CHU NGHIA KHUNG BO VA CUOC CHIEN CHONG CHU N G H I A
KHUNG BO Cl DONG NAIVI A:
THlJC TRANG VA TRIEN VONG
NGUYEN ANH TUAN*
T
YUdc sU kien 11/9/2001, cdc quoc gia Bong Nam A thUc su chidi quan tdm. nhiiu d^n chU nghia khdng b6, cho dii dd xay ra nhiiu sU viec nghidm trong.Nhdng hi til khi My phdt dpng cube chi^n ch6ng khiing bd', coi Dong Nam- A la mat tran thti hai chong khung bo thi cdc niCac trong khu vdc mat thuc sU quan tdm den chu nghia khdng bd'. Bdi viet ndy tap trung nghiSn cdu ui hien trang Hoi gido, mdi quan M gida Hoi giao va chd nghia khung bd tren the gidi noi chung vd d khu uUc Ddng Nam A ndi riSng.
1. Chu n g h i a k h u n g bd' v a Hoi giao
1.1. ChU nghia khung ho Chu nghia khung bo' la mot vd'n de bet sQc phQc tap, mgt hien tflcmg tdn tai trong lich suf nhan loai tCf sdm. Tbuat ngi? "chu nghia khijng bo"^ (terrorism) lan dau tifin dupc su! dung vdo nam 1798 bdi nha triet hpc ngubi DiJfc Immanuel Kant. Nhiing cho tdi nay, trong gidi hpc thuat cung nhfl cac
nbd hoach dinh cbinh sach cbn co nhilu each hieu khac nhau ve khai nifim nay.
Tuy nhien, cac nha Jshoa hpc deu tho'ng nha't xac tiinh mot so' dac diem chung noi bat cua khijng bd: do Id nhdng hdnh ddng sd dung bao hic, hodc de doa sU dung bao luc, CO tinh todn trddc nham dot ddac nhiing muc tieu cu thi, thdng thiicmg Id muc tieu chinh tri.
Sau bie'n co 11/9/2001, chu nghia khung bo' da thuc su trd thanh mdt van de toan cau ldn tren tbe gidl, la mpt trong nhQng mo'i de doa ldn nhat cho cdc quo'c gia. Bcfi vay, Tong Thong fVIy va mpt so' chinh khach phflcfng Tay da cong khai tuyen chien vdi chu nghia khiang bo - nhong dong thbi xac dinh day khong phai la cugc chie'n chdng ngUcti A Rap hoac chdng nhong ngubi Hdi giao. Trong khi do, doi vdi Osama Bin Laden va nhiSng ngUbi tbeo ong ta thi day Id cupc chie'n tranh tdn giao - mdt cupc chie'n tranh cua dao Hoi chdng lai nhOtig ke ngoai dao (infidels, unbeliev- ers). Va vi the dflcfng nbien Hoi giao phai
* PGS.TS. Nguyen Anh TuEin, Tap chi Nghign ciJu Quo'c te, Ba Ngoai giao.
Nghien ciht Ddng Nam A, so 10/2015 •
ers). Va vi the' dUong nhien Hoi giao phai chdng lai IMy vi My la nUdc ldn nha't trong the gidi ngoai dao.
Trong mgt cuo'n bang video dUPc pho bien trfin dai truyen hinh ngay 7/10/2001, Osama Bin Ladin noi de'n "nhflng dieu si nhuc ma Hoi giao phai chiu trong hctti 80 nam qua".
Ngdy 23/2/1998, td nhdt bao bang tie'ng A Rap xud't ban tai Luan Don da dang
"Ban Tuyfin Ngon cua Mat Trgn The Gidi Hoi giao keu gpi Thanh Chien chd'ng Do Thai va Thap Tu Quan" c6 chu" ky cua Osama Bin Ladin va nhOTng ngUdi lanh dao cac nhom Thanh chie'n cf Ai Cap, Pakistan vd Bangladesh. Ban tuyen ngon md d^u b^ng cac Icfi trich dan tiS ldnh Koran va lbi cua nha tien tri Muhammad. Ban tuyen nggn cbn buoc tgi My, cho rang My cfldp pha tai nguyen va si nhuc nhan dan cac nUdc A rap, gay ra cac cuoc chien tranh d Trung Dong va chia re cac nude Hoi giao.
Ban tuyen ngon ket luan rang: ro rang My Id ke da chdng lai Allah, chdng lai tien tri cua Ngai va cac tin do Hoi giao. Do do, Thanh chie'n da trd thanh mot bon phan ca nban (a personal duty) cua moi ngQdi Hoi giao. Pban cudi ding, cung la phan quan trong nha't cua ban tuyen ngon, keu goi toan tbe tin do Hoi giao "hay giet ngUbi My va dong minh, ke ca dan sU ldn quan sU, Id nghia vu ca nhan cua moi tin do Hoi giao tai moi quoc gia"'^'. Dieu bat lpi cho My la dfl luan rpng rai trong the' gifli Hoi giao chap nban quan niem cho rkng My la ke chu muu xam lan Iraq. Phan dong cac tin do Hoi gido ngay nay co xu hudng tan thanh ban tuyen ngon keu gpi Tbanh
chifi'n chd'ng My.
Tuy nhifin, hifin nay My Id mot sidu cQdng ve nhieu mgt trfin thfi' gidi. Cdc dong minh cua My nhQ Anh va Israel cung Id nhOUg cQcfng quoc quan sU. Trong khi do, tuyet dai da s5' cdc tin dd H6i gido deu thupc the' gidi thu" ba gdm cac nfldc ngheo nho Bangladesh, Pakistan, An Dp, cdc nudc A Rap, chau Phi vd Trung A. Nan ngheo ddi va tha't hgc la hai can benb tram kha ciia the' gidi dao Hoi. Do do, d l thiJc hien ^upc t h a n h chifi'n chdng My va dong minh, the' gidi H6i giao khdng the ebon con dubng nao khac hcfn Id chu nghia khung bo'. Chu nghia khung bd' la mgt hinh thQc chien tranh cua ke yfi'u chd'ng lai ke thu ldn manh hcfn minh de ton tai.
1.2 Hoi gido
Dai da s6' cac tin do Hoi giao Id nhijng pban tfl on hba chef khong phai Id nhflng ke bao thu cflc doan. Dai da so' cac ph^n tfl bao thu cyc doan cung khfing phai la nhijftig ke khung bfi'. Tuy nhi&n, hdu hit nhdng ke khung bo hi&n nay tr&n thi gidi deu la nhdng tin do Hoi gido! Do la m6t siJ that khgng ai c6 tbe phu nhdn. Do do, van de dope dat ra Id: Phai chang chu nghia khung bd' co lien hfi vdi giao ly dao Hoi? Tfl cac to chQc khung bo' nhd d Saudi Arabia, Ai Cap, Indonesia, Philippines, Palestme cho den to chdc khung bo' ldn nhfl Al- Qaeda c6 tam boat dpng quo'c te', tat ca deu tfl xUng la nhCttig tin do cua dao Hoi chinb tho'ng (authentic Islam). Tat ca deu "thanh boa" cac hanh vi khijng bo' cua minh bang each ddn chQng nhijttig cau thcf trong kinb Koran hoac nhiJng lbi noi cua giao chu Muhammad trong cac sacb Hadiths.
