NGHieN CU-U THL^C NGHIEM - KINH NGHjINj
C U g TRONG PHAT TRIEN BEN VUTVG SINH KE ClJA CAC TOC NGlTcn THIEU SO 6 VUNG BIEN GlOd VIET-TRUNG'*'
Ta Thi Tam Tdm tdt: Chg la nai dien ra edc hogt dpng mua bdn Irao ddi hdng hod ciia cdc tpc ngudi d vimg biin gidi Viit - Trung. Tie khi binh thudng hod quan he Viit Nam - Trung Qudc, cdc hogt dpng thuong mgi, nhdl Id cdc hoat dpng mua bdn a chg viing biin ngdy edng phdt triin soi ddng. khdng chi vdi cdc hogt ddng mua bdn tiip noi tie truyen thdng md edn hinh thdnh mdt sd hinh thiec sinh ki mdi di thich img vdi bien ddi kinh te - xd hpi a vung bien gidi. Sie phdt tiien cua cde hinh thuc sinh ki mdi ciing the hiin su bien doi vd thieh ung eua cdc tpc nguoi Ihieu so d trong viing gdn vdi suphdt trien eua hi thdng chg vd edc hogt ddng thuang mai d viing biin giai Viet - Trung.
Tu khod: Chg viing biin; sinh ke; phdi tiiin ben vimg; tpc ngudi thieu sd.
Bat van de
Vimg bien giai Viet Nam - Trung Qudc la noi sinh sdng cua nhidu tgc nguo'i, trong do, chu yeu la cac tdc nguai thidu sd (TNTS).
Thoi phong kien, khu vyc nay dugc coi la bidn vidn, phdn giau co vi tri chien luge quan trgng vd chinh tri, kinh td, an ninh qudc pbong. Vi vay, vimg dat nay ludn dugc Nba nude Viet Nam cac then ky dac bidt quan tam trdn tat ca cac mat. Trong do, phat tridn smh kd dugc xem la van de then chdt nham dn dinh dai sdng cac cpng ddng cu dan, Iam co sd de tao ra su dn dinh vd chinh tri - xa hdi, tao ra tidm lire vat chat tai chd phue vu cdng cudc bao vd bien gioi, giu vung chu quydn qudc gia.
Tu khi dat nuac thuc hidn cdng cudc Ddi moi, nhat la khi hai nucic Viet Nam, Trung
*' Bai viet nay dira tren Itet qua cua de tai "Vai tro cita chg bien giai trong cdi thien sinh ki cUa ngudi ddn dia pinccmg" do ThS. NCS Ta Thi Tain lam Chii nhiem. Tac gia xm ehan thanli cam on Quy Khoa hoc Quoc tc (IFS) da tai trg cho nghien cim nay.
Qude chinh thiic binb thudng hoa quan he, he thdng chg a viing bidn gidi nay dugc md cira trd lai va boat dgng sdi ndi, thu hut su tham gia ticb cue ciia cac TNTS vao cac trao ddi d chg Cling nhu thiic day boat dgng ndng iam nghidp, thu cong nghiep, dich vu phat trien. Vi vay, cac boat ddng dd da thuc day sir phat trien kinh te ciia viing, tao ra sy canh tranh va nhijng "ddi sanh" nhat dinh vd kinh te vdi Trung Qudc.
Ngay nay, trong bdi canh chung eua dat nude va kbu vuc, dieu kien kinh td - xa hgi cua cac TNTS d •vimg bien gidi da va dang chiu tac dgng manh me eiia qua trinh cong nghiep boa (CNH), hien dai boa (HDH), md rdng giao luu va hdi nhap qudc td. Tinh hinh trdn cd tac dgng true tiep va gian tiep tdi su phat tridn cua he thdng chg cung nbu sinh kd cac tdc nguoi d bidn gidfi Viet - Trung. Vi vay, bai viet nay nhin lai vai trd ciia chg trong phat tridn bdn
•vimg sinh kd cua cac TNTS d viing bidn gidi Viet - Trung, nham tao co sd khoa hgc cho vide dd ra cac chinh sach, cac giai phap giup
98 PHAT TRIEN BtN V&NG VLING Q U Y S N 10, S 6 ' (3/2020)
Chp' trong phat trien ben vung...
cho vung bien giai nay phat tridn ben vihig trong bdi canh cong nghidp hoa, bidn dai hoa va hgi nhap qudc te.
I. Cac nghien cuu v^ chgr va sinh ke ciia cac toe ngiroi thieu s6 6" viing bien gioi Viet - Trung
Viing bien giai Viet - Tnmg co he thdng chg kha day dac, phan bd d cac trung tam xa, gan ducmg bidn gioi hoac khu vyc ciia khau.
Trong toan vimg co hon 200 chg bien giai nam d cac xa, huydn, thanh phd bidn gioi (Ta Thi Tam, 2018, tr. 60). Cac hoat dpng budn ban tiao ddi ciia cu dan a chg vimg bidn giai Viet - Tmng cd tir rat sdm trong Iich sir, dugc tidp ndi va phat tridn den tan ngay nay (Nguyen Minh Hang, 2001; Pham Van Linh, 2001). Ben canh do, cac boat ddng budn ban d cac chg, cira khau va trung tam thuong mai df vimg bidn gidi Viet - Trung sdi ddng hon tit nam 1990 ddn nay, dac bidt la cac trao ddi hang hoa ciia cu dan d' hai ben bidn gidi (Bui Xuan Dinb, 2009; Bui Xuan Dinh va Nguyen Nggc Thanh, 2013).
