KHOA HOC C6NG NGHt
THLfC TRAIVG V A GIAI P H A P GIAM THIEU THOA§ HOA OAT TilXiH OUAIVG MIIVH
TY^ITii HidnS Khuong M^nh Ha\
Dinh Thi Thu Trang^ Trin M?mh Cdng^
T6MTAT
Nghien cuu nay nhim muc dich giup ca quan quan ly nha nuoc ve dit dai tinh Quang Ninh nim bit dupe thuc trang thoai hda dat, xu hudng va nguyen nhan thoai boa dat, tir do de xuat cac giai phap trong quan ly va sii dung dat ben vung trSn dia ban tmh. Ket qua nghien cuu cho thay, trong tdng difn tich didu tra 493.903 ha da co 422.252 ha dat bi thoai hda (chidm 85,49% dien tich dieu tra), trong do dat nong nghiep co 379.159,0 ha dat bi thoai hda, chiem 86,73% dien tich dieu tra cac loai dat; dat chua sir dyng cd 43.093,0 ha dat bi thoai boa, chidm 9,26% dien tich didu tra cac loai dat. Nguyen nhan ca ban din den viec thoai hoa dat tren dia ban tinh Quang Ninh la do didu kien tu nhien, quan ly va su dung dat, khai thac tai nguyen.
Ti!r Idida: Loai ddt. loai hinh thoai hoa, sir dung dat ben vimg, quan ly dat, thoai boa dat
1 . DAT VAN BE
Hoat ddng dieu tra, danh gia thoai hda dat duge xac dinh la mdt nhidm vu quan trong cua eac tinh/ihanh va Bd Tai nguyen va Mdi tnrdng theo dmh ky 5 nam mdt Un da dupe Quoc hdi chinh thuc phe chuan va Chinh phii ydu eau phai thuc hien thdng qua he thdng van ban quy pham phap luat. Tir do, can thidt phai dua viee dieu tra, danh gia dat dai thanh mdt nhidm vu thudng xuyen, quan trong eua nganh, nhu la chien luge nang eao nang luc cua ca quan quan ly dat dai cung nhu UBND tinh/thanh trong quan ly chat lugng dit dai tai dia phuang.
Quang Nmh la tmh cd dien tich ddi niii Idn, chidm ban 80% dien tich tu nhien, cd ydu td khi hau (dac biet la luong mua, nhidt dp, do am, luong bdc hoi) phan hda manh theo dae didm dia hmh; ddng thdi Quang Ninh co 1 mat giap bien vdi eac dac diem vd hai van, thuy van phuc tap ciing vdi qua trinh sir dung dat, khai thac khoang san da anh hudng ddn ehit lugng dit dai.
Danh gia thoai hda dat tinh Quang Nmh ky diu la ca sd giiip cho UBND tinh, ca quan quan ly dat dai nim bat va quan ly chat che dien tich dit bi thoai hda, xu hudng thoai hda dit, nguyen nhan thoai hda dit, tir do de xult giai phap quan ly, su dung dit bdn vung.
Trudng Dai hgc Nong Lam B^c Giang
^ Trung tam Dieu Ua va Quy hoach dat dai, Tdng eye Quan ly dat dai
2 . PHUONG PHAP NGHBU CUU
2.1. Phuong phap didu tra, thu tii|p tii lidu thu cap, s a c l p
- Didu tra, thu thap tai heu thu cap: Thu th|p thdng tin, tai lidu, sd lieu, ban do tai eae ca quan chuyen mdn tren dia ban tinh Quang Ninh va eae BO, nganh Trung uong.
- Dieu tra thu thap sd hdu so cip: Didu tra tinh hinh su dung dit ndng nghidp {theo miu phidu) duge thue hien khi thu thap thdng tin vd miie dp dau tu cho eac loai sir dung dat, cac vin de ed lidn quan den qua trinh hinh thanh va nguyen nhan thoai hoa dit.
2.2. Phuang phip My miu, phan tich miu - Phuong phap lay, bao quan miu d i t Vide lly miu dit phan tieh dirge ap dung theo TCVN 7538- 2:2005 aSO 10381-2:2002): miu dat tang mat duoc lly tai didm dai dien khoanh dit didu tra, bao quan trong tiii ni long.
- Phuong phap phan tieh miu d i t Phuang phap phan tich eac ehi tieu ly, hda hoe ciia 254 miu dat duge ap dung theo Tieu ehuin Vidt Nam (Bang 1).
2.3. Phuong p h ^ xii ly thdng tin, tii l i ^ , sd lidu - Phuang phap xu ly thdng kd bing phan mdm Excel: ap dung trong xir ly tdng hop, tiidng kd sd heu.
- Phuong phap tdng hgp \u \\ thdng tm, tai lieu, sd lidu, ban do phuc vu dieu tra.