Nguyin Anh Tuan - ChU nghta khung bovd cupc chien chd'ng chu nghia ichung bo... 5
Cdc td chQc khung bo' cua dao Hoi khong phai mdi xua't hien trong thdi gian gan day ma thuc sQ da xu^t hifin tQ the' ky 11 tai Iran vd Syria'^'. Tuy nhien, khac vdi cac to chQc khung bd thbi xQa, cdc t6 chQc khung bd' ngay nay rd't coi thfldng sQ sat hai cdc thubng ddn v6 tpi. Hcfn the' nQa, dubng nhu hp coi cdc thudng dan v6 tpi la muc tieu chinh, bcfi le cdng c6 nhiiu nan nhan che't trong mpt vu khung bo' ho cang dat dupc tie'ng vang ldn trong dU luan va cang gay dupc su sp hai cho d6'i phuong. Hp coi do Id mpt chie'n thang ve tam ly (apsy- chological victory)'*'.
Bat dau tQ thap nien 1980, cac vu khdng bd' leo thang dfldi hinh thflc 6m bom tu sat (suicide bombing). Cac vu khung bo' tu sat dQpc kbdi dau tQ nam 1982 vdi nhdm khung bd' Hamas va Hizbulla d Palestine va Li Bang nham chfing Israel.
Cac phfin td khung bo' tfl sat thUbng dflpc tuyen md trong so' cac thanh nien tre tuoi va ngheo, sd'ng vat vu'dng trong cac trai ty nan*^\ Giao ly Hoi giao tQ xa xQa vdn coi hanh dong tU sat Id mdt trong tpi va ke tU sat se bi phat bkng lufa hda nguc. Nhung ngay nay, hanh vi dm bom t y sdt lai dupc cac gido Sl Hoi giao giai thich la sy hy sinh trong cugc Tbanb chie'n nen ngflbi ty sat phai dupc coi la "thdnh tuf dao!"'^'.
Sau bie'n cd 9/11, gidi tri thu'c Hoa Ky khong xet doan Hoi giao qua hanh dgng cua cdc nhdm khung bd', nhQng xet doan Hdi giao qua nhCfng dilu dupc thuyet giang trong kinh Koran, trong truyen thd'ng Hoi giao (Islamic tradition) va trong cac hoc thuyfi't cua cac nhom Hoi giao cyc doan. Vi nhQ: Truyen tho'ng Hoi giao dupc tao
thdnh do cdc sdch Hadiths vd cdc sdch Sunnas. Hadiths ghi cbep cac ldi noi vd hanh dpng ciia Muhammad. Sunna la sdch siiU tam cdc bdi giang noi tie'ng cua cdc gido si H&i gido qua nhieu the' ky. Truyen thfi'ng Hoi gido tia hinh thdnh nhiihg quan niem dac bipt trong dbi sd'ng cua cdc tin do. Cac nQde Hoi giao quan nifim ton giao vd chinh tri Id mgt, do dd luat phap Hoi giao (sharia) ludn luon chi pho^i mpi khia canh cua ddi so'ng toan ddn. Cac y niem ve
"dan chu" va "nhan quyln" la nhQng dieu xa la trong cdc nudc Hoi gido. Hau het cdc nUdc Hoi giao deu ngan cam dan cua ho dSi dao vdi nhOftig hinh phat he't sQc ngng ne.
Nhiem vu cua the gidi Hdi giao la phai truyen ba dao Hoi de'n toan the nhan loai bang mpi phflcfng tien ke ca chie'n tranb.
Muc tieu cua dao Hoi la sy hieu bie't v§
Thien Chua Allah phai bao trum trdi da't nhQ nudc bao trum dai dflcfng*'^'.
Mpt trong nhOftig quan niem dac bifit mang tinh chat cue doan nguy hiem cua dao Hoi la Dao Hoi chia the' gidi thanh hai khu vQc: (i) Khu vyc Hoi giao (Dar al- Islam/Land of Islam), con dflpc goi la Nen Hba Binh Hoi giao (Pax Islamica). Cac nUcfc Hoi giao deu trcf thanh anh em nen khdng dupc ddnh pha ldn nhau. Khu vyc Hoi giao pbai dUpc sdng trong hoa binh; (ii) Khu vyc ngoai dao (Dar al-Harb/Land of unbelievers) dUpc kinh Koran dinh nghia la khu vyc cua nhCfng ke "theo sQ sai lam". Ta't ca nhong ke ngoai dao deu dang bi chat dau hoac bi bo tu!*^' Theo sU udc lUpng cua cdc chuyen vien cbo'ng khung bfi' thi cac thanh phfin cyc doan chi chiem 15% trong tong sd cac tin do Hoi giao ma thoi. Tuy nhifin,
Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A, so 10/2015 i t6ng so' tin d6 15% co nghia Id trong thi"
gidi H6i gido hipn c6 200 trigu ke sSn sdng pham tpi ae ch&ig lai nhdn loai.
2. H o i g i a o v a c h i i n g h i a k h u n g b o t ^ i D d n g N a m A
2.1 Hoi giao tgi Bong Nam A Theo lich suf Hdi giao thi dao nay tia dope truyen ba vdo An D8 vd Trung Quo'c ngay tQ giila thfi' ky 7, tQc trong nhimg nam dfiu khi ton gido mdi ra ddi. Vai trb truyin dao chu yfi'u do nhQng ngQdi Thd Nhi Ky noi tie'ng Ba Tfl (The Persianate Turks) vi hp la nhOhg ngu'cfi theo dao Hdi rfit sdm. Cdc nQde Trung A, Bac An vd phia Tay Bdc Trung Quoc da bi dao H6i chinh phuc b^ng cdc dodn ky binh Thd Nhi Ky hieu chie'n hie'u sat. Trai lai, mien dong Trung Quo'c va cac dao Ilidi Binh DQcfng da dQdc dao H6i chinh phuc bdi cac dodn thuong gia A Rgp giau co, khdn ngoan vd 6n hba. Nhu vdy, H6i giao xufit phdt tiJf ban dao A Rap vdo dau the' ky 7, nhupg de'n nay cac qug'c gia c6 so' tin do Hdi giao dong nha't the' gidi lai la nhOng nUdc cf Dong Nam A. Cu the Innh hinh H6i giao tai cac nudc nay nhfl sau:
Indonesia
Indonesia Id da't nUdc theo dao Hoi cd ' so' ddn dong nhfi't vdi tin do Hoi giao (phdi Sunni) chie'm 88% ddn s6'. NhiJng thuong gia Hoi giao A Rgp da de'n giang dao tai Indonesia tfl thfi' ky 8 nhUng khong co ke't qua trUorc cdc anh hudng sau dfim cua An Giao tai viJng da't nay. Phai dpi de'n the'ky 15, mpt big'n cd' ldn lao da xay dfi'n ldm thay doi tinh hinh dat nddc ndy. Do la sy
kifin vua Raden Patah theo dao Hoi da ra lgnh cho todn tiao Java phdi bo dao Hindu de theo dao Hoi t a p the. Chi trong mgt thdi gian ngdn, vua Patah da bifi'n dai dao Java thdnh mot vifcfng quoc Hoi gido (Islamic Kingdom) dfiu tifin tai chfiu A.