Hoat dgng kinh te tinydn thdng cua cac tgc ngudi d vimg bidn gidi Viet - Trung la canh tac nucmg ddi va ehan nudi gia siic Ion nhd kdt hgp voi trao ddi trong vimg (Khdng Didn, 1996). Tir Ddi mai, nhkt la tii 1990 khi quan he Viet - Tmng binh thudng hoa voi vide md cira trd lai cae chg, cira khau d bidn giai Viet - Tmng, cac tgc nguai d trong vung c6 nhimg each thiic trai nghiem va thich ung khac nhau trudc nhimg thay ddi ve chinh sach, mdi tm'dng ciing nhu cac boat ddng kinh td - xa bdi khac (Turner, 2010; Zhang, 2011). Trong bdi canh chuyen doi sinh ke d •vimg bien, ngu'di Hmdng khdng chi tidp tue phat ti-ien cac boat dgng sinh kd truyen thdng nhu canh tac nong nghiep va ehan nudi gia siic ma cdn tham gia vao cac boat dgng trao ddi d cac chp vimg bien va bdn kia bidn gidi. Didu nay da phat buy dugc igi thd vd ddng tgc, ngdn ngfr, van hoa, quan he
xa hgi cimg voi nang ddng vd kinh td - xa hpi la ngudn lyc quan trpng giup tdc nguai nay tham gia tich cue vao qua tiinh phat trien vung bidn (Turner, Bonnin va Michaud, 2015). So vai cac tgc ngudi trong vimg, ngucri Hmdng la tpc nguoi nam bat dugc nhieu co hdi trong chuydn ddi sinh ke, khdng ehi tiep tijc cac boat ddng sinh kd tmydn thdng, tdc nguoi nay da phat huy ydu td ngdn ngii, ddng tpc va quan he xa bdi phat trien nghd budn trau va cac mat hang nhu ydu pham.
Ngudi H'mdng tiing bude thi tiucng boa va tham gia co hidu qua cac boat dpng budn ban thao qua, gia siic, mgu,... trdn co sd Idng tin va cac quan he xa hdi ciia minh (Turner va Michaud, 2016).
Voi cac tpc nguoi d vimg bien gidi Viet - Tmng, he thdng chg trong vung cd Iich sir tir lau ddi va cd quan he mua ban vdi ben kia bidn gidi tir rat sdm. Cac hoat dgng budn ban giiia bai bdn bidn gidi dugc tidp ndi tit tmyen thdng ddn hidn tai, dae bidt la a khu vuc cira khau. Hoat ddng kinh te nay dong vai trd quan trpng trong ddi sdng smh kd cae tdc ngucri trong vimg vdi boat ddng budn ban theo cac con duong chinh ngach, tidu ngach va dan gian phat trien (Nguyen Minh Hang, 2001). Hon nira, cac boat ddng budn ban d •viing bidn gidi cdn dugc thuc day bdi chinh su nang ddng cua cac tgc ngudi trong vimg, nhat la ngudi Hmdng vol nghd budn gia siic. Hoat dpng sinh ke nay da phat buy dugc vdn van hoa, xa hgi, ngdn ngir va dac didm tgc ngudi trong cac giao dich thuang mai vdi thuong nhan Tmng Qudc (Bonnin, 2011). Su phat trien cua cac boat ddng budn ban nay dua trdn co sd yeu td dia Iy, mdi trucmg, cbinh sach ciing nhu cac ca hgi tii' bdn kia Tmng Qudc mang lai. Song, cac tgc nguai a •vung bidn da phat huy lgi the trong quan he tdc nguoi ciing nhu cac ydu td xa hdi va van boa de phat tridn nghd di budn nhu mgt hinh thiic sinh ke moi va quan trpng trong ddi sdng ciia cac tdc nguai vimg bien (Schoenberger va Tunner, 2008).
PHAT TRitN B^N VLfNG VUNG QUY^N 10, S6 1 (3/2020) 99
NGHIEN CUU THU'C NGHlEM -_KjNH_NGHlEM
Ddn nay da c6 khdng it cac nghien ciru de cap ddn chg cung nhu cac trao ddi tmydn thdng va hidn tai ciia cac TNTS d viing bidn gioi Viet ~ Tmng. Cac nghidn ciiu tren gdn nhu mdi chi dirng Iai d viec md ta cac hoat ddng kinh td - xa hdi ciia cac tdc ngudi ma chua di sau phan tich tinh ben viing trong phat tridn ciia cac tgc nguoi trong khdng gian xa hgi vimg bidn gioi duai tac ddng cua cac ehinh sach phat trien vimg bidn giai tir 1990 ddn nay.
Nghidn ciiu nay se tap tmng Iam ro su phat tridn cua chg vimg bien tac dpng toi su ehuydn ddi sinh ke ciia cac TNTS d vimg bidn gioi Vidt - Tmng tii 1990 ddn nay.
