54 NGON N G f & BCfl SONG So 1(293)-202Q
INGON N G f VA VAN HOAJ
HINH ANH TlTgnVG TRUTVG CUA CON CHUQX TRONG NGON NGlT VA VAN HOA
TRUNG QUOC VA VIET NAM
PHAM N G Q C HAM*
TOM TAT: Theo quan niem cua ngudi Trung Qudc va ngudi Vidt Nam, chugt la con v^t tugng trung cho mgt trong mudi hai con giap, dirng diu tiong thap nhi dia chi. Trai qua qua tnnh tiep xiic, con ngudi da phat hien dugc nhiing thudc tinh ban chat ciia chudt va Hen he vdi ddi sdng xa hdi. Tir dd, trong tieng Han va tieng Viet, mgt Idp tir ngii cd chiia ten loai vat nay dugc hinh thanh vdi nhiing y nghTa da dang, the hien ro net dac diem tri nhan cua nhan dan hai nude Trung-Viet. Bai viet sii dyng nhiing phuang phap va thu phap nghien cuu nhu thdng ke, mieu ta, phan tich, so sanh ddi chieu, trdn ngii lieu thu thap tit tit dien va Uong cac tac pham van hgc cung nhu thuc td ddi sdng, tien hanh phan tich, ddi chieu nghia ciia nhiing tir ngir cd chiia ten ggi cua loai vat nay Uong tieng Han va tieng Vidt, ddng thdi lien he vdi nhiing tap tyc, van hda dan gian cd lien quan den chudt, chi ra nhiing diem tuong ddng va khac biet giua chung.
T f KHOA: Con chugt; tieng Han; tieng Viet; ngii nghia; van hda.
NHAN BAI: 29/11/2019. BIEN TAP-CHINH S f A-DUYET DANG: 15/1/2020 1. Dat van dS
Vdi vai trd la tmng tam cua vu try, con ngudi trong qua trinh tiep xuc vdi the gidi dgng vat vd cung phong phu, da dang da nhan thiic dugc nhiing thugc tinh ban chat ciia tiing loai, thdng qua tu duy trim tugng, lien he vdi ddi song xa hgi, tir do hinh thanh nen trudng tir vung ngir nghia dgng vat - mpt trong nhiing trudng tir vung co ban trong mdi ngdn ngii Dac biet M trong tieng Han va tieng Viet, nhdm tir bieu thi mudi hai con giap mang dam net van hda dan tgc cua nhan dan hai nude Viet Nam va Trung Hoa tir Mu da thu hut su chu y cua gidi nghien ciiu ngdn ngii va van hda. Chupt gan liin vdi nam Ty, diing d vi tri dau tien cua he thong muai hai con giap trong thap nhi dia chi, la loai vat cd thuc tiong ty nhien. Dac diem tri nhan ve loai vat nay dugc the hien rd net Uong tieng Han va tilng Viet qua y nghia an dy va nhiing lien tudng so sanh Uong y nghTa cua tir EI thie/ chudt. Cd the ndi, trudng tii vung chi mudi hai con giap thugc trucmg tir vung van hda, phan anh sinh dpng dac dilm nhan thiic cua nhan dan hai nude Viet Nam va Tmng Hoa ve the gidi dgng vat trong mdi quan he vdi ddi sdng con ngudi.
CI Viet Nam va Tmng Qudc, nghien ciiu ve trudng til vung - ngii nghTa dgng vat da dat dugc thanh qua dang ke, nhung nghien cuu ve tir ngd chi mudi hai con giap thi chua nhieu. Ngoai mpt sd luan van thac sy ra, trudc het phai ndi den luan an tien sy ciia Biii Thi Hang Nga (51 RitMf^, 2015), day la cdng trmh nghien ciru so sanh ddi chieu vT md ve cau tnic va y nghTa cua cac hi ngii ve mudi hai con giap trong tilng Han va tieng Viet. [7]. Tiep dd, Ngd Thi Hue (2017) chgn ddi tugng nghien ciiu M thanh ngii cd chiia hinh anh con chugt Uong tilng Han va tilng Viet tir gdc nhin an dy tii nhan.
Qua nghien ciru, bai viet dua ra nam diem tuong ddng va bdn diem khac biet ve dac trung ngii nghia cua nhdm thanh ngii nay trong hai ngdn ngii. [2].