Nam 1568, vua tiao Sumatra (dao ldn tM hai trong quan dao Indonesia) Id Al- Quahbar ra lenh cho todn dan tren dao phai theo dao H6i. Sau d6 hai tiao ldn nay va cac dao khac thd'ng nhfit lai tao thdnh mgt nfldc Indonesia co so' tin do H6i gido ldn nha't thfi' gidi nhU hien nay.
O Indonesia hien t6n tai nhuhg t6 chflc Hoi gido ngfim, dac biet la Jemaah Islamiyah (JI), nh6m cd lifin quan din Al- Qaeda. TS chQc co muc tifiu dyng Ifin sieu cudng Hoi giao Nusantara, bao triJm cac lanh thd Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, mien nam Philippines vd Thai Lan co dan cQ chu yfi'u Id ngudi Hoi gifio, cung nhU mot phan lanh tho Uc. Jemaah Islamiyah chiu trach nhifim r a i nhilu vu nS, tap trung cbo'ng ngudi khfic tdn gido d cac nfldc dflcfc neu. Khet tie'ng nhfit Id vu danh bom tren dao Bah nam 2002, gifi't che't htm 200 ngudi. Mac du cac thu linh ctja to chQc da lan lupt bi bat, Jemaah Islamiyah vfin tie'p tuc cupc dfiu tranh va md'i de dpa khung bo d Indonesia chUa dUdc loai bd*^l Thij linh J I la Abu Bakar Bashir - nam 2011 bi k^t toi khung bd', vdi hinh phat la 15 nam tu giam ~ trung tuan thang 8/2014 da ra mgt tuyen bfi' tQ n h a giam Id cam ket tnmg thanh vdi n h a nude H6i giao tfl xUhg (IS) vd thu linh Abu Bakr al-Baghdadif^"'.
Ngofii ra, tai Aceh, phia bac dao Sumatra cung t6n tai mot phong trdo ly khai khd
Nguyen Anh Tudn - Chu nghia khung bo vd cupc chien chd'ng chu nghia khiing bo... 7
manh. Mpt s6' td bao cua Indonesia dQa tin hoi thang 7^^015 rang nhflJig tay sting tror v4 tif Iraq vd Syria dang thfinh lap cdc chi nhfinh IS tai Jakarta, trung vdi thdi dilm mdt so' ke khung bo' J I dQdc ra tu. S Q trdi dgy eua chu nghia s6-vanh Sunni is Indonesia dang dac bifit trd nen bao lyc, vdi mgt loat cudc t a n cdng nhkm vfio nhQng ngUdi H6i giao dbng Shi'ite cung n h a nhijfng ngUcfi theo cfic tdn giao khfic, nhfit lfi nhiJng ngUM, Cct do'c giao.
Malaysia
Dao Hoi xam nhap Ma Lai tQ cuo'i the' ky 7, tuy nhifin chi co mpt so' it dfin theo dao nay ma thoi. Ma Lai bat tiau duac ca thfi' gidi chu y khi hai cang Malacca tU y bifi'n thanh "Hai cang ty do" vao nam 1400.
Nam 1413, ong hoang Paramesvara cai tri Malacca theo dao Hdi khie'n cho nhieu ngudi dan Ma Lai cung bfit chUdc theo dao Hdi rfit dong. Hien nay vol so' tian theo tiao Hdi tai Malaysia chie'm 62% tian s6'. Dao Hoi dQpc coi la Quo'c giao ciia dat nudc nay.
Tif luc dupc ddc lap dfi'n nay, Malaysia luon luon dUcfc lanh dao bdi cfic chinh quyen Hdi gifio cho dfi'n hien nay.
Philippines
Dao Hoi da dUpc du n h a p vfio Phihppines do mpt hoan canh dac biet cua lich suf. Do la bie'n co' quan Mong Co danh chie'm thu dfi Baghdad cua Iraq vao ndm 1258. Nhieu hpc gia Hoi gifio Iraq da dung thuyen chay tro'n va cufi'i cung ho da lUO lac dfi'n cfic dao phia Nam Philippines. Ho giang dao cho dan cac dao nfiy va da dQpc dfin tiao ton trpng nhQ cac vi thdnh. Sau khi chfi't, cfic vi thanh Hoi giao da dflpc
dfin dia phucfng mai tfing vd xfiy ca't nhiSig ngdi mfi ra't dep. Hp bifi'n nhOftig ngdi mp ndy thfinh nhiing tiia ttilm hfinh hUcfng cho khdch thdp phuong dfi'n kinh vi^hg*^^*.
Sau 3 the' ky dao H6i ton tai vd phat trien tren qufin dao Phihppines thi quan ddo ndy bi Tay Ban Nha chifi'm vao thfi' ky 16. Vua Tay Ban Nha Iuc dd lfi Phihp rd't sung dao Cdng gifio da r a Ipnh cho quan dfii dflng bao lyc cu9ng ep dan Philippines theo dao Cfing gido'i^). Nam 1896, hai qudn My danh chiein Philippines tQ tay Tdy Ban Nha. T6ng thong My luc do la Mc Kinley ra't sijng dao Tin Lfinh da ap dyng cbinh sach vifa du do vQa cU9ng ep ngiJ&i H6i gifio Phi cai dao sang Tin Ldnh. NgQdi H&i giao d Sulu phat dfing cufic chifi'n tranh cbo'ng My keo dai 18 nam (1896-1914) gay nhieu ton tha't cho My. Chinh quyen My thay doi chinh sfich bang each tli dan Cfing gifio tCf khap ncfi trong nUdc de'n dinh cfl tai cfic dao mien Nam tQ nam 1915 de'n 1939 (24 nam Hen) nhfim tao cdc vCmg xfii dau d l pha v3 tinh d&ng nha't cua cac cdng d&ng H&i giao.
Bat dau tif 1968, ngQdi Hoi gido tai mien Nam Phihppines t l chQc cac cupc khdng bo dan Cdng giao. Nam 1973, dan tpc ldn nhat d mien Nam lfi Moro thdnh lap "Mat Trdn Giai Phong Dan Tpc Moro"
(The Moro National Liberation Front, MNLF). Nhieu nQde Hoi giao tren khap thfi' gidi tich cyc ung hp vfi tai trp cho Mat Tran nay. Ngodi ra, mpt so' t l chflc khung bfi' H&i giao khac ciJng dflpc lap ra, dac bifit CO Abu Sayyaf (Ngiidi cka cda thanh kii'm) dupc thanh lap tQ 1990 da thuc hien nhieu vu dfinh bom, bfit coc vfi gie't ngubi dfldi
Nghien cim Nam A, so 10/2015,^
chieu bai dfi'u tranh cho mfit nhfi node Hoi gido dpc lgp d mien Tay fVIindanao vfi quan dao Sulu. Dfldi chinh quyen cua Tong thfi'ng Marcos trong thfip nifin 1970, cupc nfii chien tan khoe da then ra giQa dfin Cdng gifio vfi Hoi gifio tai dao Mindanao.