2. Phuong phap va each tiep can Nghidn ciiu nay tap tmng phac hpa vai trd cua chg trong phat tridn sinh kd eac TNTS a vung bidn giai Viet - Tmng tir 1991 ddn nay, vai cac hinh thirc sinh kd tir tmydn thdng ddn bidn dai va mdt sd nhan xdt vd su bien ddi sinh ke cua cac TNTS d khu •vuc nay. Bai vidt dya trdn kdt qua nghien ciru thyc dia tai chg Can c a u (huydn Si Ma Cai, tinh Lao Cai) va chp Lpc Binh (huyen Lpc Binh, tinh Lang Son), trong 4 dot, mdi dpi 10 ngay vao nam 2018 va 2019, vdi 20 cudc phong van sau va 7 thao luan nhdm voi nhiing ngudi DTTS tham gia budn ban tai bai chg trdn. Bai vidt nay tidp tuc tham gia vao cudc thao Iuan khoa bgc vd vai trd ciia chg trong pbat trien ben •viing sinh kd cita cac TNTS d •viing bien giai Viet - Tmng.
3. Ket qua nghien cii'u
3.1. Hdng hod vd cdc trao ddi & cha T m a c nam 1990, d chp c6 cac mat bang ndi bat va mang tinh dac tm'ng dia phucmg nhu mat ong, canh kidn, hoa hdi, mgc nhi, nam huong, tam that, Ign den, ga ban va nhim, sdc, dui, cac san pham tir ndng nghidp nhu gao, ngd, san, khoai, rau xanh dugc ngudi dan trong •vung mang ddn chg trao ddi. Bdn canh do, cac loai hang dan sinh nhu mam mudi, ca
kho dugc budn tir dudi xudi mang len ban vao cac phidn chp va giao cho mpt sd dai ly ldn d trong vimg. Mat khac, khi len giao bang d cac chp vimg bidn, cac tidu thuong d mien xudi cung thu gom gao, thdc, ngd, sdn, mat ong va cac san vat khai thac tii' rimg. Nbu vay, hi t m a c nam 1990, d trong -vimg xuat hidn hinh thiic thu gom hang boa nong iam tho san dia phuong, gin vdi sy xuat hidn ciia nhirng tidu thuong tii midn xudi ldn ciing vai nhiing mat hang gia dung khac dugc trao ddi d chp. Hoat dpng thu gom bang hoa cdn dupe phat trien hon va da dang ban tir sau Ddi moi, nhat la tir 1990 trcf di vai cac boat ddng mua ban hang ndng lam thd san, gia sue, cac mat hang tii' ben kia bidn gidi.
Tir nam 1990 den nay, hang hoa d chg ngay cang phong phu va da dang vd sd Iugng, mau ma, chat lugng, chimg loai, xuat xii. Co thd chia cac Ioai hang hoa d chg vimg bidn theo 3 nhom la hang boa d dia phuong, hang hoa tir mien xudi Idn va bang boa tir Tnmg Qudc chuyen sang Viet Nam. Cu the la:
- Hang boa dia phuong: phd bidn nhat la bang nong - Mm - thd - san do nguai dan trong vimg san xuat. O chp c6 mat hang dac tnmg ciia vimg bidn giai nhu la cac loai gao, ngd, san, khoai lang, nhat la khoai lang Lgc Binh ngon nuc tieng d mien Bac. Hoa qua mang tinh dac san rieng cita vimg gdm thudc la, hdi d Lang Son; cay an qua man. Id, mac - cooc d Lang Son, Cao Bang, cam, quyt d Ha Giang.
Ngoai ra, chg cdn co cac san pham ndng nghiep nhu girng (o huydn Lgc Binh va Si Ma Cai), rau cai lan, mia cr Ldc Binh, tinh Lang Son,... Trong viing cdn cd cac mat hang dac san nhu mat ong rimg, nkm huong, mgc nhi, eae loai lan rii'ng, la thir bang boa ndi bat d chp viing bidn. Mgt so loai cay thudc quy ciing dang dugc trdng va tra tbanb thir hang boa gia tri d chg vimg bidn nbu sa nhan, tam that. Bdn eanh cac san pham tii trdng trgt, ehan nudi gia
100 PHAT TR|£N BSN VU'NG VUNG QUY^N 10, SO ' (3/2020)
Chff trong phat trien b^n vfrng...
sue gia cam kha phat ti-idn nbu trau, bd d tinh Lai Chau, Cao Bang, Dien Bien, Lao Cai - khdng cbi la phuong tien lay siic keo va van chuyen ti-ong san xuat ma cdn la hang boa cd gia tri cao ddi voi cae tdc nguai trong vung.
Nhieu mat hang ndi tidng ca nuac xuat xir tir vimg nhu Ign quay, vit quay, khau nhuc 6 Lang Son, Cao Bang; san pham tir nghd ren d Phiic Sen, Quang Uydn, Cao Bang; giay d huyen Nguydn Binh, Thdng Ndng, huong a Lgc Binb, Cao Lpc (Lang Son), Quang Uydn (Cao Bang). Cac hang thii cdng dugc ban d chg kha phong phu va da dang gdm cac mat hang phue •vu san xuat va sinh boat bang ngay ciia ngudfi dan nhu cay, cudc, rd, ra, giii, do bdp (cho), dao di rimg, dao phat nucmg, mgu men la, hucmg ndn, midn dong,... Rugu men la la mat hang dac san va rat phd bien d bau khap cac chg •vimg cao, nhat la d •viing bidn gioi Viet - Tmng. Ngoai ra, cac mat hang thuy san nhu tdm, cua, ca, dc, hen, ngao, so, tu hai,...
con dugc bay ban d cac chg bidn gioi thudc huydn Binh Lidu va thanh phd Mong Cai (tinh Quang Ninh). Nhu vay, eac mat hang nong lam thd san trdn khdng chi dap iing nhu cau trao ddi cua gia dinh ma con mang ra trao ddi d chg trong •vung, cac •vimg lan can va ca voi ben kia bidn giai. Sy pbat trien ciia he thdng chg d viing bidn giai Viet - Tmng da co tac ddng thiic day san xuat ndng lam thd san, ddng thai tac dgng den boat dpng trao ddi cac mat hang nay d chg, gdp phan tang thu nhap va dn dinh sinh ke cac tgc ngudi a vimg bidn.