Trong bai vilt nay, chimg tdi su dyng cac phuong phap va thu phap nghien cim nhu thing ke, mieu ta, phan tich, so sanh ddi chieu, tren ngii lieu thu thap tii tu dien va trong cac tac pham van hgc ciing nhu thuc tl ddi sdng, tien hanh phan tich, ddi chieu ve ngii nghia, bam y van hda cua nhiing tir
PGS.TS; Trudng Dgi hgc Ngogi nga. Dai hgc Qudc gia Hd Ndi;
Email: [email protected]
So l(293)-2020 NGON N G f & BCH SONG 55
ngii cd chita thanh to la ten ggi chugt trong tilng Han va tilng Viet, ding thdi lien he din nhiing sang tac tho ca, tap tuc, van hda dan gian cd lien quan din chugt, chi ra nhimg dilm tuang ddng va khac biet giiia chimg, nham gdp mgt tai lieu cho cdng tac nghien cim ddi chilu Han Viet Uen phuong dien ngdn ngu va v3n hda. Bai vilt M sy kl tilp cac nghien cim ciia chung tdi vl Chu ^duang trong ngon nga-vdn hoa Viit Nam vd Trung Hoa (2015), Con gd trong ngon ngu Trung- Viet (2017), "Chd "
trong ngdn nga vd van hoa Trung Viet (2018). Hi vgng cd thi thdng qua nghien ciiu trudng hgp, gdp phan lam ndi rd dac diem cua tilu trudng tii vyng - ngii nghia dgng vat ma Uude hit la mudi hai con giap Uong tieng Han va tilng Viet.
2. Y nghia cua tii Mt thu I chuQt trong tieng Han va tieng Viet
Xet ve mat van ty, chii B. thu trong Thuyit vdn gidi tu dugc giai thich ring: "Dd la chii tugng hinh, phan Uen M bieu tugng cua diu, phin dudi la bilu tiigng cua chan va dudi con chudt. Vl mat tir vyng, E thu la danh tii chi chung cho loai dgng vat sdng trong hang Id, chung loai khac nhau nhung diu ggi chung la i,//jif (chupt), chuyin nghTa thanh benh tat." (^J^„ ± ^ " 1 " . T ^ y ^ M o "K^^.
^ ^ i f e = ^m^^MWmZUo ^IWZM'^iil) [9]. Trong phuong ngd tilng Han, loai vat nay cdn dugc gpi la ^ - f hao lie, H hao hoac H^ hao hao.
Tdn hien dgi Hdn ngu tu dien giai thich ring, " M, thie \a mdt chii tugng hinh, phin diu M bilu tugng ciia rang nhgn sac, phan dudi M hieu tugng cua chan, xuong sdng va dudi loai chugt, nghTa gdc M danh tir chi chung cho loai vat sdng Uong hang Id, sau diing dl chi chupt, phuang ngdn gpi M %^
hao tu. cdn cd nghia la mdt trong mudi hai con giap. Ve nghTa in du, f^ thu dung dl vi vdi ke tilu nhan, gian than. Ngoai ra, chu S, thu cdn lien thdng vdi chd 'M. thie chi mgt loai benh do chugt gay ra: benh dich bach (disease). Ve sau, tir K, tha lai phat trien thanh nghia la nhat gan, sg hai, tu thi cung kinh can trgng thai qua den muc run sg" [8]. Ngay nay, p| thu trong tieng Han va chugt trong tiSng Viet cdn dimg de chi mgt linh kien dimg de dieu khien man hinh cua may vi tinh.
Nhu vay, giiia hai chii ^ thu va i€ hao cd lien quan vdi nhau. Xet ve qua trinh dien tien va phdt trien nghia cua chii % hao, phdn Idn cac bg tir dien tieng Han deu giai thich rang, ^ hao vdn dugc viet thanh ^ hao, la chu hinh thanh gdm ^ hda (cay lua) la tu td bieu nghTa ket hpp vdi ^ mao (Idng) la tu td bieu am, cd nghTa M liia ggo, thudc loai lua gao. ve sau dugc viet thanh % hao gdm ^ Idi (cai bira) la ty td bieu nghTa, ket hgp vdi ^ mao (long) M ty td bieu am, tit dd phat trien thanh nghia mdt mdt, tieu ton. Tieng Viet cung mugn tit ^ hao nay va cac tir ghep cd chua ^ hao nhu hao phi, hao tdn, hao ki^t, tieu hao... vdn cd trong tieng Han. Dac biet la ^ hao trong tieng Han cdn dung dl chi dat bgc mdu, cdn cdi do bi hao tdn chdt mdu nuoi dudng cdy trdng. Chimg tdi cho rang, cac nghia cua ^ hao nay diu cd lien hf vdi nhau. Ngay ca f€ hao vdi nghTa la con chudt trong phuong ngd tilng Han cdng lien quan din dac tinh ciia loai vat nay la sdng nhd vao lua gao, pha hoai mua mang, khien cho luang thuc bi hao tdn.