Sau dfi, chinh quyen Aquino da phai ky kfi't vdi ngudi Hoi gifio Mintianao mpt hiep tiinh cong nhan "quy chfi' ty tri". Tuy nhifin, tQ 1986, nhuhg ngfldi H&i giao cflc doan khong hai ldng vcfi quy che tfl tri nay da ty dong thanh lap mpt iQc iQPng vu trang ch&ng chinh phu vdi 40.000 tay sung va gay kinh hodng cho dan chung tai Mindanao. Bdi vay, vung nay dUpc gpi la
"Bosnia cua A Chau".
Tdm lai. Hoi gido da de'n vdi Indonesia, Malaysia vfi Philippines qua sy truyen giao Clia cfic dofin tbUOng gia A Rdp, co truy&n thong tucmg do'i fin hba, khdc vdi Hoi giao da de'n vdi tieu luc dia An Dp "bang cdc dau chfin cua nhiing doan quan vien chinh".
2.2. Chu nghia khiing bo tgi Bong NomA
Trddc so kifin 11/9/2001, cfic quo'c gia Dong Nam A thyc sy chUa quan tam nhieu den chii nghia khung bd', cho du da xay ra nhieu sy viec nghiem trpng. Nhflng ke tQ khi My phfit dpng cufic chifi'n chd'ng khiing bfi', coi Dong Nam A Id mat tran thQ hai cho'ng khiing b& thi cac nUdc trong khu vyc mdi thflc sQ quan tam dfi'n chu nghia khung bo'.
TrQcfc hg't, khung bfi' d khu vyc Ddng Nam A gan lien vdi chu nghia ly khai Hoi gifio. Cfic phong trfio ly khai dfin tfie Hoi giao d Dong Nam A diu to chQc lyc iQpng
vu trang chuyfin tie'n hdnh cac boat dfing khung bo'. Cfic to chdc chfnh tri, vii trang thudng t y nhan dai di$n cho y chi vd nguyfin vpng cua dfin tpc phi chu t h i trong cac boat dpng ly khai. NgQdi Aceh 6 Indonesia cd phong trao Aceh ty do (GAM) va quan dfii qud'c gia Aceh; ngflbi Ma Lai 6 Nam Thai Lan cd T l chQc giai phdng thong nha't Pattani (Poulo) vfi Phong trfio du kich Hoi gido Pattani; ngudi Moro d Philippin c6 MNLF, Mat tran giai phdng Hoi giao Moro (MILF) va nhom lyc iQpng vu trang Abu Sayyaf. Muc tlich tifi'n hfinh cac boat dfing khung bo' nham tao r a tinh trang bat on tiinh xa hfii, tao ra sflt ep chinh t n , tao ra dQ lufin qud'c tfi' n h ^ md rpng anh hUomg va nang cao cac gid tri ban than.
Dong Nam A bUdc vdo the' ky XXI vdi sy tiep tuc hoanh hfinh ciia cfic boat dfing bao lflc d nhieu ncfi, nha't la d Indonesia, Phihppines, Thai Lan. Trong vbng 5 ndm sau VU khiing bfi' 11/9/2001, so' cufic tan cfing khung bo' cf Dfing Nam A da gia tang gap ba lan so v6i 5 nam tnfdc*^^*. Ben canh cfic boat dfing khung bo' tren da't li&n, khung bo' dUdng bien cung dang trd nen nhQc nhfi'i d khu vQc Dfing Nam A. Co the thfiy, khiing bo' dUcfng biln dang thUc sif trcf nfin nghifim trpng vfi dang lUu tam d DQng Nam A hien nay vdi mfit loat phflcfng tifin dupc suf dung tuy theo bo'i canh, nbif:
xuong cam tfl, ngudi nhfii cam tfl, min va tham chl tfiu ngam t y tao.
Dac biet, gan day nha't, cac nQde Dong Nam A dang phai dfi'i mat vdi nguy cct khiing bo' tQ nhom IS, khi ngudi tian theo tiao Hoi trong khu vUc bi p h i l n quan tuyfin truyen, chieu mp vd hufi'n luyen. IS
NguySn Anh Tua'n - Chu nghta khdng bovd cupc chien chong chU nghia khung bo.,. 9
dang tim cfich ldp ra mfit nhd nQde H l i gifio cQc doan tai Syria vfi Iraq, vfi coi vific tfin sfit nhiftig ngu'cfi khdng theo dao H&i la niem tQ hao. Trong khi do, nhQ dd de cap d phan trfin, dac d i l m rieng cua Ddng Nam A lfi vung cd nhieu tin do Hoi giao nhfi't the gidi, DQng Nam A da t i ^ g la thfinh tri cua vu khung bfi' vu 11/9 vfi la lanh dia cua n h i l u phong trfio chifi'n tranh du kach H l i gifio hoat dfing m a n h vd d n h i l u nUdc, nhU m i l n Nam Thai Lan, m i l n Nam Phihppin (Mindanao) vfi d Indonesia (Molusques vfi Sulaweisi) (nhu da phan tich d phfin tren). Day ia dieu kifin tot de IS thu but tin d& tif cfic cfing d&ng H l i giao tai khu vyc Dfing Nam A.
Nhu vfiy, c6 the thay cfic nQde Dfing Nam A c6 dong tin d l H l i gifio dang do'i mat vdi nguy cd biing no cdc cupc tan cfing khung bo', nhat la khi nhQng thanh nifin
"cuong tin" cua hp trd ve tif Trung Dong.
Dac bifit dang quan ngai la nhOttig thanh nien nay (chii yfi'u tiJf Indonesia va Malaysia) tham gia IS t y xuhg. Ca IS va nhdm khiing b l tai Syria lfi Mat tran al- Nusrah diu n h a n thu'c rang Indonesia (vdi 88% dan so theo dao Hoi), Malaysia (62%
dfin so" theo dao Hoi), cfic qufi'e gia Dong Nam A khac co dong tin d l Hoi gifio nhu Thai Lan (khoang 7 trifiu ngUcfi, chii ye'u d mien Nam Thfii Lan giap vdi Malaysia), Phihppines (khoang 7 trifiu ngUoi) va Singapore (nufa trifiu) la nguon cung hOu dung cho viec tuyen mp nhfin lyc va hfi trp tfii chinh. Gan day, ca IS vfi Mat tran al- Nusrah deu cong bo nhQng bang hinh nham keu gpi sQ ung hfi cua nhflng ngydi Indonesia va Malaysia.
U nhieu ncfi trfin khfip Indonesia, nhQng nhdm nhd ngudi Hoi gifio tham gia chinh tri da "cdng khai cam kfi't 16ng trung thfinh" vdi IS. Phihppines cung phai dfi'i mat vdi mfi'i de dpa gid'ng nhQ Indonesia khi lflc iQpng tide nhipm hdn hgp ciia My tai Phihppines rut khoi nUdc nfiy. Nhiihg dpi qufin MILF vfi cdc nhdm chifi'n binh Hoi gifio vfin lfi mo'i de dpa t h i i bung len nhO&ig cang thfing ve ton gifio vd chia re flat nfldc. Tai Malaysia va cfic ncfi khfic d Dfing Nam A, viec tuyln dung chie'n binh cho IS dang then r a qua mang xa hpi, bao g&m ca Faeebook. Thyc tfi' cung cho thfiy, IS hipn "sd hfiu" ra^t nhilu chie'n binh ngQdi Indonesia vfi Malaysia da tham gia lyc lupng IS d Iraq vd Syria, chung ty thanh lap mfit phfin nhfinh rieng, cd tfin lfi
"Katiban Nusantara", hay cbn goi la "Dcfn vi chien dfiu qufin dao Malay". D6 lfi cbn chua ke mpt so t l chu'c cyc doan trong khu vUc cung tia cam ket trung thanh vdi IS.