Kbu hang dm thyc dac tmng va thu biit dong khach nhat d cac chg vimg bidn. 0 mdi chg cd nhiing net dac tnmg ridng nhu thang cd, pho Ign den, pho canh, phd chua (d cac chg •viing bien tinh Lang Son), Ign cap lach, ga ban, xdi ngii sac, banh diic, banh ngai, bay xdi girng d chg Ddng Van huyen Binh Lieu,...
Cac mat hang nay mang tinh dac tmng timg vimg, timg khu vyc, timg tde nguai. Day la
khu •vyc thu hiit ddng ngucri dan dia phuang nhat cGng nhu du khach tir noi khac den. Khu hang nay khong chi didn ra cac boat dgng mua ban ma con bao tdn van hoa tdc ngudi trong vimg.
Ngoai ra, d cac chg vimg bidn c6 mat hang gia siic gia cam, nhu chg Can Cau (Lao Cai), chg Tra LTnh (Cao Bang) ndi bat nhat la trau, chg Ldc Binh la ga sdng thien,... Mat hang nay vira mang tinh dia phuong, tinh vimg mien ma con c6 tac dpng thuc day cac trao ddi hang boa xuydn bidn gioi.
Hang tir midn xudi: Bdn canh cac mat hang nong iam thd san tai dia phuang, chg con CO hang tap boa gdm mam, muoi, my chinh, my an lidn va cac loai banh keo do mpt sd dai ly tir Thd Tang, huyen Vinh Tucmg, tinh VTnh Phiic Idn tan chg ban hoac giao cho nhung ngucri ban hang trong chg xa, huydn. Bdn canh do, hang luang thuc, thit ca rau qua, do gia dung, do sanh sir, nhdm nhua, thudc tan dugc,... dugc cac tieu thuong ngucyi Kinh mang len "dd budn" tai cac chg. Hg la nhiing ngudi ban budn hang boa luu dgng trong vimg va dong vai tro thiic day kinh te hang boa trong vimg phat trien.
- Hang tir Tmng Qudc: cd sd lugng Ion va chidm hau hdt cac mat hang tidu dimg nhu dd didn gia dung, may mdc nganh det, may ndng nghiep, boa chat, pham nhudm, thudc trii' sau, pban bon, luong thyc, thuc pham nliu hoa qua, bpt my, dudng, dau thyc vat, tao Id, gidng cay trdng, hat giong; hang may mac nhu quan ao, tham chi ca quan ao thd cam. Ngoai ra cdn mpt Iugng Ion mat hang ndng lam thd san tir Tmng Qudc nhu cac Ioai boa qua tao, cam, quyt, man, cac loai rau cu qua theo miia... Do CO sy tu'ong ddng vd nhom ngdn ngu, ndn cac tdc ngudi thupc nhdm dan tpc Choang d Trung Qudc CO the ndi, hidu va giao tidp dugc voi nguai Tay, Niing cr Viet Nam; ngudi Han d Trung Quoc co thd giao tidp voi ngudfi Hmdng
PHAT TRltN BEN VCKNG VUNG QUVeN 10, S6 1 (3/2020) 101
NGHIEN CO'U THU'C NGHlEM - KINH NGHIEM
d Viet Nam;... (Ta Thi Tam, Tu lieu didn da nam 2018). Tbeo ket qua nghidn cim ciia Vuong Xuan Tinh, 2010, ngudi Ha Nhi a Bat Xat (tinh Lao Cai) mang ndng - lam - thd san sang ban d cac chg ben kia Tmng Qudc va mua vd cac Ioai hat gidng, phan bdn, may mdc, quan ao,... Cd trudng hgp thuong lai Tmng Qudc sang tan chg Y Ty mua thao qua, hoa hdi, qud (Vuang Xuan Tinh, 2011, ti-. 88). Hang hoa tir Trung Qudc ngap ti-an cac chg vimg bidn khdng chi dap iing nhu cdu ciia cu dan trong
•viing ma tir day cac loai hang hoa nay dugc chuydn ddn cac tinh tbanb tiong nude, tham chi sang Lao va Campuchia nhu hang didn tir va may mac.
O cac chp vimg bidn gidi Viet - Trung co mat hang dac bidt la "tidn", ehu ydu la ddng nhan dan te. Loai hang nay giao dich phyc •vy cac boat ddng mua ban cua cu dan d hai qudc gia. Day chinh la co sd cho su hinh tbanb cac
"chg tidn" va ddng ngudi iam nghe ddi tien a hau hdt cac chg •viing bidn. O chp tien then ra bai boat ddng cbinh la ddi tidn lay "chdnh lech"
va tin dung den. Tmdc nam 2010, khi he thdng ngan hang con it, ngudi dan hai nude cd nhu cau ddi tien mat de lam an nhung nay c6 cac phuang thirc thanh toan hidn dai, ngdi a nha ciing CO the giao dich dugc, nguoi budn tidn con kdt hgp chuyen tidn qua bidn gidi va cho vay lay lai. Cac boat ddng nay phu thudc vao su bien dgng cita ddng Nhan dan te (NDT). Dieu nay eo anh hudng ldn va chi phdi hau het cac boat dgng budn ban tai tbanb phd Mdng Cai.
