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CHU NGHIA MAC - U N I N , JlSHjJIHQ H 6 CHf MINH VATHOI OAI

i ' . •»

Tl/ Tl/ONG CUA PH.ANGGHEN VE VAN DE KHUNG HOANG SINH THAI

• GS,TS NGUYEN HUNG HAU Fi^n Triet hgc, Hgc vi^n Chinh tri - Hdnh chinh

quoc gia Ho Chi Minh

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gay tir nhiing thap ky cudi ciia the ky XIX, Ph.Angghen da cd nhiing ly giai hit sire diing din, khoa hpe vl nguyin nhan ciia nan 6 nhilm moi trudng, khung hoing sinh thai va nhiing giai phap khic phuc.

Tutudng Clia Ph.Angghen vl mdi quan he giira con ngudi - xa hpi - tu nhiin, dSc bilt la mdi quan he giiia con ngudi vdi moi trudng tu nhien ngay cang dupc thuc tiln chiing minh la diing din; nhit li ngay nay, nan d nhiem mdi trudng, su can kiet cic ngudn tii nguyin thien nhiin, sir khiing hoang sinh thii tren pham vi toin ciu dang de doa nghiim trpng ddi sdng con ngudi.

Trong Biin ehung eua tu nhiin, Ph^^ngghen da dua ra nhiing thi du diln hinh vl vin de khiing hoing sinh thii da dan den nhirng hau qui nghiim trpng, ching han nhu khi ngudi ta phi rimg de liy dit trdng trpt d Mlxdpdtami, Hy Lgp, Tilu A, hp khdng nghi ring lim nhuviy

la da phi buy cie trung tam chiia nudc, td dd giy ra cac hiln tupng lii lut vdi sue edng phi ma hp khong the tudng tupng ndi. Tir do, nhilu nin van minh, trong dd cd the co nen van minh Maya bi diet vong la do nhiing nguyen nhan tuong tu, lam mit can bing sinh thii, mat can bing giiia con ngudi, xa hgi va tu nhiin.

Trong thu giii Armencdp ngay 28-2-1846, C.Mic eho ring xa hgi la san pham ciia su tie dgng lin nhau giua ngudi vdi ngudi. Nhung xa hgi lai li mgt bd phan dac biet eiia gidi tu nhien, la hinh thue td chiic cao nhat trong gidi tu nhiin. Ph^^ngghen vi sau nay V.l.Llnin cho ring con nguoi li kit qua cua su tiln hda lau dai, trai qua hang trieu nam ciia the gidi vat chat,

"mgt CO the phiic tap nhat ma gidi tu nhien sin sinh ra dupe". Nhu vay, eon ngudi li mot bp phan dac biet, hat nhan ciia xa hpi; xa hpi lai la mpt bp phan dac bilt cua gidi tu nhiin; dl nhiin, con ngudi cung la mgt bp phan cua gidi tu nhiin, nim trong gidi hi nhien, do do, khong thi ddi lap con ngudi vdi gidi tu nhien. Gidi tu nhien trong van hda Viet Nam iruyen thdng cdn dupc gpi la Me, "Mau", do dd mdi co tir "Mau Thoai"

(Miu chu vl sdng nudc), "Miu Thuang Ngin"

(Miu ehu d ntii rimg). Con ngudi nim trong

LfLUANCHlNH TRj-So 9/2013

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CHO NGHIA MAC - LENIN, Tl/Tl/dNG H 6 CHf MINH VATHeH PAI long gidi tu nhien ciing cd nghia li con ngudi

nim trong long me, nhung con ngudi khdng phai nim im bat dpng, ma phii cai tao, chinh phue gidi tu nhiin, tlie eon ngudi lai phai cai tao, chinh phuc me. Day la mdt mau thuan, mpt nghich ly. Giai quylt mau thuan, nghich ly nay, loai ngudi da di theo hai hudng.

