NGHIDN c u f u - T R A O D O I
THACH THUfC VA CO HOI D 6 | VOII VIET NAN
Thiet ke nhiing sdn phdm thdn thien v&i moi trudng Id mot trong nhihig linh vuc cua viec ldm xanh.
T
heo Td chUe Lao ddng qudc t l - Chuong trinh Mdi trudng Lidn hpp qudc- Td chUe Gidi chu Qudc t l - Lidn minh Cdng doan Qudc t l thi: Viec Idm xanh Id nhQng viec Idm trong nong nghiep, cdng nghiep, dich vu vd qudn lyf dong gdp vdo bdo ve vd gin gid chdt lugng mdi trudng... ddm bdo xd hpi phdt trien ben vUng cho cd the he hien tai vd tuang lai, thUc hien cdng bdng vd binh ddng cho mpi ngudi. Vdi each hieu nhu vay, pham vi eua vide lam xanh rat rdng, tU nhUng vide lam gdp phIn llm giam phat thai khf nha kfnh, giam tidu hao nang lUpng nguydn nhidn vat lieu, tdi thieu hda rac thai, giam d nhiem khdng khf dat va ngudn nude trong san xuat va tidu thu san pham d i n vide lam trong cae nganh gdp phIn blo ve sUda dang eua sinh thai va Ung phd vdi biln ddi khf hau. Dac trUng cua vide lam b i n vUng la thu nhap thda dang va ed CO hpi phat trien, dam bao quyIn va tieng ndi cua ngUdi lao ddng, thUe hidn eO ehl doi thoai xa hdi, dam bao an sinh xa hdi.Vide lam xanh ed t h i quy v l bdn loai: Xanh hda vide lam hidn tai; Vide lam trong eac nganh ehl tao thiet bj, dung eu bao vd mdi trUdng; Phat triln nhUng nganh nghi mdi xanh hda (nang lUpng mat trdi, nang lupng gid, nang lUpng dja nhidt, nang lUpng thuy trilu, ndng nghidp sinh thai, bao vd rUng...); NhUng
PGS. TS. Nguyen Bi Ngoc
Vifn Khoa hpc Lao dgng vd Xa hgi vide lam dugc tao ra de gilm thilu va Ung phd hidu qua vdi biln doi khf hau. NhUng nganh c6 nhilu tiem nang la cung d p nang lupng (nang lUpng mat trdi, gi6, thOy trilu, dja nhidt, thuy didn nhd), van tai, cdng nghidp eo ban (thdp, xi mang, h6a chit, ddt nhudm, gily va bpt gily, khai thie khoing sin...), xay dUng, ndng nghidp, llm nghidp, bin Id, du Ijch... Mpi ngUdi deu ed the c6 vide llm xanh, tU nha quan ly, thilt k l , quy hoach, nha khoa hpc, giang vidn eho den doanh nhan, lao ddng true t i l p la eong nhan lanh nghi hay lao ddng phd thdng. Cae khu vUe ndng thdn, thanh thj, eac nUde da va dang phat triln, dac bidt la Ipi fch eho thanh nidn, phu nU, ndng dan, ngudi nghdo, lao ddng trong khu vUc khdng ehfnh thUe, de bj tdn thuong, ngUdi sdng trong cae khu nha tam bp, dot nat...Ydu clu ddi vdi vide lam xanh trong eae md hinh phat triln ben vUng la phai tien tdi vide lam ben vUng- dd la cae eo hdi dat 6ugc vide lam dang hoang va nang suit eho el nU va nam trong dieu kidn tu do, binh ding, an sinh va tdn trpng nhan pham.
De thUe hien dugc nhUng muc tieu thidn nidn ky ve giam nghdo (MDG 1) va blo ve mdi trudng (MDG 7) thi sU g i n kit chat che giUa wee Idm xanh vd viec Idm ben vOng \a mpt ddi hdi tat ylu. Trdn thue te, cd hoan thanh muc tidu giam nghdo- ma ndng cdt la vide lam bin vUng, thi mdi ed dilu kidn de bao vd tdt mdi trudng va ngupe lai, ed bao vd 6ugc mdi trudng thi giam nghdo mdi ed chilu sau va dam bao bin vUng.