Nhung ngudi budn tidn sdng vdi nhau bang Idng tin, uy tin ciing nbu siic manh ma dam
"tay ehan", "dan em" ngoai xa hgi dugc bao ke bang nhirng nhom ngudi co quydn Iuc cOng nbu CO "mau mat vai gidi giang hd". Ngudi vay cang nam trong tay nhidu tai san cang cd uy tin de vay cac khoan tien Idn. Didu nay ciing Iy giai vi sao giai Iam an d Mdng Cai thuong dung nha, tidn, xe sang, nha dat de "danh bdng"
dd CO the lam tidn nhidu nhat trong giao dich.
Nhirng ngudi d chg tidn cho rang, lam an dya vao uy tm, giao dich dugc thuc hien chii yeu trdn didn thoai, c6 nhiing giao dich len ddn 3-5 ty ddng cung chi can lien lac qua didn thoai va ghi chdt sd la xong. Miic lai "chdnh lech" phd bidn nhat d chg tidn la 3-5 nghin/tiieu/ngay.
Cac khoan vay ldn, chu ydu la vay ndng, lai suat 3.000 ddng/tridu/ngay. Nhihig ngudi vay vdn chu ydu la chit hang, dan lam an ndn "uy tin, long tin" la tai san gia tri nhat. Tuy nhien, nghd cho vay cung cd nhirng rui ro nhu ngudi vay vo ng, "ehay lang",... (Ta Thi Tam, m' lieu thye dia tai chg tidn Mdng Cai, thang 12/2018).
3.2. Vai tro cda cha trong phdt dien sinh ke hp gia dinh
Til' nam 1990 den nay, cac boat dgng budn ban chinh ngach va tieu ngach (la chu ydu) khdng ngimg gia tang. Ngoai ra, cdn co nhidu boat dgng trao ddi, budn ban hang boa cua cac tdc ngucri d cac khu dan cu trong •vung tai chg Cdc Ldu. Vide thdng kd sd lupng hang boa tieu thu va tdng hop sd thud tai cac chg bien gidi khdng the thyc hien dugc do so hang boa nay thudc didn dugc midn thud. Ngudn cung cap hang boa cho cac chg do nguoi budn ban tai cac dia phuong trong tinh va nhan dan trong dia ban mang hang hoa ty san xuat ra dd tidu thu. Lupng hang nhap trye tidp tii' bien gioi vao cac chg khdng dang kd, chit ydu la hang tap hoa. Sd Iugng hang boa do Viet Nam san xuat ban d ben kia Tmng Qudc klidng dang kd so vdi lugng hang dugc nhap tii Tmng Qudc.
Dudng bidn giai cua khu vyc nay chii ydu la dat lidn va sudi nho, ndn tir iau, ngudi dan hai ben bidn gidi da co mdi quan he, giao luu va trao ddi hang boa vdi nhau. Cac tdc ngudfi tham gia vao trao ddi hang boa qua bien giai vdi cac mii'c dp khac nhau, tuy thuoc vao didu kidn kinh td, trong dd ndi ldn vai tro ciia mgt sd tdc ngudi o vung bien nhu ngudfi Hmdng, Tay, Nimg, Giay, Thu Lao, Kinh.
102 PHAT TRltN B^N VUNG VUNG QUYEN 10, S6 1 (3/2020)
Chtf trong phat tri^n b€n virng...
Tir khi quan he budn ban, ti-ao doi hang hoa voi Tmng Qudc phat tridn, cac tdc ngucri tt-ong vimg da khai thac, tbu mua ndng lam tho san ban tai chg vimg bidn hoac nhap cac loai hoa qua, quan ao va cac Ioai hang gia dung tir Trang Qudc vd ban tai cac chg •vung bien. Hp ciing tham gia vao dich vy van chuydn hang hoa sang ben kia bidn giai qua duong tidu ngach va ngugc lai. Hg tham gia mang hang hoa tit ben kia Tmng Qude vd ban tai hoac giao Iai cho ngucri budn ban cr cac chg.
Ngoai vide ban bang hoac cho thud ki dt, nguai Tay d chg Lpc Binh con md dich vu van chuydn hanh khach di Iao ddng lam thud Tmng Qudc hoac true tiep di sang Tmng Qudc lam thud vao dip ndng nhan boac sau Tdt - thdfi gian chg vang khacb. Vi vay, cd rat nhidu ngudi budn ban di Mm thud, ciiu van 6 khu
•vyc cira khau Chi Ma, ngudfi Tay cdn ban bang thud tai chg gan cira khau. Cac mat hang chii yeu la giay dep, quan ao, hat gidng va thudc trir sau. Tuy nhidn, mdt vai ngucri Tay khdng quen vai mdi tirudng budn ban da nhudng hoac cho thud Iai quay hang.
Tai cac dia phucmg ed chg va gan khu vyc cira khau, co nhidu ngucri den chg lam thue cac dich •vu trong chg nhu bdc vac, cihi van, xe 6m, nia bat va phu vide trong cac quan an, ban hang thue tai cac chg bdn nay va ben kia bien gidi. Tai chg Tmng tam va chg sd 2 Mong Cai c6 hon 600 kiot cua ngudi Tmng Qudc thud ban hang. Tai day cd rat nhieu nguoi Kinh ban hang va phidn dich thud cho chu hang Tmng Qudc.