120 NONG NGHlfP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG T H 6 N - KY 2 - THAN^ 3/2020
KHOA HOC C 6 N G NGHE
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Bane 1. C i c chi ttfti 1^, h6a hgc 4& theo Ti&i chuan ViSt Nam Chi tieu
Th^nh phan ca gioi dat Dung tronff pHKn OM tdng sd N tdng sd P , 0 , tdng sd KaO tdng sd CEC Tdng sd mudi tan Luu hu^nh tdng sd
Phuong phap Phuong phap pipet Phuong phap dng tru Do bang may do pH Phuong phap Walkley - Blaclt Phuong phap Kjeldahl Phuong phdp so man Phuong phap quang kd ngon lua Phuong phap amonaxetat pH = 7 Phuong phap khdi luong Phuang phap ddt khd
Ghi chu TCVN 8567:2010 TCVN 6860:2001 TCVN 5979:2007 TCVN 6644:2000 TCVN 6498:1999 TCVN 8940:2011 TCVN 8660:2011 TCVN 8568:2010 TCVN 8727:2012 TCVN 7371:2004 2.4. Phirong phip danh g i i da chi tidu (MCE)
Phuong phap danh gia da chi tieu ap dung trong tdng hgp danh gia do phi nhieu dit, dat hi suy giam dp phi vl thoai hda dit tdng hgp.
2.5. Phuong phip chuydn gia (chuydn khio) Tham khao y kidn cua eac chuyen gia trong nganh khi xay dung ma tran cap ddi va xac dinh ti-png sd cua eac ydu td tham gia trong danh gia do phi cua dit va tdng hgp danh gia tiioai hda dat.
Tham khao y kien cua cac chuydn gia trong nganh va eae nha quan ly dia phuang ve he sd lap phii thue vat, hd sd canh tac bao vd dat trong danh gia xdi mdn d i t
2.6. Phuong phap kd tiiila
Nghidn cuu nay da kd thua ket qua dieu tra, nghien cuu ciia nhidu edng trinh, du an cd Uen quan trdn dia ban tinh:
- Kdt qua phan tich cua 29 miu d i t thudc chuong tiinh "Didu tra bo sung, chinh ly xay dung ban do d i t tinh Quang Nmh ty le 1/100.000" nam 2005; kdt qua phan tich 33 miu dat tiiudc du an "Dieu tra, danh gia thi^c ti-ang mdi trudng dat viing kmh td trpng diem
2008 lam co sd so sanh bien ddi mdt sd chi tidu hda, ly dit theo thdi gian va xay dung ban do do phi nhidu d i t thai qua khu.
- Kdt qua phan tich 153 miu dit thudc du an
"Bieu tra, danh gia thoai hda dat vung ddng bing sdng Hdng phuc vu quan ly, sd dung ddt ben vung"
nam 2016 nhlm lam tang du Udu didu ti-a vd thuc ti-ang thoai hda dit tren dia ban tinh.
2.7. Phuong p h ^ xay dung bin dd
Su dung cdng nghe GIS va cic phln mdm Mapmfo, ArcGIS trong xay dung bd ban do thoai hda dit ky dau tinh Quang Nmh (cac ydu td ndn dugc ke thira va chuan hda theo ban dd hien trang su dung d i t nam 2014 cua tinh).
3. KFT QUA NGHBII CUU VA THAO LUAN
3.1. TTiuc trang thoii hda cac lo^i d i t (theo muc dich SII dung dit) trfin dia b i n tibh Quing Ninh
3.1.1. Dat san xuat ndng nghiep
Tdng dien tieh dit san xult ndng nghiep tinh Quang Ninh nam 2016 la 59.553 ha, ti-ong dd, xult hien 6 loai hinh thoai hda va miic do thoai hda ciia timg loai hmh duge the hien trong bang 2.
Ble bd phuc vu quan ly su dung dat bdn viing" nam
Bing 2. Dien tich d i t san xult ndng nghidP bj flioli hda theo loai hmh tiioli hda
STT
1 2 3 4 5 6
Loai hinh thoai hoa
Dat bi xdi mon Dat bi khd han Dat bi ket von Dat bi suy giam dd phi D^t bi man hda D^t bi phen hoa
Dat khdng bi thoai hda
(ha) 53.724 48.106 56.385 17.793 51.329 54.548
Phan muc danh gia Nhe
3.220 2.205 2.811 16.080 6.413 2.636
Trung binh 2.609 9.242 357 13.231 1.273 610
Nang
- -
12.449 538 1.759
Cha) Tdng di^n tich dat bi thoai hoa 5.829 11.447 3.168 41.760 8.224 5.005
Didn tich di^u tra
(ha) 59.553 59.553 59.553 59.553 59.553 59.553 N 6 N G NGHliP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 3/2020 121
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE - Dat bi xdi mdn cd 5.829 ha (chidm 9,79% didn
tich didu tra eac loai dat, trong dd: xdi mdn ydu ed 3.220 ha (chidm 5,41%) va xdi mdn hung bmh 2.609 ha (chidm 4,38%).
- Dat bi khd han cd 11.447 ha (chiem 19,22% dien tieh didu tra cac loai dat), trong dd: khd ban nhe ed 2.205 ha (chidm 3,70%) va khd han trung binh chiem 9.242 ha (chiem 15,52%). Dien tich dit san xuat ndng nghidp bi khd ban tnmg binh phan bd chu yen o cae xa, phuong thude eac huyen Ba Che, Hoanh Bd, Udng Bi, Ddng Tridu va Quang Yen.
