3,3m2/ngUdi, Oa Ning 3,5m2/ngUdi, Ha Long la 1,5m2/

ngUdi.... Trong khi dd d cac nUde phat trien Paris (Phap) la 10m2/ngUdi Moskva (Nga) 26m2/ngUdi, Washington (My) la 40m2/

ngudi,...

Phat trien dd thj thich dhg vdi bien ddi khi hau

Loai ngudi dang dUng trudc mpt thach thQc v6 cung te ldn, d6 la sy bien ddi khi hau.

Nguyen nhan gay bien ddi khi hau chinh la do phat thai khi nha kinh (90% la do con ngudi gay ra, trcng dd 60% la dd dan do thj va 10% la dd thien nhien) da lam cho nhiet dp trai dat am len, lam tan bang b Bac cue va Nam cue, mUc nU6c bien dang len, lam tang cudng dp va tan suat bao td, han han, lu lut, tinh bat thudng cija thdi tie't diin ra khdc liet, kho ludng trude dupe.

He thdng dd thj b nude ta lai tap trung b vung ven bien, nen rat d i bj tdn thUdng do tae dpng cija bien ddi khi hau. Vi vay phat trien ben vQng d6 thj 6 nU6c ta kh6ng the kh6ng xem xet den sU thich Qng vdi bie'n ddi khi hau, lam sao de c6 the "sdng ehung vdi bien doi khi hau", tQpng tQ nhu nhan dan ta b vung ddng bang sdng CQu Ldng "sdng chung vdi lu".

Thed ket qua dU bad cija Be TN&MT dupc cdng bd gan day thi so vdi tri sd trung binh thdi ky 1980-1999:

• Ve nhiet do khdng khi: Thee kich ban cao (phat thai khi nha kinh eao) den nam 2100 nhiet dp c6 the tang them 3,1-3,600 b Ble Bp va Ble Trung Bp, tang 2,1-2,600 b Nam Trung Bp, Tay Nguyen va Nam Bp. Theo kjeh ban trung binh (phat thai khi nha kinh trung binh), eae tri sd tUPng Ung lan lupt la 2,4-2,800 va 1,6-2,000.

• Ve lugng mUa: Thee kjeh ban cao den cudi the ky 21, lupng mUa/nam c6 the tang khoang 9-10% b Ble Bp va Bac Trung Bp, 4-5% 6 Nam Trung Bp va 2% d Tay Nguyen va Nam Bp. Thee kjeh ban trung binh cac trj sd tuong Qng lan iQpt la 7-8% va 2-3%.

• Ve muc nude bien dang: Thee kjeh ban cae myc nQdc bien trung binh cd the dang len 30-33cm vao nam 2050 va 74-100 cm vao nam 2100.

NhQng bien ddi khi hau tren se gay ra eae tac dpng cy the nhu the nao ddi vdi do thj va phai lam gi de thich Ung vdi bien ddi khi hau deu la nhQng van de can tap trung nghien cQu va tim ra giai phap thich Qng.

Hien nay mdt sd td chQc tren the gidi dang tap trung nghien cUu ed sd khoa hpc va thuc tiin de xay dUng va ung dyng Chien iQdc va quy heach phat trien dd thi c6 tinh dan hdi, cd kha nang phuc hdi nhanh nang luc khi bj tae dpng (Urban Resilience Plans and Strategies) de thich Ung vdi bie'n ddi khi hau, nhu la xay dung he thdng ha tang ky thuat dd thj, dae biet la he thdng cap thoat nudc cd tinh dan hdi; thich Qng vdi mUc nudc bien dang len, thich ung vdi 10 lytvacae rui ro bien ddi khi hau gay ra ddi vdi dd thj; Thiet ke xay

dyng cac nha cQa do thj c6 tinh dan hdi de thich Qng vdi bien ddi khi hau; Quy heach d6 thi lien ket vdi vung n6ng th6n xung quanh sao cho thich Qng vdi trudng hpp neu vung ndng th6n xung quanh bi tac dpng cua bien ddi khi hau tan pha, dan eU ndng th6n kh6ng the sdng dUpe thi di chuyen vae do thj, hoac ngUpe lai thl dd thj se djch chuyen vae vung ndng thon xung quanh, ke ca trudng hdp 10 lut bat thudng. Van de khda hpc b day la eae giai phap va hanh dpng nhu the nao d l cai thien tinh dan hdi eija he thdng d6 thj thich Ung vdi bien ddi khi hau, va lap ke hoach hanh dpng Qng phd vdi rdi ro bien ddi khi hau cho dd thj nhQ the nae la eo hieu qua.

Ben canh cac nghien cQu c6 tinh chien lupc dd, b nhieu nudc da tien hanh nghien cUu cac giai phap cy the de thich Ung vdi bien ddi khi hau nhim giai quyet cac van de sau:

• Nudc bien dang se gay ngap nude ddi vdi eae d6 thj b vung ddng bing thap ven bien, he thdng edng thoat nu6c cua cac d6 thj nay se tha'p hPn myc nu6c bien, do dd nude thai se khdng tu chay ra bien dupc.

• Nudc bien dang se tang ap luc nUde man, eung v6i sU suy thoai rUng dau ngudn va phat then xay dQng cac nha may thuy dien se lam giam ap lUc cua nUde ngpt, de do vung bj man hda se lan sau vao dat lien (ddi vdi ca nudc dudi dat va nude mat), hau qua la cac dc thj se thieu ngudn nude ngpt.

• Thdi tiet bien ddi that thudng, lUpng mUa c6 the tap trung vao mpt thdi gian ngin trdng nam se gay ra lu lut nghiem trpng ddi vdi do thj, va mua kho, han han c6 the kec dai hdn se gay ra nan khan hiem nude ngot ehe dd thj.

• Bien ddi khi hau se gay anh hudng xau den sQc khoe cong ddng, cd the phat sinh

cac benh djch mdi la, dac biet la ddi vdi ccng ddng d cac dd thj, vi mat dp dan cQ b day rat ddng due.

• Hpc tap va phd bien kinh nghiem xay dung de dap ven bien va nha thuyen cija Ha Lan, kinh nghiem xay dyng cac vat chin de han che bd bien lui d Thame cija Anh, kinh nghiem ve he thdng canh bae va di tan dan sdm ddi vdi bao Idc, gi6 xoay xay ra cua Bangladesh...

URBAN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN VIET NAM

Prof. Dr. Pham Ngoc Dang Sustainable development consists of sustainable economic development, sustainable social development, and sustainable environmental development.Sustainabledevelopment of a nation is based on sustainable developments of its localities, Including urban areas. Industrial areas, and rural areas. This paper discusses the challenges or weaknesses on environmental aspect in urban development in Vietnam, as well as the need of urban development's adaptation to climate change.

From the five basic criteria to judge the environmentally sustainable urban development, namely rational use of resources, appropriate resources and energy consumption, sustainable urban transport, complete urban Infrastructure, and urban green, it can be said that Vietnamese cities are still far from sustainable development though they are growing rather fast.

The non-sustainable urban development issues in Vietnam have been pointed out, including slower infrastructure development than population growth and urban spatial expansion, subjective urbanization of communes, poverty alleviation, serious environmental pollution, low verdure coverage. Vietnam's urban system locates along the coast thus it is extremely vulnerable to climate change, and sustainable urban development must consider measures to 'live along climate change".

..XD So 41 .2009 7 7