Bdn canh do, cd rat nhidu nguai Kinh va cac TNTS ban hang rong tai khu vyc chg bidn gidi. Ddi tugng khach hang hg hudng tdi la khach du Hch trong va ngoai nuac, nhat la khach du lich ngudfi Trung Qudc. Hg ban rat nhidu mat hang nhu tiii xach, day lung, vi da,... Hg khdng cbi ban d chp ben nay bidn gioi ma con sang ca cac chp ben kia bidn gicri.
theo phuong tbiic di Iai trong ngay. Qua khao sat, thu nhap binh quan cua mpt ngudi ban hang rong khoang 200 ngbin ddng/ngay.
Nhung nguoi may man co the kiem dugc tir 300-500 nghin ddng/ngay. Song nhieu ngay hp chi hoa vdn tham cbi mat trang vi bi cong an Trung Qudc thu hang.
Nhu vay, vai sy phat tiridn cua he thdng chg vimg bien, cac TNTS a vting bien da tham gia vao boat ddng d chg vdi miic do tham gia khac nhau, ngoai ngudi Hmdng, ngudfi Tay Nung eiing cd kha nang md cira hang, trd thanh buon ban chuyen nghiep, lam giau dugc nhdf chg va budn ban, bd pban con lai tham gia budn ban khdng chuyen vdi mat bang ndng iam tho san d miic dp ldn, nhd, hay ban rong tbi thu nhap tii chp ddng vai tro la ngudn thu nhap bd sung quan trpng trong kinh te hp gia dinh.
3.3. Chp' vdng bien vd nhii-ng bien ddi sinh ke cua cdc tpc ngwdi thieu sd
Cha trdu vd nhiing nghe phdt sinh Chp trau Can Cau hinh thanh va phat trien trong nhirng nam gan day da tao ra nhidu cdng vide mai eho nguoi dan dia phuang. Mdt budi sang som thii Bay, tbeo ehan Pd, mdt hge sinh cip 2 dang hgc ndi tni d tmong tmng hgc co sd, gan chg Can Cau, 5h sang, Pd day sdm va di ra chg. Tai khu vyc chg trau, lue nay rat ddng nhiing chiec xe d td ti-gng tai lan chd trau tii mien xudi Idn. Mdi chu trau thudng mang tii' 35-40 con trau, nhat la ddi vdi nhiing chit trau tii Thanh Hoa, Nghd An. Thdng thudng cac chil ti-au ehi dung lam gia va giao dich vdi ngu'dfi mua, con vide dat trau phai thud ngudi dia phuong. Cdng vide nay phu hgp voi trd em, nhat la tre em nam. Gia dat tiiud tii 20-30 nghin ddng/con.
Ngoai cdng vide dat trau danh cho hpc sinh nam cap 2, boat ddng budn trau d chg Can Cau ciing hinh thanh ndn mdt cdng viec mai cho
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nhung nguoi d dia phuang, do la nghe ban ed cbo trau. Vao nhiing phidn chg, kbi bang nghin con trau dang diing cho va a bai dat trdng, nhieu nguo'i phu nii ngudi Hmdng mang nhung bd co to nang dd den ban cho chit trau.
Hg thudng cat co tii' chieu bdm trudc va mang ddn chg vao budi sang sdfm, xdp cac bd cd thanh timg bang ngay ngan, chdng Ien nhau.
Hg diing ban tai chd hoac dm di ban true tidp cho cac chii trau tai xe. My, mdt phu nu ngudi H'mdng ban cd d chg Can Cau kd rang, mdi ngay chg co ban dugc 20 bo co, mdi bd 10 kg vai gia 10.000 ddng I kg. Mgt thang cd ban 8 ngay d chg, mdi ngay dugc khoang tir 1,5 tridu ddng - 2 tridu ddng. Ngoai My cdn 10 phu nii d dia phuong cung tham gia vao cdng vide nay. Vai sd lugng trau lan nhu cau ve co nhidu, tuy nhidn, sd lugng cd ma phu nir Hmdng mang den chp ciing chua dap iing dugc nhu clu vd co cua chp trau. Theo su phat tridn cua chg, ngay cang co nhidu phu nii Hmdng tham gia trdng va eat co trong thdi gian ndng nhan. Cdng viec nay nhu mgt ngudn sinh ke mdi cua nhiing ngudi phu nir d Can
cau.
Sinh kd mdi cimg voi sy hinh thanh va phat trien cua chg trau con phai kd ddn cdng vide hot phan trau thud d chg trau. Voi sd Iupng hang nghin con trau d mdi phidn chg, cdng vide nay thu hiit dugc 30-40 phy nii va ngudi cao tudi. Hg thu gom phdn va ban Iai cho cac hd gia dinh trdng Id, dao, man,... vai gia 5 nghin ddng/kg. Cong vide nay didn ra thudng xuydn, trd tbanb mdt hinh tbiic sinh ke mang Iai thu nhap cho nhung ngudi khdng tham gia trye tidp vao chg trau.
Nbu vay, cac cdng vide xung quanh boat ddng budn ban trau d chg Can Cau dang hinh tbanb, phat tridn va mang lai ngudn thu nhap quan trgng cho nhidu hd gia dinh. Nhirng cdng vide nay dii chi mang tinli chat tranh thii, tan dung thdi gian ranh rdi trong ngay nhung Iai
gdp phan lang thu nhap va dn dinh cuoc song cua hg gia dinh.