- Dat bi kdt von ed 3.168 ha (chiem 5,32% dien tich dieu tra eae loai dit), trong dd: kdt von nhe cd 2.811 ha (chidm 4,72%) va kdt von trung bmh cd 357 ha (chidm 0,60%).
- Dit bi suy giam do phi cd 41.760 ha, chidm 70,12% didn tich didu tra cac loai dit, ti-ong dd 16.080 ha bi suy giam nhe (chidm 27,00%), 13.231 ha bi suy gilm hung bmh (chidm 22,22%) va 12.449 ha bi suy gilm nang (chidm 20,90%). Didn tieh dit san xult ndng nghiep bi suy giam dp phi nang phan bd chu ydu d eac xa, phuong thude cae huyen, thi xa, thanh Bing 3. Dign tich dit lam n g h i ^ bj
phd nhu Ba Che, Dim Ha, Hai Ha. Hoanh Bd, Tidn Yen, Cam Pha, Ha Long, Mdng Cai, Ddng Tridu, Quang Yen va Van Ddn.
- Dit b! man hda ed 8.224 ha (chidm 13.81% di^n tich dieu tra cae loai dat), trong dd 6.413 ha bi mjn hda nhe (chiem 10.77%), 1.273 ha hi man hda dung binh (chiem 2,14%) va 538 ha bi man hda nang (chidm 0,90%).
• Dit bi phen hda ed 5.005 ha (chiem 8,40% di^n tich dieu tra elc loai dit), trong dd 2.636 ha hi phen hda nhe (chidm 4,43%). 610 ha bi phen hda trung bmh (ehidm 1,02%) va 1.759 ha bi phen hda nang (chidm 2,95%). Dien dien tieh dat san xuat ndng nghiep bi phen hda nang phan bd chii ydu d xa, phuong: Sdng Khoai, Tien An, Lien Hda. Phong Hai, Yen Hai (thi xa Quang Yen); Phirong Nam (thinh phd Udng BO; Hdng Thai Tay (thi xa Ddng Tridu).
3.1.2 Bat lam nghidp
Tdng dien tich dit lam nghidp tinh Quang Ninh nam 2016 la 351.624 ha, trong dd, xult hien 6 loai hinh thoai hda va muc dd tiioai hda ciia tung loai hinh dupe thd hien ehi tidt trong bang 3.
tfaoli hda theo loai hinh tholi hda STT
1
Loai hinh thoai hda Dat bi xdi mdn 2 Dat bi khd han 3
4 5
Dat bi kdt von Dat bi suy giam dd phi Dat bi man hda 6 1 Dat bi phen hoa
Dat khong bi thoai hda (ha)
100.549 232.011 351.493 144.198 349.851 351.461
Phan miic danh gia (ha) Nhe
71.335 39.570 91.677
-
443 163
Trung binh 155.582
80.043 131 77.655 917
Nang 24.158
38.094 413
Tdng didn tich dat bi thoai hda 251.075 119.613 131 207.426 1.773 163
Dien tich didu tra (ha) 351.624 351.624 351.624 351.624 351.624 351.624 - Dat bi xdi mdn la 251.075 ha (chiem 71,4096
didn tich didu tra cac loai dat), trong dd 71.335 ha bi xdi mdn nhe (chiem 20,2^), 155.582 ha bi xdi mdn trung binh (chiem 44,25%) va 24.158 ha bi xdi mdn nang (chiem 6,87*). Dien tich dat lam nghiep bi xdi mon manh phan bd chu yeu d- cac xa, phuong thudc cac huydn, thi xa va thanh phd: Ba Che, Binh Udu, Dam Ha, Hai Ha, Hoanh Bd, Tidn Yen, C i n Pha, Mdng Cai, Udng Bi, Ddng Tridu va Van Ddn.
- Dat bi khd han la 119.613 ha (chidm 34,02%
dien tich didu tra cac loai dft), trong dd 39.570 ha bi khd ban nhe (chidm 11,25%), 80.043 ha bi khd han trung binh (chidm 22,76%). Didn tich dat lam nghidp
bi khd han trung binh phan bd chii ydu df cac x ^ phuong thudc cac huygn, thi xa va thanh phd: Ba Che, Hoanh Bd, Udng Bi, Ddng Tridu, Quang Ydn.
- Dat bi ket von la 131 ha (chidm 0,04% didn tich didu tra cac loai dat) va tap trung miic trung binh.
- Dat bi suy giam dp phi cd 207.426 ha (chidm 58,99% didn tich didu tra cac loai dat), trong dd 91.677 ha bi suy giam nhe (chidm 26,07%), 77.655 ha bi suy giam hung binh (chidm 22,08%) va 38.094 ha bi suy giam nang (chiem 10,83%). Didn tich dat ISm nghidp bi suy giam dd phi nang phan bd chu ydu a xa, phuong thuoc cac huydn, thj xa va thanh phd:
Binh lidu. Dam Ha, Hai Ha, Hoanh Bd, Tidn Ydn,
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 3/2020
KHOA HOC CdNG NGHfi Cam Pha, Ha Long, Mdng Cii, Udng Bi, Quang Ydn,
van Ddn.