Trong tilng Viet, chudt M mdt tir thuin Viet. Tie dien tiing Viet ciia Hoang Phe (chu hien, 2011) giai thich ring, chugt la danh tu, chi Ipai thii gam nhdm, mom nhgn, tai bdu due, dudi thon ddi, thudng phd hoai mua mdng vd cd thi truyin binh djch hgch. NghTa thu hai M thiet bi cdm tay lien ket vdi may tinh, cd mot hoac nhiiu nut an, khi cho chuyin ddng tren mdt mat phdng thi se gdy ra viec chuyin ddng con tro trin mdn hinh di di ddng chgn lua cdc thanh phdn, vd khi dn nut nd se truyin linh cho mdy tinh thuc hien mdt chitc ndng nao do. [3].
56 NGON N G f & B 6 I SONG So 1(293)-2Q20
Can cii vao tii diln, cd thi ndi, nghia ciia til E thu trong tilng Han va chudt tiong tilng Vift kha don thuin. Tu nghTa chi mgt loai dgng vat, ngudi ta da lien h$ cac thugc tinh ben trong va ben ngoai cua nd vdi mdt linh kien may tinh de dat ten cho linh kien hit sdc tinh vi nay. Nhu v§y, nghia an du cua 1^ thu trong tieng Han, dac biet la chugt trong lidng Viet chu ylu thi hien Uong cac ngS cd djnh nhu tyc ngii, thanh ngii, yet hau ngii, nhat M Uong cac tac pham van hpc.
Ve y nghia an dy va nhiing lien tudng so sanh trong y nghTa cua tir chudt fcrong tilng Viet, qua khao sat, chimg tdi cd the chi ra nhu sau: C1) Bieu thi su xau xi ve hinh hai ciia con ngudi mang y nghia khinh miet, chang ban nhu mat chudt, mdt chudt, rang chugt, mom chugt; (2) Dang ve, dieu bd khdng dudng hoang, ty nhien, nhu Idm let nhu chudt ngay; C 3 ) Sy nhanh nhay, nhu nhanh nhu chudt; (4) Su nhd be, mat can xihig, chang ban nhu daw vo/ifwdi c/^wpf; (5) Vi vdi giai cip thing tri bdc lot, nghia an du nay thudng xuat hien trong tho ca.
Trong tieng Han, nghTa an du ciia U. thuhao gdm (1) Chi ke tieu nhan, gian than, tir U,^ thietu (do chudt bp) diing de mang chin ke hen kem, mang y nghia khinh miet; (2) Chi ke tim nhin ban hep, hieu biet ndng can, chang han nhu M. § '^it thu muc thdn quang (mat chugt chi nhin dugc trong khoang each mdt tac); (3) Chi nhiing hanh vi cii chi khdng dudng hoang, chinh tryc, vyng trgm, tii W, i | ihie bdi (gidng chudt/ loai chudt) M tir dung d& chiri ke vd ll, khdng biet tren dudi, khdng biSt tdn kinh, khiem nhudng; (4) Chi tinh each nhut nhat, nhu B.M thu dam (gan chugt: nhat nhu chudt); (5) Chi bpn thdng tri bdc lot, thudng xuat hien trong tha ca.
Tir nhiing phan tich tren day cd the thay, nghia an dy va su lien tudng so sanh trong y nghia ciia W. thu Uong tieng Han va chugt trong tieng Viet cd nhieu diem tuong ddng, til mien ngudn C H U Q T dugc anh xa len mien dich CON NGLTCJI vdi nhiing dac diem tinh each nhu hen kem, khdng duirag hoang, trgm cap, bdc lot, gian tra, xiem ninh... Rieng tieng Viet, chudt va mdt sd bd phan co the ben ngoai nhu mat. lai, mdt, rang. mom... cua chugt cdn dimg de vi vdi ngoai hinh xau xi, nhd be ciia con ngudi. Dac biet la Uong tam thuc cua ngudi Viet Nam, nhimg tir mieu ta ngoai hinh con ngudi nhu mat chugt, mat chudt, rdng chugt. mom chudt, tai chudt..., cdn cd mdi lien he ben trong, khien ngudi ta nghT den ke tieu nhan hdi ty day du nhirng ban tinh xau xa, khdng duimg hoang, v6 hau. Sy phan anh ve ngoai hinh va tap tinh cua chupt trong mdi lien he vdi con ngudi Uong ngdn ngii do da the hien sinh dpng net tuong ddng va khac biet ve d^c diem tn nhan ciia nhan dan hai nude Viet Trung vdi loai vat nay.