Bdn hdng rong
Dgc cac chg d vimg bien gidi Viet - Tmng ngay nay, hinh anh nhu'ng ngudi ban luu dgng vai nhidu hinh thiie da dang khac nhau tra nen phd bien. Theo quan sat ciia tac gia qua 3 chuydn didn da d chg Can Cau, co 25 ngudi phy nii Hmdng, ban thd cam, hoa qua, nuoc dau, mia d chp. Nhiing ngucri nay thudng giii dd ban quanh chg. Nhiing ngudi ban hoa qua mdi ngay cd the kiem dupe tii 150 nghin ddng ddn 200 nghin ddng, nhiing ngudfi ban mia cd thd kidm dugc tii 200 nghin va nhiing ngudi ban nude dau dugc tii 250 nghin. Mdi thang bg ban bang trong 8 budi chg. Thdfi gian cdn lai hp lam nuong va trdng cd.
Co thd ndi, nhirng ngudi ban hang rong trd thanh mot bp phan khdng the thidu trong cac chg d vimg bien. Hg phan Ion la nhung nguoi phu nil d dia phuong va ddn tir nhidu tpc ngudi khac nhau. Mdi ngucri co kinh nghidm va hoan canh khac nhau. Voi nhiing ngudi ban hang rong d chp Can Cau va Lgc Binh, cdng viec nay bd sung mgt phan quan trgng cho kinh te hd gia dinh bdn canh ngudn tbu nhap tir ndng nghiep, nuong ray. Trong kbi do, ban bang rong a chp Coc Ldu va chg Mong Cai (khu vyc do thj) lai la ngudn thu nhap chinh va quan trpng trong kinh td bd gia dinh ciia cac tgc nguai df tai dia phuong va mgt Iugng Idn ngucri Kinh d duoi xudi Idn.
Hdng dn
Cimg voi su phat trien eiia chg vimg bidn va sy xuat bidn ngay cang nhieu khach du lich, nhu cau an udng tir do cung tang ldn va nhieu ciia hang an udng hinh thanh. 6 chg Can Cau, CO 2 quan thang cd md hang ngay, 3 quan com binh dan, 4 quan phd ban tai nha gan chg Can Cau; chg Ldc Binh cd 3 quan banh cudn, 4 quan phd, 5 quan com va 2 quan giai khat ban
104 PHATTRieNBtN VU'NG VUNG QUY^N 10, SO 1 (3/2020)
Chtr trong phat trign b£n vung...
canh chg; con df chg Cdc Ldu co khoang 7 quan pho va 12 quan cam, 2 quan nude dau, 3 quan nuac mia va nhidu ngudi ban biin dau quanh chg. C6 thd thay dac diem chung ciia nhiing quan hang nay phan ldn xuat phat tir ngucri dan dia phuong, dugc hinh thanh do nhu clu an udng ngay cang tang ldn 6 cac chg vimg bidn. Nhiing edng vide cua bg thuong mang tuih chdt chuyen nghiep, phyc vu tat ca cac ngay chp.
Hon niia, nhiing san pham an udng nay dugc gidi thieu la dac san cita dia phuang, mang dac trung tgc nguai va tinh •vung mien ro ret.
Nhu vay, cac boat dgng sinh kd moi d chg viing bidn gioi Viet - Tmng rat da dang, phong phil vai nhieu hinb thirc khac nhau. Cac boat ddng nay pbat huy dupe nhiing tiem nang, Igi the ciia cac tdc ngudi trong viec cai thien sinh kd ddng thai thuc day cae boat ddng kinh te tmyen thdng ciing nhu hinh thirc sinh kd moi phat tridn sdi dpng hem. Tuy nhien, su phat ti-ien sdi ddng ciia cac chg vimg bidn gioi nay cdn phy tbugc vao chinb sach bien mau ciing nhu chiu sy anh budng tir sy that thudng, bap benh ti-ong hoat ddng thuang mai ciia Tmng Qudc. Dac bidt la hien tupng ddng cira dudng bien, dkn ddn tinh trang di lai ciing nhu luu thdng hang hoa gap nhieu khd khan. Thdi didm thang 3/2019, Tmng Qudc c6 3 dgt cim bidn, mdi dgt kdo dai 5-7 ngay, anb hudng tdi viec van chuydn hang boa ciing nbu cac boat dgng budn ban d chg. Vi vay, cac TNTS dang hing budc thich img va chuydn doi boat dpng budn ban, tang cudng giao thuong ngi viing va lien •vimg, pbat trien cac mat hang ndng, lam, thd san dac tnmg ciia -vimg. Cac TNTS d viing bidn van duy tii cac boat dpng trao doi hang hoa cung nhu cac sinh boat van boa d chg.
Ben canh do, cac tpc ngudi con chuydn ddi mdt sd nganh nghd moi nhu khdi phue nghe det, may vay ao cua phu nu: Hmdng khdng chi ban d chg trong -vimg ma con mang sang cac chg a bidn giai Viet - Lao, Viet - Campuchia.