Gidi chuyfin gia cung tflhg canh bfio rang, IS dang CO y dinh bie'n khu vyc Dong Nam A trd thanh mpt "wilayat", hay mpt tinh thupc Nhfi nudc Hoi gifio IS.
Trong khi tie'p tuc gay nfin tinh trang hSn loan tai cac nUdc Trung Dong nhfl Iraq hay Syria, IS van dang tim cfich tung cfic doan chp tuyfin truyen nham thu hut nhQng ngubi iing ho d khu vyc DQng Nam A. Dfiu thdng 8/2015, to chQc IS da 16 ro am mOu loi keo ngQdi H&i gifio d Indonesia sau khi tung mot bQc anh tuyen truyen Ifin mang, trong do oo mfit em bfi set sinh nfim canh m6t khau AK47 va m6t qua lflu dan.
Canh do lfi m6t manh giay vdi chQ ky
"Indonesia" d dfldi, bfin trfin ghi dong chfl:
10 Nghien cim Ddng Nam A, sd' 10/2015
"Cdc cfi chu de'n chie'n da'u d Syria vi cupc Thanh chien" 'i**.
Nguy ccf mdi doi vdi Dong Nam A dang xufit hien bung phat sau mot thfip ^sy cfic chinh quyen d ddy da thfinh cfing trong viec kilm che' cac hanh d6ng cUc doan. Mat d6 boat dpng khung bfi' d Dong Nam A khfi cao vfi trudc he't hfin quan tdi cac nhom phfin lap sfie tpc vfi ton gifio. O Indonesia ton tai nhQng to chQc H l i giao ngam, dac biet la Jemaah Islamiyah, nhom cd Ufin quan de'n al-Qaetia. (J nhOhg noi khac of Dfing Nam A, ngQdi t a bat dfiu tha'y nhiing da'u hifiu cua vifie IS da c6 dUpc nhOhg vi tri "ban dap". Tai Singapore, mot mat xich vdi nhdm J I cua Indonesia nam 2001 da tim cfich dfinh bom cac dai sQ qufin phucfng Tay tai "Dao quo'c Su tfl", nhuhg am mUU nfiy da hi chinh quyln phdt bifin. Hifin canh sfit Singapore tin rang cd 5 cdng dan nUdc nfiy dang chie'n da'u tai Iraq va Syria, va Singapore dang dUpc sQ dung nhU mpt
"trung tam trung chuyen" cua viec tuyen mp lyc luong vfi tai chinh ciia khiing bfi'.
Thang 5/2015, Thii tudng Singapore Ly Hien Long da ndi rang, Dong Nam A la mpt trung tam huah luyfin trpng yeu cua to chufc IS. Trong khi do, tai Malaysia, canh sat da bfit giiJ hcfn 20 ke tinh nghi ma hp tin rang tiang to chQc viec tuyen mp chien bmh cho IS. Sy t r i i day cua IS trung vdi chii nghia phe phai chong lai nhflhg ngudi Shi'ite d Dong Nam A trong 5 nam qua, va dd la mpt ly do nQa khie'n IS "hap dfin"
nhOhg thanh nien H l i giao cue doan d Dong Nam A.
Trong hcfn mpt thap by qua da thfin r a mpt (mpc noi tiay t:ua 3 (nnh co da so ngUdi
H l i gifio sinh s i n g d m i l n Nam Thfii Lan.
Phie'n qufin Thfii Lan nhfin dQpc sy ho trp cua nhuhg ngQ&i Hoi gifio cyc \dy chinh thong tai nQde lang gieng Malaysia, nhuhg khong CO bang chuhg cho thfiy IS hifin da tao dQpc bfin dap d tidy. Cupc tan cfing khiing bo hen hofin tiiln ra tai Bangkok thang 8/2015 da ddng Ifin h l i chudng canh bao ve nguy co khung bfi' nghifim trpng tai dat nUdc nfiy, ncri vfin dQpc coi lfi thifin dudng cua du lich. Tai cfic hdn ddo co ddng ngudi H l i gifio d Phihppines ciing dang tlifin r a cupc noi day cua MILF vfi Nhdm khung bfi' Abu Sayaf. To chQc nfiy da tflhg t i l n h a n h 3 vu khung bfi' kinh hodng ngfiy 14/2/2005 d thu dfi Manila, thfinh phfi' Santos, t h a n h phd' cang Davao cua Phihppines Ifim hfing chuc ngQdi che't. Ly khai cung dang la van d l nghiem trpng d Myanmar. Mdi tiay, gidi chuyfin gia cdn cfinh bfio rang, IS co t h i da bfit dau huan luyen ngUdi H l i giao thieu s l RotUiingya d Myanmar, nhflhg ngUM tiang tim cdch di cu trai phep vfi bi mfit sfi' nQde trong khu vyc tfl choi cho nhdp canh.
NhQ vfiy, mo'i de dpa khung b l d Dong Nam A gan rlit chat vdi cac vfi'n d l mang tinh chinh tri, sac tpc vfi tfin gifio trfin khong gian rfit rpng, tQ dat h i n , biln dao den khong gian mang Intemet.
3. Cupc c h i e n c h o n g k h u n g bo b Dong N a m A h i ^ n n a y
Nhan thufc sau sfie ve h i l m hpa ciia chu nghia khung bo, cfic nUdc Ddng Nam A da nhanh chdng tie'n bfinh nhflng bifin phfip 5 ca'p quic gia vfi khu vUc vdi tinh than kifin quyfi't trfin fip vfi di tdi loai bo cfic to
Nguyen Anh Tudn - Chd nghia khdng bd'vd cugc chien chong chU nghta khung bd... 11
ehfl'c khung bfi' dang hoat dpng d khu vyc.
C6t moc dfinh da'u sU vdo cupc manh me cua cac chlnh phu Ddng Nam A trong vfi'n de chong khiing bo' phai ke dfi'n sy kipn 11/9/2001, ddc biet la phan itng cua cdc dong minh cua My. Sau vy khung bo 11/9/2001 cf New York, cfic cupc dieu tra da cho t h a y nhilu ke khung bfl' tham gia vu nfiy da tQng song, dac bifit la dUpc hua'n luyfin tai Dfing Nam A. 'Vi vay, Dfing Nam A dupc Chinh quyln Bush luc dd xem lfi mpt CO sd hdu phQctng cua khung bfi' qufic te va lfi "chifi'n tuyfi'n thQ hai" cua cufic chie'n cho'ng khung bo'. Dilu do thuc day My tai can dy vfio Dflng Nam A va tim kie'm d i n g minh hang dfiu de chfl'ng lai cac mang lUdi khiing bo' tiia phucfng.
Singapore, Phihppines, Malaysia la nhflhg nUdc tiau tien dap ting ldi keu gpi cua My.