Ba thdeh thCTc toan cdu doi vdi viec Idm xanh Ve kinh te, khlc phue hau q u i cua khung hoIng kinh te t h i gidi chua dugc bao nhidu thi Inh hudng day truyin eCia khiing hoang np cdng d chau Au va su giam sut nhu cau tidu dung cCia eae khu vifc kinh t l dau tau nhu My, Nhlt, ehlu Au lai t i l p tuc tie ddng tidu cue d i n xuat khau, dIu tu, du Ijch v l tang trUdng cua toan the gidi. Them vao dd, sU phit triln khdng d n blng eua eac khu vifc va tfnh mdng manh trong cle md hinh tang trUdng ngay cang lam bdc Id nhUng han ehl eo ban ciJa mdi lidn kit kinh t l toan clu.
TAP CHI LAO 0 6 N G VA XA H 6 I - S6 429 (tCf 1 d - 30/4/20T 2)
NGHIDN CCirU - TRAO D6I
Vi mdi trudng, nhUng thIm hpa lidn quan d i n mdi trudng (die bidt 11 anh hudng eua biln ddi khf hlu) d i n d i n d nhidm ngudn nude, khdng khf, d i t d i n d i n thilu nUde, thilu luong thue, di eU do biln ddi khf hlu, khdng noi d do 10 lyt, mlt da d^ng sinh thii. Cle SI/ kidn ddng dIt, sdng thin va tham hpa hat nhin Fukusima d Nh^t ngly 11/3/2011 lam chit v l m l t tfeh hon 20.000 ngudi; lanh bang gia rdt d ehlu Au dIu nam 2012 lam chit vai trim ngUdi va Idc xoay vdi rdng gly chit v l i chuc ngUdi d My g i n day (nam 2011 Idc xoay vdi rdng da lam chit 550 ngUdi tai My va thiet hai Ude tfnh Idn tdi 28,7 ty USD).... da d n h blo v l ddi hdi loli ngudi phii quylt lidt hon trong dIu tranh blo vd mdi trudng, gilm thilu tie ddng xlu va Ung phd hidu qua vdi biln ddi khf h^u.
Vixd hdi, dan sd dat mUe 7 ty ngudi, trong dd 1/5 (khoang 1,4 ty ngUdi) hidn dang sdng vdi mUe 1,25 U SD/ngly hole ft hon, 1,5 ty ngudi khdng ed didn 64 dung v l g i n 1 ty ngudi bj ddi mdi ngly. Budc vlo nam 2012 ca t h i gidi ed trdn 200 tridu ngUdi t h l t nghidp (ting 27 tridu so vdi trude khung hoIng) va d n hon 600 tridu vide llm mdi tao ra trong 10 nam 64 giai quylt t h l t nghidp v l thu hut hdt sd ngUdi mdi tham gia thj trudng lao ddng. NhUng vIn 64 nghdo ddi, t h l t nghidp v l thilu vide lam, thanh nidn ft eo hdi tim dupc vide lam, an sinh xa hdi thIp kdm, t i l p eIn nlng lupng ban ehl, khd khan v l nha d, nude sach va dilu kidn vd sinh, b i t binh ding xa hdi... ngay cang gay b i t dn xa hdi. NhUng b i t binh ding trong hudng Ipi tU t i n g trudng, hole tang trUdng dUa trdn lao ddng g i l rd tay nghi thIp, t i n g trudng nhung khdng llm tang vide lam hay khai thac can kiet tai nguydn da lam sau sic thdm cle thich thUe t o l n d u .
Phit triln b i n vUng dang la con dUdng duy nhlt cho phdp t i t c l nhin loai chia sd mdt cudc sdng dly du trdn hinh tinh. Ydu clu mdt nIn kinh t l xanh va sach, tao nhilu vide lam ddng thdi vdi tang nang suit, t i n g thu nhIp, gilm nghdo v l gilm b i t binh ding xa hdi dang trd thlnh nhUng nhi^m vu chiln lupc eua mpi qudc gia, khu vi/c v l t o l n clu.