3. Vl cac tir ngfl" co chira B. thu I chu^t trong tieng Han va tilng Viet
U. thu trong tieng Han va chugt trong tieng Viet ngoai vai trd lam tir don ra, cdn cd the lam tir td ciu tao tir va Mm tir cau tao nen ngii cd dinh. Theo thdng ke ciia chiing tdi qua tir diln true tuyin, trong tilng Han cd tdi 358 don vi tir chiia B. thu, gdm 158 tir song am tilt, 50 tu ba am tilt, 140 tir va cym tir bdn am tiet, 10 cym til cd nam, sau va tam am tiet, chua ke mgt lugng khdng nhd cac ngu cd dinh, trong do neng yet hau ngii da cd tdi 54 dan vi Dieu dd chimg td mdi quan tam cua con ngudi vdi loai vat nay cdng nhu anh hudng cua nd trong ddi sdng xa hgi, nhat la ngdn ngii la rat sau sic.
Tie diin tiing Viet cua Hoang Phe (chu bien) thu thap dugc 18 don vi myc tir cd chua chugt. Trong do, dai da sd la danh tir chi ten goi cac loai chupt, chi cd mpt sd rat it mang y nghTa lien tudng, bieu trung nhu chudt nit diing de chi hiin tucmg bap thit bi co rut vd dau dot nggt. hay chugt chgy ciing sdo chi tinh thi din budc dudng cidng, khdng cdn Idi thodt, hay nhu chugt sa chinh ggo dimg dl vi bdng nhien gap dugc nai sung sudng, dugc hudng cdnh sung titc, nhan hg.
So l(293)-2020 NGON N G f & BQfl SONG 57_
Ngan ngii Trung Qudc cd nhiing cau mugn chudt lam hinh anh vi von, so sanh, ching han nhu — K ^ H . ^ T 1^^^ nhdtchich lao thu hoai lieu nhdt oa (/rang (mgt con chudt lam hdng ca ndi canh:
con sau lam rau ndi canh), dimg de chi su anh hudng den miic nguy hai ciia cai xiu din toan eye; ^
^ ^ ^ f i P i ^ f f i lao thu luu bdt tru cdch dg luang (chupt khdng giii ndi gao qua dem: hau an, mom ca ngao) diing dl phe phan tiidi tham an tiiC udng, khdng bilt tilt ki?m; ^ l | # - ^ , # t # l f 7^ lao thit khdn thuong, khdn dac tinh quang (chugt coi kho, hSt ca kho luong thyc: md vao mieng meo, gin tiling cho ac) dimg dl vach tran thdi tham lam, chilm cua cdng lam cua neng; ^°^Z^< MU.-M^
da minh chi miiu, bo thu tdt thieu (meo keu nhieu bat dugc it chugt: khua mdi miia mep, mom mieng dd chan tay) dimg de phe phan ke bat tai nhung thich the hien.
Trong sd cac thanh ngii cd chiia thanh td chugt, chugt thudng kit hgp vdi mieu (meo), cdu (chd), lang (sdi), diiu (chim)..., nhu 3fi^[sil[^ miiu thie dong mien (meo chudt ngu chung: ke cap ba gia gap nhau), . ^ I ^ H . ^ dieu kinh thusodn (chim kinh hoang chupt cheiy lung tung: bd chay tan loan),
^ ^ ^ U. cdu dai lao thii (chd bat chugt: ngdi le mach leo), ^zk ^ 0 cdu ddu thie nao (diu chd nao chugt: diu 6c ngu si, nhu dau chd, nao chupt)... Dac bi?t M trong 54 cau yet ban ngii nrn chiing tdi thu th^p dugc, c/jwdr thudng ket hgp vdi tir chi ga, voi, meo, cao,... n h u ^ l ^ S ^ f i S K ^ ^ ^ O I ^ lao thu thtfy mieu oa (chudt ngil trong td meo), nghia gidng nhu :^ i,#?fiSiJfi5^ (chudt vudt ran giup m6o), '^WMMM.I^ t P ^ ; ^ ^ ® hoang thu lang ma hd li (chudt vang chiii cao: ke cap ba gia gap nhau), M S,?I#J!^ MMM^ hoang thu lang khdn ke (chugt vang coi ga: gili tning cho ac) ,