Hudng thli nhit, theo quan diem cila phuong Dong la sdng hai hda, hda ddng vdi thien nhiin, vdi quan dilm la "thuan Thien", tlie khdng chdng ddi lai thien nhien, sdng hda thuan vdi thiln nhiin, nuong theo tu nhien de hudng trgn cii gpi la mdi "Trdi cho". Dai diln cho xu hudng nay la Lao Tii, Trang Tii, voi quan dilm hda ddng vdi van vat thi van vat khdng lim hai dupc minh, tir dd hg dua ra quan diem lay nhu tiling cuong, nhupc thing cirdng. Lao Tu dua ra vi du, eai ^ sdng eiing mlm, nhu; cii gi chet ciing ciing, cuong; nhu vay, mem, nhu gin vdi sdng; ciing, cuong gin vdi chet. Nhu, nhupc d day khdng phai la thilu y chi, ai bao sao nghe vay, ma cd nghia la dimg cuong lai quy luat Clia tu nhien, ciia tao hda, la thuan Thien.

Nudc bat tranh vdi mpi cat, ludn tim chd thip de d, nen mgi cai khong tranh gianh vdi no. Bat tranh thi khong ai tranh vdi minh. Tir do Lao Tii dua ra tu tudng vo vl. Vd vi d day khong cd nghia la khong lam gi ca, ma lam mpt each tu rihien, lam ma nhu khong lam, vd vl nhi vo bat vi.

Khuynh hudng nay sau sic, nhung lai khong the dua loai ngudl tien len phia trudc.

Hudng thdhai, quan diem ciia phuong Tay la "che Thien", tuc chl ngu, cil tao, ehinh phue gidi tu nhien. Khi mdi thoat thai tu dpng vat, con ngudi hau nhu phu thupe hoin toan vao tu nhien, chiu su tie dgng, chi phdi cua tu nhien. Dan dan trong qui trinh lao dgng, con ngudl hpc dupc each cai bien, dieu khien nhiing qui trinh tu nhien trong pham vi ngay cang md rgng, dl phuc vu nhu cau cupc sdng

ngay cing cao. Nhuviy, khdng chi tunhien tic ddng lin eon ngudi, ma ngupc lai, bing lao dpng Clia minh, dac bill la lao dpng sin xuit, eon ngudi ngay cang chii dpng eai tao gidi tp nhien, bit gidi tu nhien phuc vp eho nhiing muc dich eua minh, die eon ngudi thdng tri gidi tu nhien. Khie vdi L.Phoiabic, eon ngudi ehi thuan tiiy la sin phim ciia hoan eanh, ciia gidi tu nhiin, C.Mac cho ring con ngudi con cai tao, biln ddi hoan eanh. Theo khuynh hudng nay, con ngudi khdng thoa man vdi thi gidi, mi ngay eing quyet tim eai tao, bien ddi till gidi va eon ngudi cing eii tao, biln ddl thi gidi bao nhilu thi cing tien bp bay nhilu. Nhu vay, miie dp tiln bp phu thudc vao miic dp chinh phuc, cai tao gidi tu nhiin cua con ngudi.

Tuy nhiin, theo hudng nay, se dan din tinh trang mdl trudng tu nhien bi phi buy; khi hau dien bien ngiy cang xau, kem theo nhthig thien tai khiing khilp; tinh trang khan hilm ngudn nang lupng, can kilt tii nguyin. Vay giai quylt mau thuan, nghich ly nay nhu thi nio?

Dilu niy ta ed thi tim thiy trong nhiing Idi chi din thiln tai cua Ph.Angghen trong tie pham Bien chung cua tuniiiin.