- D i t bi man hda la 1.773 ha (chidm 0,50% didn tich didu tra cae loai dit), trong dd 443 ha hi man hda nhe (chidm 0,13%), 917 ha bi man hda tnmg bmh (chidm 0,26%) va 413 ha hi man hda nang (chiem 0,12%). Dien tich dit lam nghiep bi man hda n^ng phan bd ehu ydu d xa Hai Ddng (thanh phd Mdng cai), xa Dai Binh (huyen Dim Ha).
- Dat bi phen hda 11163 ha (chidm 0,05% dien tich dieu ti-a cac loai dit) va ehi xult hidn phen hoa nhe.
3.1.3. Bat nudi trdng thuy san
Tdng dien tich dit nudi trdng thuy san tinh Quing Nmh nam 2016 II 25.993 ha, trong dd, xult hi^n 3 loai hmh thoai hda (bi suy giam dd phi, dat bi man hda, d i t hi phen hda) va miic do eua tiing loai hinh thoai hda nhu sau (Bang 4).
- Dit hi suy giam do phi cd 19.705 ha (chidm 75,81% dien tieh didu tra cac loai dit), trong dd 10.217 ha hi suy giam nhe (chidm 39,31%), 1.357 ha hi suy giam trung binh (chidm 5,22%) va 8.131 ha hi suy giam nang (chiem 31,28%). Dien tich dat nudi trdng thiiy san bi suy giam dp phi nang phan bd ehij ydu eae xa, phuong: Dai Binh, Dim Ha, Tan Binh
(huydn Dam Ha), Le Lgi, Thdng Nhit (huydn Hoanh Bd), Ddng Rui, Hai Lang (huydn Tien Ydn), Bmh Nggc, Hai Hda, Ninh Duong, Hai Xuan, Van Nmh (thanh phd Mdng Cai), phirdng Ydn Thanh (thanh phd Udng BO, Hiep Hda, Sdng Khoai (thi xa Quang Yen), Doan Kdt (huydn Van Ddn).
- Dit bi man hda cd 5.810 ha (chidm 22,35%
didn tich didu tra cac loai dit), trong dd 1.989 ha bi man hda nhe (ehidm 7,65%), 2.332 ha bi man hda trung binh (chidm 8,97%), 1.489 ha bi man hda nang (chidm 5,73%). Didn tieh dat nudi trdng thiiy san hi man hda nang chu ydu d cac xa: Dam Ha, Dai Binh, Tan Binh (huydn D i m Ha), Quang Minh, Phii Hai (huyen Hai Ha), Hai Ddng (thanh phd Mdng Cai).
- Dit bi phen hda cd 2.190 ha (chidm 8.43% dien tich dieu tra cac loai dat), trong dd 729 ha hi phen hda nhe (chiem 2,80%) va 1.461 ha bi phen hda nang (chidm 5,62%). Didn tieh d i t nudi trdng thuy sin bi phen hda nang tap trung chii ydu d cac xa, phuong:
Ydn Thanh, Dien Cdng (thanh phd Udng BO, Hen Vy, Sdng Khoai, Ha An (thi xa Quang Ydn), Ydn Due, Hdng Thai Ddng, Hdng Thai Tay (thi xa Ddng Trieu).
STT
1 2 3
B&ig4.Didntich
Loai hinh thoai hda
Dat bi suy giam dd phi Dat bi man hda Dat bi phen hda
dSt nudi trdng tt Dat khdng bi
thoai hda (ha)
6.288 20.183 23.803
iiy san bi t h o ^ hda theo loai hinh thodi hda Phan miic danh gia (ha) Nhe
10.217 1.989 729
Trung binh
1.357 2.332
Nang 8.131 1.489 1.461
Tdng dien tich dat bi thoai hda 19.705
5.810 2.190
Didn tich didu tra
(ha) 25.993 25.993 25.993 3.1.4. Ddt bang chuasd dung
Tdng didn tich d^t bang chua su dung la 28.663 ha, trong dd, xuat hidn 4 loai hinh thoai hoa (bi xdi mdn, bi khd ban, bi suy giam dd phi va bi man hda) va miic dp ciia timg loai hinh thoai hda, nhu sau (Bang 5):
- 1.047 ha dat bang chua sir dung bi xdi mdn (chidm 3,65%) va chi xuat hidn xdi mon trung bmh.
725 ha dat bang chua su dung bi khd han (chidm 2,53%), trong dd 469 ha bi khd ban trung binh (chidm 1,64%), tap trung chu ydu d phuong Vang Danh (thanh phd Udng BQ va 256 ha bi khd han nhe (chiem 0,89%).
- 18.249 ha dat bang chua su dung bi suy giam
dd phi (chidm 63,67%), trong dd 9.578 ha bi suy giam nang (chiem 33,42%), tap trung chu yeu a cac xa, phuong: Dai Binh, Dam Ha, Tan Binh, Tan Lap (huyen Dam Ha), Ha Phong, Ha Khanh (thanh phd Ha Long), Hai Ddng, Hai Y4n, Van Ninh (thanh phd Mdng Cai), 845 ha bi suy giam trung binh (chidm 2,95%) va 7.826 ha bi suy giam nhe (chiem 27,30%).