^M.^:^M.^^ S : ^ ® ^ lao thu cdp dgi tugng chi IS (chugt chi dudng cho voi: mo vao mifng mfeo, tinh till ngay cang nguy cip), Urong duong vdi cau nay cdn cd ^ H ^ ^ H ^ ^ lao thu cdp mieu bdi niin (chugt chuc tit meo)... Tit ca nhiing each ndi nay deu thi hien sy nhan thiic cua con ngudi vl mdi quan he ddi nghich giiia cac loai dpng vat trong gidi tu nhien, tir dd lien he vao ddi sdng xa hgi, hinh thanh nen nhiing Idi ndi mang y nghia vi von vdi tinh the nguy cap Trong do, chugt thudng dimg dl chi nhirng ke ban chit xiu xa, ngu ngdc hoac tan ddc, cd khi chudt la hinh anh bilu trung cho ke vi ngu ma gap nan, hoac ke ac dgc gian tham gay ra tdn hai cho cdng ddng. Cach bilu d£it nrang duong vdi nhiing cau nay Uong tilng Viet thudng khong xuit hien yeu td chudt. Tuy nhien, chi can cii vao mat chU, ngudi Viet Nam cung cd thi linh hpi dugc nghTa bdng cua nhiing Idi ndi nay. Dilu do chiing td nhan tbiic vl ban chit cua chudt trong mdi mong quan vdi cdc loai dgng vat khac cua ngudi Viet Nam ciing tuong tir nhu nhan thiic cua ngudi Tmng Qudc.
Trong tilng Viet ciing cd hang loat cac Idi ndi trong do chupt dugc dung theo in dy tri nhan ma miln ngudn C H U Q T dugc anh xa len miln dich CON NGU'CJl vdi tinh thai tieu eye nhu lui nhu chudt, udt nhu chudt lot, mom chudt, len let nhu chugt ngay, chdy nhd mdi ra mat chudt, chugt sa chinh ggo, chudt gdm chdn meo, chudt cdn day budc meo, lu du nhu chugt chu phdi khdi,chudt chii che khi rdng hoi. Mpt sd Uudng hop miln ngudn C H U O T anh xa len miln dich S f VAT nhu ddu voi dudi chugt, hdi nhu chugt chii...,cung diu mang nghTa tieu cue, chi sy mit can doi hoac ban thiu, xau xa.
Tir nhitiig phan tich tren day cd thi thiy, U thu va chugt tiong biu het cac tit ngtt cd chua chung trong tilng Han va tilng Viet diu mang tinh hinh tugng va cd nghTa bdng. NghTa bong co tinh hinh tugng . nghia bdng biiu thi su vat gidn dip thong qua nghia den. [1 ]. NghM bdng cua tit ngii chiia ylu td chugt da thi hi?n ro net vl dac dilm tri nhan vl loai vat nay cua nhan dan hai nude Tmng- Vi^t.
4. Y nghTa an du cua i , thu I chudt trong tho ca
58 NGON N G f & BCfl SONG S6 l(293)-2020
Tii nhan thiic ve loai chugt ngoai hinh xiu xi, an hang d Id, ua bdng tdi, sg anh sang, pha hoai mua mang, thich gam nhim lam hu hai vat dimg, ngudi xua da mugn loai vat nay dl thi hi?n thai dp cam ghet, thi khdng chung sdng vdi nhimg ke bit luong, chuyen de nen, bdc lot ngudi luong thi^n.
Vi vay, B^ thul chugt tit Mu da Ud thanh ddi tugng da kich, cham bilm trong tho ca Trung Qudc ciing nhu Viet Nam, cd the din ra hai bai Thac thu trong Kinh thi Trung Qudc va Tdng thu cua Nguyen Binh Khiem Uong tho ca Viet Nam de chung minh cho nhan dmh nay.