NhOmg rdo cdn d6i vdi viic Idm xanh tai Viit Nam Vide llm xanh ddi hdi mdt nhin thUe mdi khdng ehl vdi elc nude dang phit triln m l c l vdi cle nude phit triln. Hidn nay cdn nhilu elch hilu khlc nhau v l cdn rIt nhilu rio d n 64 dUa nhUng y tUdng tdt dep cCia vide llm xanh vlo thife tien eude sdng. Vdi trinh dp phit triln cdn thIp nhu Vi$t Nam thi nhUng rIo cin Idn nhlt ed t h i k l ra I I :
- Han chevi nhdn thUe: ddi hdi b i t dIu tU y tUdng xanh CLia nhUng ngUdi linh dao, nhUng ngudi llm chinh sleh, nha thilt kl... cho d i n dpi ngu cdng nhin true t i l p sin xult v l mpi ngUdi d i n trong xa hdi. TU suy nghi d i n hoach djnh k l hoach va triln khai hanh
ddng la ca mdt budc dudng dai ddi hdi sU quan tam va thdng nhlt hinh ddng eua mpi ddi tie xa hdi.
Yiu cdu gdn kit viic Idm xanh vdi viic Idm bin vUng: gill quylt cle vIn 64 xa hdi nhU t h l t nghiep, ddi nghdo, b i t binh ding, lao ddng ddc hai nlng nhpc nguy hilm trong elc Ilng nghi, lao ddng dl bj tdn thuong trong khu vUe khdng chfnh thUc, d6i tupng ylu t h i trdn thj trudng lao ddng (thanh nidn, phu nU, ngudi khuylt t i t , ngUdi d i n tdc thilu sd..), ngudi chju Inh hUdng nang n l cua biln ddi khf hau da la nhUng nhidm vu llu d i i rIt khd khIn, nay phk\
Idng ghdp vdi nhUng vIn d l t o l n clu nhU blo vd moi trudng v l Ung phd hidu q u i vdi biln ddi khf hlu thi thich thUe d n g trd ndn gay g i t g i p bdi lln.
- Chdt lugng ngudn nhdn Iuc, casdha tdng ky thudt vd xd hdi, khung khd thi chi cua Viit Nam cdn Id nhQng diim," nghen" trong qud trinh phdt then: nhUng dilm nghen nly Inh hUdng manh d i n vide xly difng chiln lupc, k l hoach v l triln khai cle chuong trinh hinh ddng mdi 64 Idng ghdp thue hidn ddng thdi dupc cic nhidm vy kinh t l - xa hdi- mdi trudng.
Chi phi xd hdi vd dp Iuc cua doanh nghiip trong qud thnh canh tranh: canh tranh trong nUdc v l quoc t l da ngay cang khde lidt, lai thdm nhUng khd khan do chju anh hudng nang n l cua khung hoIng np eong eua cle nUde ehlu Au v l biln ddng t i n g gil nhien lidu, g i l luong thUe trdn quy md t o l n clu sd llm nang thdm gleh nang eua doanh nghidp trong qua trinh tdn tai va phat triln. NhUng chi phi xa hdi tang them 64 xly dung cle cdng trinh co sd ha t i n g xanh va thiic hidn vide llm xanh trong doanh nghidp se la rao cin Idn hudng tdi nIn kinh t l xanh cua tuong lai.