- 9.272 ha dat bang chua su dung bi man hda (chidm 32,35%), trong dd 3.445 ha bi man hda nang (chiem 12,02%), phan bd lap dning chu ydu 6 dai ven bien thudc cac xa: Quang Dien, Quang Phong, Duong Hoa (huyen Hai Ha), Tan Binh, Dam Ha (huydn Dam Ha), Ha Phong (thanh phd Ha Long), 4337 ha bi man hda trung binh (chiem 15,13%) va 1.490 ha man hda nhe (chiem 5,20%).
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN N 6 N G THON - KY 2 - THANG 3/2020 12.1
KHOA HOC C 6 N G NGHfi
STT
Bang 5. Didn tich d i t bang chua siit dung bj t h d i hda tfaeo toai hinh thoai hda Loai hinh thoai hda
Dat bi xdi mdn Dit bi khd han Dat hi suy giam dd phi Dit hi man hda
Dit khdng bi thoai hda
(ha) 27.616
19.391 256 1.490
Phan miic danh gia (ha) Trung
binh
845 4.337
Nang
9.578 3.445
Tdng dien tich dat hi thoai hda 1.047
725 18.249 9.272
Dii-n tich dieu tra
(ha) 28.663 28.663 28.663 28.663 3.1.5. Bat ddi nui chua su dung
Tdng dien tich dit ddi mii chua su dyng la 28.070 ha, ti-ong dd, xult hien 3 loai hinh thoai hda (bi xdi mdn, bi khd han, bi suy giam dp phi) va miic dd eua tiing loai hinh thoai hda nhu sau (Bang 6):
- 23.632 ha dit ddi niii chua su dung bi xdi mdn (chiem 84,19%), trong dd 9.871 ha bi xdi mdn manh (ehidm 35,17%), phan bd chu yeu d cac xa: Ddng Dae, Thanh Lam, Thanh Son, Nam Son (huydn Ba Che), Ddng Tam, Hoanh Md, Hiic Ddng, Luc Hdn, Vd Ngai (huydn Bmh Ueu), Quang Diic, Quang Son (huyen Hai Ha), Ddng Lam, Thdng Nhit (huyen Hoanh Bd), Dai Due, Ddng Ngu, Ha Lau, Phong Du (huyen Tien Ydn), Hai Son (thanh phd Mdng Cai), Dai Xuyen (huydn Van
va 2.029 ha bi xdi mdn ydu (chidm 7,23%).
- 4.618 ha dit ddi mii chua su dung hi khd han (ehidm 16,45%), trong dd 3.278 ha bi khd han hung bmh (chiem 11,68%), phan bd chii ydu d e l e xa: Thanh Lam, Luang Mdng (huyen Ba Che), Ddng Son (huy^n Hoanh Bd), Trang Luong, An Sinh (thi xa Ddng Trieu) va 1.340 ha bi khd han nhe (chidm 4,77%).
-17.624 ha dit ddi mii chua su dung bi suy giam dp phi (chidm 62,79%), trong dd 2.528 ha hi suy giam nang (chiem 9,01%), phan bd chii ydu d eae xa, phuong: Luc Hdn, Hiic Ddng, Ddng Tam (huydn Binh Udu), Ha Lau (huydn Tien Ydn), Ha Trung (thanh phd Ha Long), Hai Son (thanh phd Mdng cat), 3.535 ha bi suy giam trung binh (chidm 12,59%) va 11.561 ha bi suy giam nhe (chidm 41,19%).
Ddn), 11.732 ha bi xdi mdn trung binh (chidm 41,J
Bing 6. Dign tich dit ddi mii chua su d^ng hi tholi hda theo logd hinh tholi hda STT
1 2 3
Loai hinh thoai hda Dat bi xdi mdn Dat bi khd han Dat bi suy giam dp phi
Dat khdng bi thoai hda (ha) 4.438 23.452 10.446
Phan miic danh gia (ha) Nhe
2.029 1.340 11.561
Trung binh 11.732
3.278 3.535
Nang 9.871 2.528
Tdng didn tich dat bi thoai hda 23.632
4.618 17.624
Didn tich didu tra (ha)
28.070 28.070 28.070 3.2. Tdng hgp thuc tr^ng thoai hda dit tinh
Quing Ninh theo miic dd tholi hda
Tdng hpp kdt qua, danh gia cae yeu td thoai hda tren dia ban tinh Quing Ninh eho thIy tdng dien tich dit bi thoai hda trdn dia ban tinh la 422.252 ha, chiem 85,49% didn tieh didu tra, trong dd:
- Didn tich dit hi thoai hda nang la 71.520 ha, chidm 14,48% didn tich dieu tra, phan bd nhidu tren dia ban tiianh phd Mdng Cai 11.337 ha, huyen Ba Che 7.774 ha va huydn Tien Yen 10.694 ha.