Trudc het, Uong bai Thac thie (chudt xu, chugt to), tac gia dan gian da su dyng thu phap ti (vi von) nlu theo ngdn ngii hpc tii nhan thi miln ngudn la C H U Q T , miln dich M GLM CAP THONG TRI BOC LQT. Ba khd tho chi thay ddi mpt sd tit nhu vd thuc ngd thir, vd thifc ngd mach (diing an thdc lua ciia ta), vd thuc nga mieu (dimg an ma non cua ta) dt vach uan thdi tham lam tga hudng ki thanh cua giai cap thing tri. Khd thu nhat la mgc ngd khdng co (khdng ke nao doai hoai den ta), khd thii hai thay c6 bing due: mgc ngd khang diec (khdng ke nao nghT den cdng dire cua ta), khd thii ba thay diec bing lao: mgc nga khdng lao (khdng ke nao nghi den cdng lao, sy vat va lam lii cua ta), dg phe phin thai do bang quan, vd on b^c nghTa cua bgn thdng tri. Bai tha cdn lap 1^1 ba lan the tuang khie nha (ta thi se rdi xa nguoi) va tam tue quan nhu (bao nhieu nSm nay ta nuoi nguai) d ca ba khd va dac biet la thac thu ihgc thii (chugt xu kia ai chudt xu kia), nghe nhu Idi ggi, chi mat vach ke thii, ciing la tilng keu than cua ngudi dan lao ddng. Bai tha da su dung thu phap nhan hda, khiSn cho loai chupt bdng chdc trd thanh ke tdi pham vdi bg mat gian ac, bat luong dang phai nghe nhiing Idi td cao, vach uan tpi ac ma nhan ddn lao ddng chuih M ngudi phan xu.
Bai tho chii Han Tang thu ciia Nguyen Binh Khiem cUng khong kem phin danh thep Uong viSc mugn hinh anh con chugt de td cao tgi ac cua ke am muu, quen thdi dye khoet, ham Igi ca nhan, lang quen vide dan viec nude, khien cho xa tac dieu tan, chiing dan khdn khd. Nguyen Binh Khiem ciing dung thac thu de hinh dung bg mat xau xa bi di ciia ke thdng tri trong cau TTioc thu ho bdt nhan, Thdo thiit tie dm dgc (chugt xu sao bat nhdn, vyng trgm va tan ddc den the), Thanh xay vi gian (c^y the long quyen lam viec gian M). Dac biet M tir thanh xa vua cd nghTa chi chan tudng, gdc phd - nai an nau cua loai chupt, vita chi noi tdn nghiem bat kha xam pham ma ke thdng tri an minh lam diSu tan dpc. Qua M mpt hmh anh vi von bet site dgc dao, cd gia tri td cao danh thep, manh me, trong do ke thdng tri d chdn tdn nghiem dugc vi vdi chugt M loai vat xau xa den tot ciing. Y nghTa cham biem da kich cua bdi tho nhd dd ma cang them sau sac.
Trong ca dao, dan ca, chugt, nhat M chugt chu cung trd thanh mgt hinh tugng nghe thuat mang y nghTa vi von het sue tinh te, dimg de chi ke xau khdng bidt mmh xau lai hay khoe khoang, che bai ngudi khac, mudn hudng sang giau. Chang han nhu Chudt chii che khi rdng hdi, Khi toet mieng cudi: "cd hg mdy tham " hay nhu Chim chich md ddu cdnh sdi, Chugt chu trong ong ddi soi guang Tau (Ca dao Viet Nam). Bai Tudng tha (nhin con chugt) Uong Kinh thi ciing mugn chugt - loai v^t ha dang de ddi lap vdi con ngudi, trong dd cd nhiing cau: Tuang thu huu bi, nhan nhi vd nghi, bdt tie hd vi (nhin con chugt nd cdn cd cai da, con ngudi ma khdng biet nghi le, chang chfit thi sdng lam gi).
Lien tir M nhi ndi ket hai ve cd y nghia trai ngugc nhau da lam ndi bat tinh chat ddi l§p hoan toan giiia chugt va con nguiri, qua dd the hien quan diem le Id pham chdt toi thieu cua mdi con nguai trong xa hgi.
Bai tho Quan thi cua nii thi sT Hd Xuan Huong cd cau Rue rich thdy cha con chudt nhdt, vo ve mac me cdi ong bdu. Ngoai each dao ngu va phep ddi rat chinh ra, hinh anh chudt nhdt rue rich cdn ggi cho ngudi dpc cam nhan ve dac tinh cua loai chugt ciing nhu khdng gian, thdi gian va tam su ciia ngudi thi sy tai hoa nhung lan dan vl tinh duyen va him hiu trong hanh phuc gia dinh. Gin day, mpt bai hat ndi tilng ciia Trung Qudc nhan dl^ES:;*^7ft Ido thu di dgi me (chuot yeu gao) do Duong
Sh 1(293)-202Q NGON N G f & BOfI SONG 59
Than Cuong sang tac ca tir, phd nh^c va bilu diln dugc ddng dao khan thinh gia ua tiiich boi phep vi von rat binh di, ddc dao. gay in tirgng manh vl tinh yeu ddi lua. Bai hat nay cdn cd ten la "Yeu em nhu thi" ( i ^ # g i ^ ) , tiong dd cd cau ^.^t g ^ ^ s , Wtm^U^X^ (tdi yeu em, yen em, nhu chugt yen gao). Tinh ydu gipa nam va nO: dugc vi vdi chugt va g^o, tmh yen nhu com an nude udng hang ngay, binh di ma sau sic, y vi.