Mdt s6 de xudt vi dinh hating phdt trien viic ldm xanh
Cin dinh gia dly du t i l m nang vide llm xanh (thay ddi md hinh t i n g trudng tU khai thIe t i i nguyen thd chu ylu dUa v l o vdn sang dua vao "ngudn v6n eon ngUdi" va nang life khoa hpc- cdng nghd, tai clu true eac nganh chuyin sang ed ham luong tri thufc eao, gia trj gia tang Idn, sif dung cdng nghd than thidn mdi trudng, t?o dUng mdi trudng kinh doanh binh ding va minh bach cho phat triln doanh nghidp-.)-
- Dao tao va phat triln ngudn nhan life eho vi§c lam xanh, xly difng ddi ngu lao ddng "xanh hon* vdi chuydn mdn ky thult trinh dp eao. TrUde hit, eIn tap trung nlng cao nhan thUe, die bidt II xanh hda viec l l m hidn tai v l ydu clu thay ddi thdi quen "xlu" gay lang phf tai nguydn; Giao due nhufng kiln thUe chung v l mdi trudng- x l hdi d cle d p hpc v l hudng nghiep v l o vide llm xanh; D l o tao ky nang va xly difng nlng life thifc hanh, chu y dac bidt tdi nhUng ky nang chung va ky nlng da nghi vdi nhUng sin pham va
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TAP CHI LAO O O N G V A XA H 6 | - Sd 429 (tCr 16 - 3O/4/2012)
NGHIDN cau-TRAO D 6 |
muc tiiu khde (Chuong trinh vide lam, Chuong trinh g i l m nghdo, Chuong trinh phat t r i l n kinh t l - x a hpi cae xa dac bidt khd khan...).
D i l u kidn co ban nhat 64 ngUdi lao ddng khu vifc phi chinh thUe tham gia BHXH tU nguydn la phai cd vide lam vdi gia tri va thu nhap cao, ed tfeh luy 64 ed kha nang ddng BHXH tU nguydn. Do vay, c h i l n lupc m d rdng dp bao phu eCia BHXH tU nguydn phai g i n lien vdi chiln lupe phat t r i l n kinh t l , chiln lupc vide lam, xda ddi giam ngheo... Mudn ngUdi ngheo tham gia BHXH tU nguydn, eIn p h i i cd chfnh sach hd trp ddi vdi hp (gidng nhu BHYT eho ngUdi nghdo). Tuy nhidn, hinh thUe hd trp cd t h i theo ty Id % hoac eho vay hd ngheo vdi lai s u i t Uu dai 64 hp dong BHXH t u nguydn. Chuong trinh cho vay cung phai g i n vdi chUOng trinh myc tidu g i l m ngheo 64 khi vUpt dupc nghdo thi hp p h i i t u ddng BHXH t u nguydn. Nghia la phai cd c h i l n lupc hd trp va c h i l n lUpc rut lui, khi hp ed kha nang t u d d n g BHXH t u nguyen. Ngudn quy eho vay BHXH tU nguydn ddi vdi ngUdi nghdo cd t h i thdng qua thanh lap Quy An sinh xa hdi d eO sd (thdn,.
ban, lang xa) tU ngudn ngan sach Nha nude, ddng gdp eua nhan
dan va hd trp qudc t l (hidn nay NgIn hang t h i gidi r I t quan tam va s i n sang giup dd ddng gdp vao chuong trinh nay khi Chfnh phu cdng bd ro rang v l chfnh sach).
(Hi) Tdng cUdng tuyin truyin ndng cao nhdn thUc eua ngudi lao ddng khu vifc phi ehfnh thUe v l BHXH t u nguydn 64 hp h i l u , tin tudng va tham gia.. Hinh thUe tuydn truyen ed the la: Td ehUe eae cudc tap huan eho cae bao cao vidn thude he thdng tuydn giao d p CO sd 64 hp tuydn truyen lai eho ngudi dan, thdng qua eae phuong tidn thdng tin dai chung, nhat la cae bao, dai phat thanh, vd tuydn t r u y i n hinh, x l y dUng cac trang web, in an va phat hanh eae t d roi, dUa npi dung BHXH tU nguydn va© ndi dung boat ddng cua td chUe t u van phap luat eho ndng dan ngheo.