Li mpt nha bien chiing vi dai, PhAngghen cho ring "trong gidi tu nhien, khdng cd cai ^ xay ra mpt each don dpc ca. Hien tuong nay tic dpng din hiln tupng khae va ngupc lai"'^'; bdi vay "chiing ta cung khdng nin qua tu hao vl nhung thing lpi eua chiing ta ddi vdi gidi tu nhien. Bdi \d cu mdi lin ta dat dupc mpt thing lgi, la moi lan gidi tu nhlln tra thii lai ehiing ta"'^'. Dieu nay hoan toan chinh xic, bdi le eon ngudi - tu nhien la mot he thdng can bing ddng, cic ylu td cua nd tic ddng qua lai lin nhau, con ngudi tic ddng len tu nhiin, ngupc iai, tp nhiin eung tic dpng len con ngudi. Nhung chieu thii hai, do chi nhin thiy lgi ieh tnrdc mit, nen eon ngudi thirdng "khdng ludng trude dupe" va doi

LfLUAN CHiNH TRI-So 9/2013

JU

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Le ra qudn trien Ichai chuang trinh myc tieu quoc gm nudc sach vd ve sinh moi Iruong trong trudng hoc

khi n6 lai ph4 liuy tSt ci nhung ket qua ban dau ma con ngura da dat dupc.

Trong quan he ciia con nguoi voi gioi ttr nhien, con nguoi cang chinh phuc, cai tao duoc gi6i hr nhien bao nhieu thi cang bi gim tij nliien tri thil nhigu bSy nhieu, mac dit sit tra thii nay c6 the khong ngay lap tiic. "Va nhiing su viec donhictihdchiingta tung gia timg phiit rSng chiing ta hoan toan khong thong tri duoc gim tu nhien nhu mpt ke xam lupc thong tn mpt dan tOc khde, nhu mpt nguoi sdng ben ngoai gi6i Of nhien"™. Nhu vay, su thong tii ciia con nguoi doi vol tu nhien khong phai la vo ban, tuy^t ddi di den noi lam pha vd he thdng can bang dpng con ngudi - tu nhien, bdi vi con ngudi chinh phuc gidi tf nhien nhung van nim trong gidi tu nhien, khdng gidng nhu mdt ke xam lupc thdng tri mdt dan tdc khac, bSt dan tOc dd lam nd 1^ cho minh.

Bi tdn tai, con ngudi va xa hpi phii dua vao hi nhien, dua vao thg gidi vat chat, mdi trudng xung quanh. Ph.Angghen cho rang gidi tu nhien la cai cung cip nhiing vat lieu cho lap ddng bien thanh cua cai. Do vay, viec chinh phuc, cdi tao, bign ddi gidi tu nhien phai 6 ttong khudn khd can bang ddng ciia he thdng con ngudi - tu nhien. Neu vi loi ich tmdc mSt ma pha vd su can bdng ddng cua he thdng nay thi con ngudi phai tta gia, phai ganh chiu nhung hau qua khdn ludng. Cd nhung hau qua trudc mat chiing ta cd thg diSy ngay, nhung Cling cd nhung hau qua phai trai qua hang nghin nam mdi danh gia het dupc miic dp nguy hai ciia nd. Trong Biin chirng ctia tu nliien, dng cho ring ndu chiing ta phii ttai qua hang nghin nSm lao dpng mdi cd the danh gia trudc dupc nhung hau qua hr nhien xa xdi cua nhimg hanh dpng sdn mit ciia chung ta, thi

LtLUAN CHlNH TR!-Sil 9/2013

U ruii MqHiA MAC - L£NIN, Tl/TLTdNG H 6 CHI MINH VA THei PAI

chung ta lai eang phii trii qua nhilu khd khin hon niia, mdi cd the hilu biet dupe nhiing hau qua xa hdi ctia nhiing hanh ddng iy.

Con ngudi li mdt tieu vti tru, la mdt ylu td dac biet eda tu nhien. Tu nhien cin su can bing. Quan he eon ngudi vdi gidi tu nhien cting can su can bing. Ph.Angghen cho ring trong xa hdi tu ban, do lpi nhuin tdi da la mue tieu eao nhat, cudi ciing, nin din din hau qui li khing dim xla gi den su can bing sinh thai, din su huy hoai moi trudng tu nhiin. Theo Ph Angghen, de duy tri, giu vting dupc he thdng can bing dpng nay, tiic la tao nen mdt su phit triln ma ngay nay gpi li ben vung, thi tat ylu phai thay thi xa hpi tu ban bing mgt xa hdi phit tiien cao hon nhim khic phue su mat cin bing sinh thai, khoi phuc he thdng ein bang ddng giua eon ngudi - xa hgi - tu nhiin.