+ Didn tich dit san xult ndng nghiep bi thoai hda nang la 9.019 ha, chidm 15,14% dien tieh dat didu tra cic loai dit.
+ Dien tich dit lam nghidp bi thoai hda nang la 44.780 ha, chiem 12,74% didn tich didu h-a eac loai dat.
+ Dien tieh dat nudi ti-dng thiiy san bi thoai hda nang la 3.477 ha, chiem 13,38% didn tieh didu tia cac loai diL
+ Dien tich dit bang chua su dung bi thoai hda nang la 3.892 ha, chidm 13,57% didn tich didu tra cac loai d i t
+ Didn tich dit ddi niii chua sir dung hi thoai hda nang II 10.352 ha. chidm 36,88% di^n tieh dieu b ^ cac loai d i t
- Didn tich dit bi thoai hda tnmg bmh la 185.501
124 N O N G NGHIEP V A PHAT TRIEN N O N G THON - KY 2 - THANG 3/2020
KHOA HOC C 6 N G NGHfi
ha, ehidm 37,56% didn tieh didu ti^, phan bd nhidu tren dia ban cae huydn Hoanh Bd 46.786 ha, Tidn Yen 22.946 ha, Binh Udu 18.912 ha, Ba Chd 19.813 ha.
+ Didn tich dat san xult ndng nghiep hi thoai hda trung binh la 9.353 ha, chidm 15,71% di^n tich dieu tra cae loai dit.
+ Dien tieh dit lam nghidp hi thoai hda trung binh II 147.117 ha, ehidm 41,84% dien tich dieu tra cac loai dit.
+ Didn tich d i t nudi trdng thuy san hi thoai hda trung binh II 7.675 ha, chiem 29,52% didn tieh dieu tra cac loai dat,
+ Didn tich dit bang chua sir dung bi thoai hda trung binh la 12.697 ha, chidm 44,30% didn tich dieu tra eac l o ^ dit.
+ Dien tieh d i t ddi nui ehua su dung bi thoai hda trung binh la 8.659 ha, chidm 30,85% dien tich didu tra cac loai dit.
- Tdng didn tich dit bi thoai hda nhe la 165.231 ha, chidm 33,45% didn tich didu ti-a phan bd nhieu tidn dia ban cac huydn Ba Che 23.198 ha, Hoanh Bd 20.458 ha v l tiii xa Dong Tridu 20.931 ha, ti-ong dd:
+ Dien tieh dat san xult ndng nghiep bi thoai hda nhe la 29.621 ha, ehidm 49,74% didn tieh didu ti-a cac loai dit.
+ Didn tich dat lam nghiep bi thoai hda nhe la 125.830 ha, chiem 35,78% didn tich dieu ti-a cac loai dat.
+ Didn tieh dat nudi trdng thuy san hi thoai hda nhe la 2.287 ha, chidm 8,80% dien tich dieu tra cac loai d i t
+ Dien tieh dit bing ehua su dung bi thoai hda nhe la 2.040 ha, chiem 7,12% dien tieh didu tra eac loai dat.
+ Dien tieh d i t ddi mii ehua sii dung bi thoai hda nhe la 5.453 ha, chiem 19,42% dien tich dieu tra cac loai dit.
Hinh 1. Bin dd tholi hda dit k^ diu tinh Quing Ninh
3.3. Mot sd nguydn nhan v l giai phip nhlm gilm thidu thoai hda dat tr6n dia ban tinh Quang Ninh
3.3.1. Mpt sd nguyen nhan chinh din dSi thoai hda dattrSn (fe ban tinh Quang Ninh
* Nguyen nhan tir didu kidn tu nhien Quang Nmh la tinh cd dien tieh ddi mii Idn, ed ydu td khi hau (dae biet la lugng mua, nhiet do, dp Im, luang bdc hoi) phan hda manh theo dac diem dia hinh; ddng thdi Quang Ninh eo 1 mat giap bien vdi eae dac diem vd hai van, tiiuy van phiie tap. Su tac ddng tdng hgp eiia nhimg yeu td tren la nguyen nhan true tidp gay ra tinh trang thoai hda dat bieu hien d cac loai hinh thoai boa dae trung nhu dat hi xdi mdn d vimg ddi nui; dat bi man hda, dat hi phen boa d viing ddng bang, ven bidn.
* Nguyen nhan tir quan ly, khai thac tai nguydn d i t dai
Thoai hda dat do nguyen nhan tir viec khai thac su dung dat bieu hien chu yeu thdng qua qua trinh quan ly, su dung d i t dac bidt la qua trinh chuydn ddi tir dat ndng nghiep sang dat phi ndng nghidp, tii chuyen ddi ndi bd trong dat ndng nghiep ma chu yeu la khai thac rung va phat tnen nudi trdng thuy san;
qua trinh xay dung va van hanh he thdng thiiy lgi phue vu san xult.