(iv) Ve yeu cdu thdi gian toi thieu ddng BHXH di tao diiu kien cho ngudi ddn tham gia. Nhu da ndi d trdn, vide quy djnh thdi gian tdi t h i l u tham gia BHXH 64 dUgc hudng luong hUu la 20 nam va dugc dong bu n l u thieu khdng qua 5 nam so vdi quy djnh 6a lam giam mdt sd lUpng Idn ngudi tham gia BHXH tU nguydn. Trong thdi
gian tdi, nha nUde d n nghidn cUu 64 ed t h i g i l m thdi gian tdi t h i l u tham gia BHXH va v I n cho phep ddng bu n l u thdi gian cdn t h i l u . Vf dy nhu d Trung Qudc, thdi gian tham gia BHXH tdi thieu 64 6ugc hudng luong hUu la 15 nam va 6ugc ddng bu thdi gian cdn thieu.
Song song vdi giam thdi gian tdi thieu tham gia BHXH thi cd the giam mUe hUdng va thdi gian hudng xudng. Myc dich cudi cung la md rpng sd lUpng ngUdi tham gia BHXH tU nguydn, ddng thdi v I n dam bao can ddi quy.
Chung ta ehUa cd thdng tin, thdng kd d l y du v l khu vifc phi chinh thUe, nhieu van 64 v l an sinh xa hdi tai khu vUe an sinh xa hpi va ndng thdn cung ehua dugc nghidn cUu ky ludng va ed ehfnh sach phij hpp, vide thue day chuyen tiep tU khu VUe khdng chfnh thUe tdi khu vUe kinh t l ehfnh thUe cung cdn nhieu ban e h l m l dac bidt la ehfnh sach BHXH - dugc coi la lUdi an sinh xa hdi rdng Idn nhat. Chfnh vl vay, trong thdi gian tdi, cac nha lam chinh sach can quan tam hon nUa d i n khu vUc phi chfnh thUe de dam b l o he thdng an.sinh xa hdi CO t h i bao phu toan dan, d^c bidt la life lupng lao ddng. G
VIEC LAM XANH...
(Tiep theo trang 20) djch vu than thidn mdi trUdng, phat t r i l n eac chuong trinh dao tao cae n g h i trong cae nganh: n l n g lupng mdi, ndng nghidp sinh thai, trdng va b l o vd rUng, du Ijch v l djch vu sinh thai, cac n g l n h cdng nghd mdi ft rle thai, van t i i cdng cdng...
- D i m b l o thu nhap v l xanh hda noi lam vide: k i t ndi eUng - c l u 64 t i n g vide lam va ed thu nhap thda dang, g i l m that nghidp, g i l m b i t binh d i n g g i n vdi b l o vd mdi trudng, sU dyng cle cdng cy thdng tin thj trudng lao ddng, dich vu vide l l m , hudng nghidp, chuong trinh vide lamCdng trong xay dyfng eac cdng trinh cdng cdng nhU eo sd ha t i n g , thCiy Ipi, dd d i l u , thu gom x d ly rle t h i i .
- Can chu y d i e biet tdi nhufng nhdm de bj tdn thuong trong q u i trinh "xanh hda" nhU ngUdi lam v i | c
trong khu vifc khdng chfnh thUc, lao ddng lang n g h i ddc hai nang nhpc nguy h i l m , ndng d i n , lao ddng di cU, ngUdi t i n t i t , ngudi d i n tdc t h i l u sd, thanh nidn, phy nU, ndng dan.
- Hoan thidn t h i e h l , n h l t quan ehfnh sach phat t r i l n b i n vUng, nang eao hidu qua quan tri thj trudng lao ddng va sU dyng eae cdng cy kinh t l thfeh hpp:
tang cUdng nang life quan ly nha nude (nlng life bd mIy, t d chUc, cdng t i c thanh tra, k i l m tra, xay dUng CO sd dU lidu va bd chi tidu giam sat danh gia v l vide lam xanh); sU dyng elc t h i l t e h l m i n linh boat trong q u i n tri; ban h i n h va thife thi cac e h l tai dO manh vdi eae cdng cu kfeh thfeh kinh t l hpp ly nhutfnh day du chi phf xa hdi va mdi trudng v l o g i l t h l n h s i n pham, d i n h t h u l tai nguydn, t h u l tidu thy n h i l u nang lupng va phat sinh n h i l u rac thai... Q
TAP CHI LAO D b N G V A X A H 6 1 - S6 429 (tCf 16 - 30/4/2012)