5. m thul chuOt trong vin hda d3n gian Vift Nam va Trung Hoa
Neu nhu ti-ong van hda dan gian Vi6t Nam tii xa xua da cd Uanh dan gian dam cudi chugt thi d Tnmg Qudc ciing cd tiaiyin thuyit vl chudt lay vg ( ^ i . S ^ lao thii thii thdn). Tranh dan gian dam cudi chugt dugc tireo d mdi gia dinh ngudi dan Tmng Qudc va Viet Nam diu till hien udc mudn cua ngudi xua mong cd dugc cugc sdng hanh phuc, con chau diy nha, van vat sinh sdi, sung tiic ven toan Uong bdi canh kinh te ngheo nan, sue san xuit chu ylu dya vao ddi ban tay lao ddng phd thdng. Diu an van hda dd ciing xuit phat tir sy tii nhan vl dac tinh cua loai chupt. Siic sinh san cua chupt rit Idn, thyc tl cho thiy, mgt con chupt me mdi lin cd thi sinh tu nam din mudi con, tiiam chi M ban mudi con. Sau khi sinh con, chugt me Mi cd thi thai nghen ngay. Chugt con sau khi ra ddi mdt thang trd len da den thdi ki phat due va cd the tilp tyc sinh sdi. Hon niia, tudi thg cua loai chudt cao, nlu khdng gap tai hga do meo va con ngudi gay nSn cai chit cho chung thi chudt thudng sdng din gia. Vi v|iy, tiong dan gian, chugt la hinh anh bilu trung cho su sinh sdi nay nd, con chau ddng dan, sdng lau tram tiidi. Trong tilng Han cd cac Idi ndi nhu ^ i , g ^ lao thu thu thdn, i , ^ S thie ngpphii. R ^ M thu nap phiic diu cd nghia la chupt thanh than. Trong dd, tir iQ phu (phu nt, vg) hai am vdi ^S phiic ma mpt trong nhiing nghia cua chir ^ phiic chinh M con chau ddng dan. Trong dan gian cd bilu tugng tam da gdm fe phuc M hinh anh ong gia van cd con tre bam theo, t i Igc la hinh anh ong quan can dai ao mu, ^ thg M hinh anh ong gia rau tdc bac pho. Tit ca nhirng diu in vl van hda dan gian dd d Trung Qudc va Vi?t Nam dfiu xuit phat tii nhan thuc vl tap tinh smh sdi nay nd nhanh chdng cua loai chugt.
Chugt sd dl diing d vi tri dau tien trong bang mudi hai con giap la do quan niem am duong. Ngudi xua chia thdi gian mgt ngay dem thanh mudi hai canh gid, tuong duong vdi 24 gid hien nay. Mdi canh gid ay tuong irng vdi mgt con giap, gid Ty tir 11 gid dem hdm trudc den 1 gid sang bora sau, do chinh la giao thdi giiia hai ngay. Thdi khac nay cung dugc coi la diem giao thira giua nam cii va nam mdi. Mat khac, ngudi xua can cu vao dac tinh cua cac loai dpng vat chia chung thanh hai loai am va duong. Cach phan loai am duong cho dgng vat M can cii vao sd lugng ngdn chan chan hay te cua tiing loai. Nhin chung, ddng vat thudng cd sd ngdn chan trudc, chan sau va chan trai, chan phai nhu nhau. Rieng loai chugt chan trudc deu cd bdn ngdn, chan sau cd nam ngdn, tdng sd ngdn M le. Theo quan niem cua ngudi xua, sd le la sd duong, sd may man, bieu trung cho su sinh soi nay nd. Dd cung la CO sd ma ngudi xua dat chudt vao vj tri hang dau trong he thdng mudi hai con giap.
Trong nhirng ngay le tit dan gian cua ngirdi Tmng Qudc xua, ngay 25 thdng gieng am lich dugc coi la ngay thanh hdn cua chugt. Tuong truyen, dem hdm iy, mpi nha deu khdng len den, mpi ngudi ngdi im lang trudc Id sudi Uong nha, an udng, giao tiep bang cii chi am tham Uong bdng dem. Tat ca danh khdng gian yen tTnh cho chugt doan vien, hdi ngd, nlu khdng se die tdi va bj chugt gieo benh tat cho con ngudi trong nam mdi.