Singapore iing hp My manh me trong viec cfing b l cupc chie'n ehfi'ng khiing b l tQ r a t sdm. Quan diem ciia Cbinh phu Singapore riit rd rfing: qufin dpi Singapore tham gia cupc chien nay cung lfi trUc tifi'p gop phfin bao tiam an ninh cua nQde minh.
Chinh quyfit tam nfiy da giup Singapore phat hien dflpc vific len ke hoach dfinh bom he thfi'ng tau dien ngfim ciia Singapore tai Cabun n a m 2001. Hifin nay, cfic Bfi trfldng va t h a n h vien Qufic hfii ciia Singapore cung da kfiu gpi cpng dong canh giac vdi mo'i de dpa dfi'n tif chu nghia khiing bo, chii nghia cUc doan. T r o i ^ khi dd, tai Malaysia vao thfing 5/2015, Thii tudng Najib Razak tia cong bfi' mot dy thao lufit ehfi'ng chii nghia khung b l , trong b l i canh lo ngai rfing t l chflc phien quan IS se
"vflcm voi bach tupc" dfi'n Malaysia.
Phihppines Id nan n h a n cua hofing loat vu khung bfi' thfldng xuyfin trong mfit thdi gian dai. Chinh phu Phihppines cam kfi't tfln trpng nhiJng tifiu chufin cd ban cua n i n dan chii, cua tfl do cfi nhfin vfi phfip lufit trong cupc chifi'n chfl'ng khiing b l . Ngay 26/9/2001, Phihppines tuyfin b l tham gia vfio cupc chie'n chfl'ng khung bfl' ciia cflng dong qufl'c te vdi tfl each la mpt thfinh vifin ciia Dai hpi d i n g Lien hpp qufl'c va tich cflc thflc hien Nghi quyet 1368 (12/9/2001) va Nghi quyfi't 1373 (28/9/2001) cua Hfii dong bao an Lien hgp quic v l ching khung bfl'.
Chinh phii Philippines kien quyet khflng tie'n hanh tiam phfin vfi sfl dung cac bien phap cQng ran de tifiu diet to chQc khung b l Abu Sayyaf. Dli vdi cfic to chflc MNLF va MILF chinh phu Phihppines chii trflcmg thong qua dam phan de giai quyet van de Mindanao"^'. Dfi'n thfing 3/2014, chlnh phii Philippines va MILF da ky vdi nhau thda thuan hba binh, cham dflt 45 nam xung dfit gifla hai bfin, nhUhg tinh hinh hoa binh cung rfit mong manh. Gan day nha't, vao ngay 25/1/2015, mfit cufic giao tranh kfio tifii gan 12 gid tai thi trah Mamasapano, tinh Maguidanao thupc Khu ty tri Hoi giao Mindanao (ARMM) gifla lflc lupng Canh sfit vfi cac tay sung fVTlLF va lyc lupng dfli dich la Cac tay sung giai phdng H l i gifio Bangsamoro. IMhiing sy vific nay khie'n cho boat dpng chfl'ng khiing bo' Clia Philippines them cang thang.
Chinh phli Indonesia da c6 nhflng chie'n Iflgc dac biet nhfim chan duhg cac boat dfing khiing bfi' ciia cfic nhdm Hoi gido cyc doan dia phuong*^^*. Phan ldn giai phfip di tfl hudng xac dinh nguon cung, tfl do chan
12 Nghiin cdu Ddng Nam A, s610/2015 ••'
duftig nguin cung tiem nang cho boat dpng khung bo. Bfin canh dd, canh sat Indonesia cung lufln d l mat ttJi cfic nha thb H l i gifio, du nhfi thd H l i gifio khflng hen quan dfi'n cac boat dpng tuyen truyen ve chu nghia cyc doan nhuhg tiay la ncfi d l gap gd, trao doi cua cac dfi'i tapng khung bo". Chinh quyln Indonesia cung tiac bifit quan tfim tdi thanh thie'u nien bi nhoi nhfit tfl tfldng sQ dung vu luc chfl'ng lai nhdm ngfldi Thifin Chua gifio, nhuhg phu nQ khfing phuc tung trfldc dan flng, nhflng ngfldi dan flng H l i giao "hfldng lac" tai cfic qufin bar, cfiu lac bp dem,.Hfiu bet nhflng ngfldi nay deu that ngbiep hoac cam thfiy bat lyc trfldc mflc song hien tai. Ngoai ra, tham nhung va cac vfin de khac ciia xa hpi cung khie'n ho cam thay chfin chudng va de gia nhap vao con dudng Clia nhuhg ke khiing bfi' H l i gifio cyc doan. M6t bifin phdp khac la dfla ra hinh thflc triJttig phat nghifim khfic dli vdi nhiihg ngfldi giup dd cho cac phan tuf khung bfi'. Nam 2010, da co 2 canh sat Indonesia bi phat, 10 nam tu giam vi bfin vti khi, dan dflgc cho nhdm khung bo Hoi giao d Aceh, tay Indonesia. Dieu nay cho thay no lflc cua Indonesia trong cfing tfie phong, chfl'ng khiing b l tai nfldc nay va hpp tac vdi cac nudc trong khu vyc ndi cbung. Trong m6t d&ng thai tflcfng tu nhfl Malaysia, nam 2015 Co quan cho'ng khung b l Clia Indonesia cung dang tim each tang cQdng quyen lflc hanh phap de truy to' nhflng ke cd tfl tfldng ung hp chu nghia khung b6'.
Mfit so nfldc khac cung da co cac bien phap cu the nham do'i phd vdi tam anh hfldng cua chu nghia khung bo'. Nhfl vay,
CO the khang dinh rang, cac qufic gia Dflng Nam A da t h i hifin n l lyc to ldn trong cufic chien ching chu nghia khiing bo trfin nhieu mdt trfin vfi d cdc clip dfl khfic nhau.
Nhiihg hfinh dpng dd the hifin sy gdp sflc va dofin kfi't manh me trong cu6c dau tranh chong khung bo d khu vyc.
Ben canh cfic chinh sfich vfi cac bifin phap chlhg khung bo rifing cua tuhg nfldc, cfic nydc Dong Nam A cung trien khai nhiJng ke hoach va bifin phap chung d l dli phd vdi chii nghia khung bo d Dflng Nam A Cac cc^ quan an ninh tai Indonesia, Malaysia va cfic quo'c gia Dflng Nam A khac cd dfing tin d l Hoi gifio nhfl Thfii Lan, Philippines va Singapore dang tim each theo doi chat che tinh binh'^'^l Tuy nhifin, bat chfip viec t h a n h lap mpt "Hifip fldc khu vUc v l chflhg khung bfl*^, Dong Nam A dang thifi'u nguin lyc va cac mang lfldi thfing tin d l cd the ngan chan bieu qua nguy cct tfl nhuhg ke cyc doan khi chung tfl Trung Dfing ve nUdc. De hfi trg dfl'i phd vdi nguy ccf nfiy, cac nfldc G-7 cam ke't tai trg cho cac nUdc d l "tang cfldng hdp tac vdi cac qufl'c gia trung chuyen chlnh nham cai thifin vific chia se thong tin ve cac tay sung nfldc ngoai tai Trung Dong".