* Quan ly, khai thac tai nguyen khoang san Quang Nmh cd ngudn tai nguydn khoang san phong phii, da dang, cd nhieu loai dac thii, tru lugng Idn, chat lugiig cao: than, cao lanh, dat set, cat thuy tinh, da vdi, .... Trong dd, dang ke nhit la 90% tiii luong than cua ca nude thudc vd tinh Quang Ninh, day chinh la dac diem hmh thanh viing cdng nghiep khai thac than tii rat sdm. Tuy nhien, hoat ddng khai thac than ludn cd nhiing didn bien phiic tap, gay tae dpng xau den nhidu lmh vue, trong do dang kd nhit la nhung tac ddng tieu cue ddi vdi lop phu thd nhuong.
Khai thac than trong nhidu nam qua da gay ra nhung tac ddng xlu vd mdi trudng. Dac biet, nhung bidn ddi dia hinh va canh quan didn ra chu ydu d khu vue khai thac Id thien.
3.3.2. Mpt sd giai phap giam tiiieu tiioai hda dat tien dia ban tinh Quang Ninh
- Han chd tdi miic thap nhit viec ehuyen dat ndng nghidp cd chat lugng cao sang cac muc dich NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 3/2020 125
KHOA HOC CdNG NGHfi phi ndng nghidp; xac dinh ranh gidi va cdng khai
dien tich dit trdng liia, dat rimg phdng hd, dit rimg dac dung cin bao ve nghiem ngat; td chiie quan ly, giam sat chat ehe quy hoach phat tridn khu cdng nghidp, dat co sd san xult kinh doanh, dit cho boat ddng khai thac khoang san,...
- Tnen khai cd hidu qua eac chinh sach hd tra khoanh nudi tai smh cd h-dng rimg bd sung, trdng rimg san xult, phat trien lam san ngoai gd tiieo Nghi dinh sd 75/2015/ND-CP ngay 09/9/2015 cua Chinh phu ve ea ehe, chinh sach bao ve va phat tridn rimg gin vdi chinh sach giam ngheo nhanh, bdn viing va hd h-p' ddng bao dan tdc thidu sd giai doan 2015 - 2020.
Thue hien cac bidn phap h-dng rimg theo hinh thiic ndng - lam kdt hop fren dit ddc, han che vide khai thac tring ddi vdi rimg san xult de chdng xdi mdn, rua trdi, sat Id dat Bao ve nghiem ngat dien tich rimg phdng hd diu ngudn va cae vdn rimg hien cd. Diy manh trdng rung, khoanh nudi tai sinh riing phu xanh dat trdng ddi niii trpe lam tang dp che phu eua rimg.
- Thuc hidn quan ly va su dung dit theo diing quy hoach, kd hoach su dung dit da dupe tham dinh.
- Giai phap vd thiiy lgi: Dd bio ve, cai tao, giam thidu tiioai hda dit cin thidt phai thuc hien ddng bg cae giii phap, bao gdm ca giai phap ve thuy lgi.
+ Ddi vdi eae khu vue da cd he thdng thuy lgi ein kidm tra kha nang van hanh, danh gia nang lue tudi, tieu, kha nang tru nude; han chd tdi da tinh trang dit thieu nuoc canh tac, nudi trdng thiiy san din ddn dit hi khd ban, bi man hoa, phen hda.
+ Ddi vdi khu vuc chua cd he thdng thiiy lgi can kdt hgp kdt qua danh gia thoai hda dit vdi dieu tra, danh gia kha nang trdng trot, tir dd xac dinh cac khu vuc dit bi thoai hoa cd kha nang trdng trot de keu gpi dau tu xay dung he thdng thuy lgi dam bao cung cap du nude eho trdng trot, tir dd can bang nude dugc thidt lap, gilm thidu tinh trang dit bi khd han.
+ Nang cap elc hd chiia da ed, xay dung them mdt sd hd dap ed quy md Idn d elc khu vuc dat trdng trpt dang hi khd han de tang kha nang giii, cIp nude tudi cho cay ti-dng (nhu hd Luong Ky - huyen Hoanh Bd. hd Khe Giira, hd Bing Tay - thanh phd Cam Pha, hd Tai Chi - huydn Hai Ha, hd Da Cdng - thanh phd Udng Bi;...). Hoan thien, ddng bd hd thdng de bidn, dd sdng; nang cao kha nang chdng bao, Iii ciia ca he
tiidng; giam nhe miic anh hudng cua Quen tai. Dau tu nang d p va lam mdi 110 km de, frong do eo 100 km dd bidn va 10 km dd sdng.
- Tang cudng nghien ciiu, chuyen giao khoa hgc, cdng nghd, tidn bd ky thuat phuc vu phat trien ndng, lam nghiep va thuy san.
4 . KET LUAN
Quang Ninh la tinh tiiuoc vung ddng bing sdng Hdng cd dia hinh chii ydu la doe, chia cit m ^ ; khi hau phan hda theo hai mua rd r e t miia mua ed lirgng mua lon tap trung va ndng, miia ddng lanh it mua co ban nhe theo tidu khu vue. Tai nguyen dat va rimg kha phong phii cimg he thdng sdng, ngdi phiic tap, frong dieu kien anh huong kha rd net eiia bidn ddi khi hau da tao cho dat Quang Ninh dd hi thoai hda, nhat la d loai hinh xdi mdn dit do mua.