6. Ket luan
Chugt la con vat dugc liy Mm hinh anh tugng trung cho mgt trong mudi hai con giap, ban niia lai diing diu trong bang mudi hai con giap. Tit ca nhiing dac tinh ciia chudt da dugc con ngudi phat hien va lien hg vao ddi sdng, hi dd nhiing tap tuc van hda tmyIn thdng cua nhan dan hai nude Viet
60 NGON N G f & B 6 I SONG So l(293)-2020
Trung cd lien quan den loai vat nay ra ddi, ddng thdi hinh thanh ndn mdt Idp tir ngii chiia ydu td Wt, thu/ chudt vdi nhiing nghia an du va sy lien tiidng so sanh phong phii, nhung da sd M mang tinh thdi tieu cue, dac biet la chudt da trd thanh mien ngudn anh xa len miln dich la con ngudi, dugc thg hi?n sinh dgng Uong cac sang tac van chuang, nhit la tha ca. Cac Mc gia da thi hidn thai do cua minh ddi vdi nhiing thdi hu tat xau trong xa hdi, nhat ta ban chat xiu xa cua giai cip thdng tri qua hinh anh con chugt. Ciing nhu hau bet cac con vat khac Uong mudi hai con giap, chugt mang tinh hai mat, vira thi hien y nghia tich cue, viia the hien y nghia tieu eye, tuy nhien y nghia lien tudng tieu cue ve chudt la CO ban. Chinh nhiing tijong ddng trong bdi canh vSn hda xa hdi da din tdi tuong ddng trong dSc dilm tri nhan cua ngudi Trung Qudc va ngudi Viet Nam ve chugt cung nhu tu duy lien tudng giiia chupt vdi ddi sdng con ngudi da tao ngn sy gidng nhau la ca bdn ve y nghia an du va sy lien tuong so sanh trong y nghia cua cac tir ngir chira yeu td S. thielchugt trong hai ngdn ngii. Cd thd ndi, cac tir chi mudi hai con giap ndi chung va cac tii ngu cd chiia thanh td H thie Ichugt ndi rieng thudc Idp tir vyng van hda cd y nghia vd cimg sau sac, can dugc tidp tyc di sau nghien cim, lam sang td quan ni?m thign, dia, nhan nhat the cua ngudi xua ciing nhu dac diem tri nhan cua mdi dan tgc ve thi gidi dpng vat.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Nguyen Thien Giap (2014), NghTa hgc Viet ngie, Nxb Giao dye Vigt Nam.
2. Ngd Thi Hue (2017), "Ddi chieu thanh ngUcd hinh dnhcon chudt trong tieng Hdn vd tieng Viit tu gdc do dn du tri nhgn". Tap ctii Ngdn ngu, sd 11.
2i.'i{oaug,Vh^{2Q\\),Tu dien tiing Viet, Nxb Da Ning
4. Phan Van Que (1995), "Cac con vat va mpt sd dac ttimg ciia chiing dugc cam nhan tir gdc dp dan gian va khai thac dua vao kho tang thanh ngii tieng Viet", Tap chi Ngdn nga, sd 4.
5. Ha Thanh cung nhdm tac gia (1996), Tudiin Viit-Hdn, Nxb Giao due.
6. Nguygn Diic Tdn (2008 tai ban 2015), Ddc trung vdn hda dan tgc dia ngdn ngu vd tu duy, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hdi. Ha Ngi.
7.MRti^(2oi5). '(xm^'^mmMttm^, ^-^MW%-k^m:±'^mtx.
8.ii5]e (1993) , mMivxmMM, %%^mi..
9. m% (2012) , i)^jt0^, 4^iien^tt.
10. https-//www.baidu.coin/s?ie (truy cap ngay 19 thang 12 nam 2019).
"Rat" from the perspective of linguistics and cultures in Chinese and Vietnamese
Abstract: From the perspective of the Vietnamese and the Chinese, rat symbolizes one of twelve zodiac animals. Over the long course of history, human linked rat to social life and assigned specific personality traits to it. Accordingly, Chinese and Vietnamese languages attributed a wide variety of meanings to words that contain name of this animal, reflecting the cognitive behaviours of Chinese and Vietnamese people. Basing on the sampling collected from dictionaries and literary works as well as from real life, the article uses statistics, description, analysis, compare-contiast to analyze and contrast the meanings of words containing name of this animal in Chinese and Vietnamese. It also reveals customs and folk culmres associated with rat and displays the similanties and differences between them.
Key words: Rat, Chinese; Vietnamese; semantic; culmral.