Cfic chuyfin gia chfl'ng khung bo cho rang, can phai tim hieu nguin go'c ciia chii nghia khiing bo" dfla trfin cdc m i i tflcfng quan gifla chlnh tri, kinh tfi', tfin gifio va van hda, tQ dd sfl dung cac bign phfip do'i pho nhfl lyc Iflgng canh sat dac bifit, he tho'ng tinh bao va quan sfl. Lanh dao cac nfldc phai th&ng than bflc 16 nguyfin nhfin dan de'n chu nghia khung bo dang thin ra tai dfit nfldc minh de tim bien phap xda bo
Nguyen Anh Tudn - Chu nghia khdng bovd cupc chii'n chd'ng chd nghia khung bd'... 13
chdng, chfl khfing nfin xfl sfl nhfl My da tflng hfinh dpng vdi Afghanistan sau sy kifin 11/9. Mfit so nguyfin nhdn dfin dfi'n tinh trang bao lflc qufi khich co t h i lfi do nghdo doi, sfl cflng nhac trong quan tiiem ton giao vfi sfl hba n h a p tha't bai ciia Ifin sdhg nhflhg ngfldi di dfin. Bdi vay, khflng nfin sfl dung bao lyc nhfl mfit phfldng thflc tot nhat chong lai chii nghia khiing bfi', trfl phi dd lfi phfldng sach cufl'i cung^^*'.
KS't lu^n
Chu nghia khung bfi' vfi cupc chie'n cho'ng khung bo^ tren the gidi nfli chung vd Dfing Nam A ndi rifing tiang thin r a ngfiy cang phiJc tap. Tong thong My Barack Obama da phai thCfa nhan tai Hfli nghi thfldng dinh quoc t l ve "ching khung b l vfi chu nghia cyc doan" difin vao thfing 2^016 tai My rang, cupc chien cho'ng chii ngbia cflc doan la "cupc chien khong the gianh chien thfing neu chi dung sflc manh qufin sfl".
Vay, giai phfip t h a t sy hifiu qua cho cuflc chie'n nay lfi ^ ? Qua khdo sfit tinh hinh cd t h i thay CO mpt sfl^ giai phfip nhfl sau:
Mflt la, cac nha lanh dao the' gidi cfin Ifim mpi each d l khoi phuc nhflhg nguyfin tfie ccf ban cua lufit phfip qufl'c te'. Cpng d i n g quo'c te' can trd lai vdi nguyfin tac
"khflng ai dflhg tren luat", va "khflng dflpc tfl chfii quyen dflpc bao ve ciia bat cQ ai".
"Mfli quoc gia cflng bfl' lu$t ciia minh deu phai tfln trpng luat cua cfic nfldc khfic, va moi quo'c gia keu ggi gin gifl luat phap d nfldc ngoai phai cung c l lai luat phdp d nfldc minh". Chfl'ng "khung bo mdi" phai bang "hoa binh mdi". Cho'ng "khung bo mdi" phai di doi vdi xdy dyng nen "hba
binh mdi", dd lfi giara phan nfla s l ngudi rfi!t ngheo, bfio dam giao due cap I cho ta't cfi tre em, nfldc sach cho mpi gia tiinh vfi chdn dflhg tiich AIDS vfio nfim 2015 nhU muc tieu thien nien ky da de ra'-^^\
Hai la, ddn fip vii trang cfic bang nhom khung bo' khflng phai lfi giai phfip dfi'u tranh duy nhat. Sfich Iflgc hgp ly cfin dugc SLf dung la dfim phan, du dfl mot so' nhfin vfit chi huy, dfiy nhiing dfi'i tugng cflhg dau vdo phe thilu sfl' va kifin quye't dd hep chdng bang vii lflc. Kinh nghifim ciia cac nfldc Dfing Nam A g i m dfim phan vfi gfiy chia re trong bdng nhdm khiing bfi' cd y nghia rat quan trpng, vdi kha nang dugc ap dung hnh boat d bat cQ ncfi nao dang gia tang mfi'i de dpa ly khai, khung bl'^^^'.
Ba la, toan the gidi hgp tac va tich cyc trong "ke' hoach ngan chan mpi nguon tfii chinh cho khiing bfl^. Chi khi nao the' gidi cd chung quan tiiem, cd chung cflcfng linh hdnh dgng va lam dflgc nhfl vay tbi chu nghia khung bfi' mdi dflgc tifiu chet tan gfl'c.
Lifin Hgp Qufic cung can cd nghi quyet, qui dinh trach nhifim do'i vdi cfic to chflc, ca nhfin dung tung cho bon khung bo'.
Bfln la. Lien Hgp Qufl'c (dac bifit lfi cfic nfldc ldn) can pbai lam ro ban cha't cua cfic cufic chie'n cho'ng khung bo' tfl trudc dfi'n nay. Khflng nen danh dong Hoi gido vdi chu nghia cue doan va khiing bfi'. "Cfin pbai bao ve hinh anh cua ngudi Hoi giao tofin cau khoi sy buy hoai cua chii nghia khiing bfl'*'^^^'. Tang cfldng tuyen truyen, gifio due nhfin dfin tofin the gidi vl chii nghia khiing bo'. Tao dieu kifin de t a t ca mgi ngfldi nhan bie't, phfit hien va dfi'u trEuih chfl'ng khung bo'.
14 Nghiin cicu Pons Nam A, sd 10/2015 9
Tom lai, chu nghia khiing bo' da trd nfin tan bao hdn bao gid hfi't va lan rfing trfin tofin cfiu mfi khfing cd mpt ngoai lfi nfio. D l c6 dflgc sfl ung hp rfing rai vfi tham gia ed hieu qud, cufic dfiu tranh chfing khiing bfl' phai dfldc trien khai phii hgp vdi cac qui dinh cua Hie'n chfldng LHQ vfi khong cd tinh chpn lpc hay tifiu chufin kep./.
CHtr THICH
1. Tieng Anh lk: "to kill Americans and their allies, both civil and military, is an indi- vidual duty of every Muslim who is able, in any country where there is possible" (xem:
Charlie Nguyin, Hoi gido vd chu nghia
khdng b6, sachhienLnetiOiarlieCN_TGHG/Khungbo.php).
2. Tl chflc khiing b l Assassins da gSy kinh h o ^ g khfip Trung Dflng trong hai th&' kJ, tfl till" 1^ 11 din the ky 13, vdi chu tnfcmg tifiu diet bfit cfl ai muln cSi t l xa hoi Hoi Gido.
3. Diln hinh Id vu t l chdc Al-Qaida cho no bom tai T6a Dai Sfl My d Dong Phi nam 1998 nhfim giet hai 12 nha ngoai giao My, nhiaig vu khung b l nay tia lam thiet mang trgn 200 ngUdi vfl tfli gom hfiu het la ngUdi Hoi Giao Phi ChSu. Ngay sau do, cdc bao Hli Giao bfing ti^ng A R^p deu gpi cac nan nhan vfl t^i nSy la "cdc thanh tfl dao" vd tdn tung rfing: "Allah da tap hop cac thdnh tfl dao tren nudc thign dang!"