Ket qui dieu fra thoai hda dat tai dia ban tinh Quang Nmh eho thIy:
- Dit ndng nghidp ed 379.159,0 ha dat hi tiioii hda, chidm 86,73% di^n tich didu tra elc loai dat, trong do dat san xuat ndng nghiep co 47.993 ha dit bi thoai hda; dit lam nghiep cd 317.727 ha hi thoai hda; dat nudi frdng thuy san ed 13.439 ha dit hi thoai hda.
- Dit ehua su dung cd 43.093,0 ha dat bi tiioii hda, chidm 9,26% didn tich didu fra cae lo?i dat trong dd d i t bing ehua su dung ed 18.629 ha dit bi thoai hda; dit ddi nui chua sir dung ed 24.464 ha d^t bi thoai hda.
Nguyen nhan tholi hda dit bao gdm 2 nhom nguyen nhan chinh:
- Nguyen nhan tu nhien: anh hudng cua khi h^u va bidn ddi khi hau, anh hudng eua dia hinh, Inh hirdng eiia thiiy van, hai van.
- Nguydn nhan tir sir dung dit ciia eon ngudi:
cdng tac quan ly, su dung d a t quan ly, khai thac tai nguyen rimg; quan ly khai thac tai nguydn d i t ap luc su dung dit (do tang trudng kinh td va gia tang dan sd).
Giai phap ban ehe qua frinh thoai hda dit phuc vu quan ly su dung dat ben vimg.
Cac bidn phap, giai phap khic phuc tholi hoa dit dugc dd xuat bao gdm:
• cac giai phap quan iy, sii dung dat; ea chd chinh sich; quy hoach, ke hoaeh su dung d i t quan ly tii nguydn dit: thuy lgi; ling dunjr, chuyen giao 126 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 3/2020
KHOA HOC C 6 N G NGHfi
khoa hgc cdng nghd. va vung Bong Nam bd phuc vu quan lysudinjg dat ben - Cac giai phap ky thuat frong phdng chdng suy " ^ ' •
tiioai dit va phue hdi dit tiioli hda. 4. Vidn Quy hoach va Thidt kd Ndng nghiep (2005).
Tlii UEU TTUM KHAO Bin do va bao cao thuyet minh du an "BiSu tra bd 1. Bd Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng (2012). TTiong '""^' ' ' * * * 'r^'iydungbin dd ddt tinh Quang Ninh tu 14/2012/Tr-BTOMT quy dinh ky thuSt didu tra "^^OOS^yIt 1/100.000'.
thoai hda dit. ^- SdTai nguydn va Mdi trudng tinh Quang Ninh o r>-T-' _ • • ^A" ^^ (•^MA\ tn-A (2016). Bao cao thuydt minh, sd lieu thdng kd dit dai 2. Bo Tai nguyen va Moi hirong (2014). Thdng , O^M/-^ U ^ „T ,
J or/o/in/T^rmitxrf'T^ ^ 1 , - ^-* t_ uam JOlo tuih Quang Nmh.
tu sd 35/2014/TT-BTTVlMT quy dinh viee dieu tra, ^ &
danh gia dat dai. 6- SdTai nguyen va Mdi tnrdng tinh Quang Nmh n o - ^ r . J t _ . r ^ ' T : ^ ' s ^ - - * (2017). Bao cao toug hop kdt qua tiu an tiicu tra thoai 3. Trung tam Dieu ti-a, Danh gia tai nguydn dat , , / . , , , , , . ^ , T^ ; . , ,
„„,-, n ' j j • u' •4.-' u 1 -.. - A • iin-' noa dat ky dau tmh Quang Nmh.
(2016). Ban do va WID cao tong hgp ket qua du an "fJ/eu -^ &
tra, danh gia thoai hoa dat vung dong bdng sdng Hdng
CURRENT SrrUATION AND SOLUTIONS TO REDUCE SOIL DEGRADATION IN QUANG NINH PROVINCE
Tran Thi Hien', Khuong Manh Ha\ Dmh Thi Thu Trang\ Tran Manh Cong^
^Bac Giang Agriculture and Forestry University
^Land investigation and planning center - General department of land administration Summary
This study aims to support Quang Ninh provmce's state management agency in grasping the situation, ti'ends and causes of land degradation; then propose soluUons in sustainable land use and land management in this province. The research results show that in the total provmce surveyed area of 493,903 hectares, there are 422,252 hectares degraded (accounting for 85.49% of the surveyed area), in which 379,159.0 hectares agriculture soil, accounting for 86.73% of the surveyed area of this soil type, 43,093.0 hectares unused soil, accounting for 9.26% of the surveyed area of this soil type. The main cause of soil degradation in Quang Nmh province is due to natural conditions, land management and use. and resource exploitation.
Keywords: Land management, soil degradation, soit types, sustainable land use, type of degradation.
Ngudd phan bidn: TS. Bid Huy Hidn Ngiy nhin bii: 30/12/2019 Ngay thdng qua phln bidn: 30/01/2020 Ngay duydt dang: 6/02/2020
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 3/2020