Ngoai ra, cac tdc nguoi con tap tmng pbat trien mpt so cay thuoc quy, •vimg dugc lieu nhu vimg trong tam that, sa nhan cr xa Can cau, huydn Si Ma Cai, vimg trdng cd, girng, man, dao, le, chudi, diia, timg budc binh thanh vimg chuydn canh o bidn giai. Cac mat hang ndng san trdn khdng chi cung cap cho cu dan trong vimg ma con cung cap cho cac •vung lan can va cac tinh midn xudi. Dd thich ung voi sy that thudng trong cac giao dich thuong mai vai Tmng Qudc, cac tpc ngudi di Iam cdng nhan tai cac nha may, cdng ty tai Ha Ndi, Bac Ninh, Bac Giang... Nhu vay, cac tdc nguai d •viing bidn gidi Viet - Tmng da co nhiing each thich ung khac nhau dd vugt qua nhung khd khan, thach thiic trong phat tridn kinh td dia phuang.
Ket luan
Chg d vimg bien gidi Viet - Tmng giir vai trd quan trpng trong giao luu budn ban, phat tridn kinh te, va boat ddng xa hdi ciia cac TNTS. Chg la bd mat ciia kinh te - xa hdi vimg bien va dang dong vai tro quan trgng trong su phat tridn ciia •vimg. Ve tdng thd, he thdng chg va giao dich thuong mai •vimg bien da gdp phan thuc day san xuat hang hoa, cai thien ddi sdng ciia cac cgng ddng tdc ngudi vimg cao, vimg bidn gioi ddng thdi chg cting la nai duy tri cac gia tri van boa tgc ngucri. Tuy nbidn, ben canh nhiing mat tich cyc do, ciing voi sy phat tridn manh me cua thi tmdng, sy bap bdnli eua thuong mai vimg bidn ciing gay ra mdt s6 tac ddng tieu cue ddn mdi tmdng ciing nhu ddi sdng van boa - xa hdi ciia cac TNTS.
Cac chinh sach phat tridn chg vimg bien ndi rieng va viing bidn gidi ndi chung ciia Dang va Nha nuac ta tii tmdc den nay dii c6 tac dgng tich cue tai phat trien kinh te - xa hdi, dac biet la cac boat ddng a chg vung bidn song van can CO sy didu chinh dd hudng tai sy phat trien bdn
•viing, vi mgt vimg bidn dn dinh va phat trien.
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Tai ligu tham Ithao
1 Bonnin, C (2011). lilarkets in the mountains: Upland trade - scapes, trader livelihoods, and stale development agendas in nortliern Vietnam. A doctoral thesis of Philosophy, Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research, McGill University, Montreal.
2. Bonnin, C. (2014) "Nhirng trao d6i dia phnong va buon ban trau tai chg a viing cao Viet Nam (tinh Lao Cai)". Tap clii Ddn toe hoc (3), tr.72-83.
3. Bui Xuan Dinh (2009). Vai trd dm ngudi Viet trong phdt trien ben vOng viing Bong Bic Viet Nam. Bi, cao T6ng hgp di tai eg so nam 2009, luu tai Thu vien Vien Dan tgc hoc.
4. Bill Xuan Dinh va Nguyen Nggc Thanh (Chu bien, 2013). Mot so vdn de ca bdn ve kinli te - xS hoi a cic vimg bien gidi Viet Nam. Nxb. Khoa hgc xa hgi. Ha Ngi.
5. Kli6ng Diln (Chu bien, 1996). Nliimg dac diim kinh tS, xa hpi ciia cac dan tgc miin nui phia Bfc. Nxb.
Khoa hgc xa hgi. Ha Ngi.
6. Nguyen Minh HSng (Chu bien, 2003). Budn bdn qua bien gidi Viet - Trung lich su - hien trang - trien vong. Nxb. Khoa hgc xii hoi. Ha Ngi.
7. Pham Van Linh (2001). Cdc khu kinh te cua khdu bien gidi Viet - Trung vd tdc ddng cua nd tdi sir phin trien Mnh te hdng hod a Viet Nam. Nxb Chinh tri Quoe gia. Ha Ngi.
8 Schoenberger, L., and Sarah, T. (2008). Negotiating Remote Borderland Access: Small - Scale Trade on the Vietnam - China Border. Development and Change (39,4). Biackv/ell Publishing.
9. Ta Thi Tam (2018) Mang luoi chg o viing bien gioi Viet - Trung. Tap chiNghien ciru Trung Quoc. s6 10,tr.59-67.
10. Ta Thi Tam (2018). Tu lieu dien dd tgi cdc tinh bien gidi Viet - Trung (Ldo Cai, Lgng Son, Quang Ninh) nam 2017-2019.
11. Turner, S. (2010). Borderlands and border narratives; a longitudinal study of challenges and opportunities for local traders shaped by the Sino -Vietnamese border. Journal of Global History, (5), pp.265-287.
12. Vuong Xuan Tinh (2011) Mot so vdn dk ca bdn vi ddn tdc dual tdc ddng cua suphdt trien viing bien gidi Viet - Trung (Ngiiien cim ve ngudi Hd Nhi a mdt idng cita tinh Ldo Cai vd mdt ldng thuoc chau HdngHci, tinh Vdn Nam, Trung Quoc). Ditai cdp Bg, liru tai Thu vien Vien Dan tgc hgc
13. Zhang, J. (2011). Border opened up. eveiyday business in a China -Vietnam frontier. Degree ofDoctor of Philosophy, Macquarie University.
Thong tin tac gia:
Ta Thi Tam, Th S, NCS Ngaynhanbai: 11/2/2020 - Don vi cong tac: Vien Dan tgc hoc, Vien Him Ngay nhan ban sua: 20/2/2020 lam Khoa hgc xii hgi Viet Nam ' t.i • A ' ~, A- n n n m n -Biachiemail:[email protected] Ngay duyet dang: 11/3/2020
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