4. Hp dugc hfla hen hai dieu: mot Id dugc len thien ddng hudng thu nhuc due vdi 72 co gai dep din muon ddi. Hai Id than nhan cua hg dugc trg cap mSt s^ tien ldn.
5. Gido chu Hli Gido Ai Cap Yousef Quaradawi tuyen bl: Mpi ngUdi chg't vi tham gia thdnh chien deu Id tfl dao vi thdnh ciiien Id mflt
bin pham vd Id mot dilu rdn tfln gifio (a religious commandment).
6. Tiing Anh Id: "Islam's aime is that the knowledge of God should cover tbe earth as tbe waters cover the ocean".
7. Tiing Anh Id: 'The unbelievers follow false- hood. When you meet the unbelievers in the batUefield, strike off their heads or make them prisoners" Kinh Koran 47: 4.
8. Bdi tiing ndi nudc Nga, "Da'u tianh ching cbCi ngbia khiing bfi' d Dflng Nam A: Cfi cd rit vd cdy gdy", ngay 13/9/2013.
9. Thfi tifdng L;y Hiln Long cung tflng n6i rfing, thfi linh tinh than cua t l chflc khfing b l Jeemah Islamiyah, Abu Bakar Bashir, da tflng cam k i t tnmg thdnh vdi to chiJc Nha nifdc Hoi giao tfl hoi ndm 2014 (xem:
Thanh phuung, "Nguy ctJ khung bo Hoi gido tai Dflng Nam A", Hai quan online, ngdy 19/08/2014).
10. MOt trong nbflhg ngfii mfl nii tiing nhfit hi^n nay Id mfl cfia Makhdum Karim tren dfio Sulu, Ong Id ngifdi Iraq dfiu tifin din gidng dao Hoi tai Philippines vdo gifla t h i ky 13.
11. Chinh quyln thuflc dia Tay Ban Nha da dat tSn cho quan dao nay Id Phihppines, ngu y quan ddo thupc quyen cai tri cfia vua Philip.
12. Anna Cornelia Beyer, Counterterroristn and international power relations - The EU, ASEAN and Hegemonic global gover- nance, Tauris Academic Studies.
NewYork. 2010, P. 101.
13. Linh Chi, "Dong Nam A trong cu^c chiln chfl'ng khung b6^', Bai doan kit, ngdy 18/8/2015.
14. Thdng 10/1992, chinh phfi PhUippines vd luc lugng MNLF da tifi'n hdnh ddm phdn tai Tripeii (Libi), din thang 6/1996, MNLF tia ky hba udc vdi chinh phfi vd dan hba nhap vdo cong dong xa hoi. Tuy nhien, mflt bfl phan thodi hoa cua MNLF dd nii d|iy boat dflng viJ trang cho'ng lai chinh quyln.
Nguyen Anh Tudn - Chd nghia khung bd vd cuoc chie'n chdng chd nghta /chdng bd...\5 gay ra hang loat vu t&i cong khfing b l vdo
ddn thudng. Tinh trang dd khiln chinh phu Philippin quylt dinh suf dung luc Iugng vii tiang tfiji cflng cdc cdn cfl cua MILF, ding thdi ldp cdc chifcmg trinh t^p trung sflc phat trien kinh tfi' d Mindanao, ndng cfip ha tang ccf sd, thu hut dfiu tiC.Tuy nhign, Iuc lugng vu trang MILF vdn kien tri dbi dflc Idp. Qua trinh xung dflt keo ddi khiln 120.000 ngudi thi^t mang vd hem 2 tri§u ngUcti phdi rdi bd nhd cfla.
15. Chinh phu Indonesia cung dd phfi chufin ca 02 Cflng udc ve ching ddnh bom khung bfl (1997) vd Cong udc chfl'ng tdi trd khung b l (1999) vd Cflng udc ASEAN ve chfl'ng khung bfl' (ACCT).
16. Thanh phuong, "Nguy cct khung bo Hli gido tai Dong Nam A", Hdi quan online, ngdy 19/08/2014.
17. Thuy Mign, Hfli nghi chfl'ng khung b l tai Tdy Ban Nha: "Chfin b^nh" chfi nghia khfing bl, Bdo Thanh niin, ngdy 9/3/^005.
18. Phdt bieu cua Ting thif k^ LHQ Kofi Annan tai Dai hoi dong LHQ, ngdy 28/9/2004 (Xem: Thuy Tung, ""Hba binh mdi" ching "chfi nghia khung bo mdi", Bdo tudi tri, ngdy 29/9/2004).
19. "Chinh phu Indonesia sfl dung chiln thuat k^ hba Udc, chia re mdt tran thfl'ng nhfit cfia nhttng k§ cue doan thdnh nhijng nhdm fln hba va cue doan, cfl l^p cac phan tfl cifc doan. Bien phdp tutmg tu dupc dp dung d Philippines, ncfi chig'n sU tig'p diin tiong thdi gian ddi giijfa Mat tidn Gifii phflng Hli gido Moro vd bang nhdm Abu Sayyaf vtSi quan doi chinh phu Philippines, Cbinh phfi Thdi Lan tiln hdnh ddm phan vdi gidi thu linh ngudi Ma Lai tai cdc tinh bfit an phia Nam, nfl lUc hba nhdp hp vao chinh sdch quflc gia, ding tiidi cflhg rfin ddn dp cdc bdng nhdm khfing bl. Campuchia da cho thfiy nhiJQg kinh nghifim thanh cong, nhfit Id vfl hi^u hfla phong trdo Khmer Dd trong nhiing ndm 1990 (xem: fldi tieng ndi nudc
Nga, "Dfiu tranh chong chfi nghia khung bfl' 6 Dflng Nam A: Cu cd r i t vd cdy gdy", ngay 13/9/2013).
20. Phdt bilu cfia tan Qufl'c vUdng Saudi Arabia Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud tai Hoi nghi qufl'c te vdi chfi dl "Hli gido vd chig'n dich chfl'ng khung bo" dign ra tfl ngdy 22-23/2/2015 tai thdnh dia Mecca cua Saudi Arabia,
T A I L I E U THAM KHAO
1. Anna Cornelia Beyer, 2010, Counterterroristn and intemational power relations • The EV, ASEAN and Hegemonic global governance.
Tauris Academic Studies, New York. 2010.
2. Amitav Acharya, 2001, Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia - ASEAN and the problem of regional order, Routiedge, New York.
3. Charlie Nguyin, Hoi gido vd chd nghia khdng bd', sachhiem.net/Chariie/
CN_TGHG/ Khungbo.php
4. Thfiy Ttmg, ""Hba binh mdi" chflng "chfi nghia khfing bfl' mdi", Bdo tuoi trS, ngdy 29/9/2004.
5. Dai tiing ndi nifdc Nga, "Dd'u tranh chfl'ng chu nghia khung bo 6 Dflng Nam A: Cfi cd r i t vd cdy gdj^", Bdi tiing noi niidc Nga, ngdy 13/9/2013,
6. Thanh Phuong, "Nguy ca khfing bo' Hoi giao tai Dflng Nam A", Hdi quan online, ngdy 19/08/2014.
7. Linh Chi, "Dflng Nam A tiong cuflc chien chflng khfing bfl*', Bdo Dai dodn kit, ngay 18/8/2015.