Nhieu nhi khoa hge hien nay cho ring, cae nude tu ban tu cho minh cd vai trd chinh, tru cdt trong the gidi nay, hg bit cic nudc khie phai theo nhimg ehuan muc ma hp tao ra, nhung nhung van de toin ciu nhu nan 6 nhilm mdi trudng, can kill tai nguyen, khiing hoang sinh thai.. .lai phin ldn do hg tao ra. Hp lao nin nin edng nghiep sach, xanh d trong nudc, nhung lai day nhimg nganh cong nghiep lac hau, gay d nhiem mol trudng ra cae nude khae.

Tir Dai hdi X, Ding ta chl ra mgt trong nhtmg van de loan eau bue xiic ddl hdi cac qudc gia va cie td chuc qudc te can phai phdi hpp giai quyet, dd la mol trudng tu nhlln bi phi huy;

khi hau diln bien ngay eing xiu, kem theo nhtmg thien tai khung khilp; tinh ti:ang khan hiem ngudn nang lupng, can kill lai nguyen.

Dai hpi XI eung de cap den mdt trong nhimg vin dl toan ciu cap bich ed lien quan din van menh cua loii ngudi, do la bao ve mdi trudng va ling phd vdi nhiing bien ddi khi hiu, nudc bien dang eao. Nhung hien tupng tren diu bit

ngudn tir nguyin nhin, dd la mat can bing, khiing hoang sinh tiiai. 6 nudc ta hi$n nay, tang trudng kinh t l chu ylu van di theo chilu rdng dua vao ting diu tir, khai tiiic tai nguyen, dan den lam can kilt ngudn tai nguyen, 6 nhiim mdi tiudng, khiing hoang sinh tiiii, dk din den su phit tiiln khdng bin vung. Do do, Dang, Nha nudc chu tiirong phat tiiln nhanh, ben viing, ting trudng kinh t l di ddi vdi viec bao ve mdi trudng. Nhtrng giai phap dl dat dupe mue tieu niy, nhu Vin kiln Dai hdi XI, chi ro la:

- Nang cao nhan thiic vi y thiic trach nhiem cua toin xa hpi, trude hit li eua can bd Ianh dao eie cap vl bao ve mdi tnrdng.

- Khan truong hoan thien he thdng phip lugt ve bao vl mdi trudng; xay dung chl tii du manh de ngan ngira, xii ly nghiem cic hanh vi gay d nhiem mdi trudng.

- Ngan chan ed hieu qua nan phi rung, chiy rimg va tinh trang khai thie tai nguyin bua bii;

xu ly nghiem cic eo sd gay d nhiim, khic phuc d nhiim va eai thien mdi tnrdng.

- Dua ndi dung bao vl mdi trudng vao chien lupc, quy hoach, kl hogch phat trien nganh, linh vue, vimg vi eic ehuong trinh, du an diu tu.

- Cae du in, edng trinh diu tu xiy dung mdi bit bugc phai thue hien nghiim eie quy dinh vl bao vl moi trudng.

- Quan ly, khai thae hilu qui, tilt ki$m tai nguyin thiln nhiin, dim bao cin bing sinh thai.

- Chii trpng phat triln kinh t l xanh, than tiiien vdi mdi trudng; tiing bude phit triln ning lupng sach, san xuit sach, tieu dimg sach a

(1], (2), (3} C.Mdc va PhAngghen: Toan tap, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia. Hi Ngi, 1994, t20, tt. 652,654,655.

LfLUANCHlNH TRj-So 9/2013