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VAN HOA VA XA HOI VIET NAM GIAI DOAN THUpC PHAP (1875-1945): PHAC THAO TU" TlT LIEU
HAN NOM TRONG VAN KHO HAI NGOAI (PHAP)
V
an Idio hai ngo^ (Arcllives nationales d'outremer, viet t5t la ANOM, trong tijng Viet co Idii dugc goi la Luu tru quoc gia, bp phan hai ngoai) cua Cong hoa Phap la noi luu trii nhi^u tu li|u hanh chinh ve cac xii thuoc dia ciia Phap trong chang dai lich sit. LiSn quan toi Viet Nam voi tu each la mot qu6c gia quan trong 6 dja ban Dong Duong, v8•noi dung, khoi tu lieu luu tru nay phan anh thuc te lich s^ ngoai giao da dien voi nliieu quoc gia a nhieu khu vuc khac nhau tren thS gioi. Vd nien dai, co thd tim thiy a Van kho hai ngoji mot it tu li?u lien quan ddn Viet Nam giai doan eu6i the ky XVIII. Vi du tieu bidu la ban dich Phap van la thu cua Nguyen Anh cam cm Hoang ii Louis XVI nuoc Phap do Giam muc D'Adran thuc hien, dh ngay 5 thang 2 nam 1790 tai Sai Gon.
BSn canh do, so luong dang ki hem ca la bo phan tu lieu vi Viet Nam trong khu vuc Dong Duong th6 ky XIX-XX ma ngucri Phap timg buoc thau tom va ap djt, thuc thi mo hinh thuoc dia.
La mot phan trong tong thi tu lieu hanh chinh lien quan den Viet Nam noi rieng va Dong Duong noi chung trong giai doan thupc Phap, tu lieu Han Nom trong Van kho hai ngoai gom cong van giay to dupe phat ra tu cac cip trong chinh phu Nam trieu va don tu cua chiic sac, nhan dan cac dia phuong. Mgt phdn khac la nhiing diln dich npi dung hanh chinh tit nguyen ban tiing Phap ra Han van hoac chu Nom. Xen ke ngi dung nay la mot so tu lieu truoc tac ciia ca nhan, diu khong kem phan gia tri, gop phjn bl tiic nhan thiic ve dien mao van hoa xa hpi nhieu bien dpng duong thoi.
1. Sur hien dien cua mot so tru'6'c tac va nhimg lign he vol tir duy cua nguoi Viet diroBg thoi
Co the ke den Tuyen Quang phong thd ky S T t a i i e . ' " do An sat tinh Tuyen Quang la Nguyen Van Ban sojn nam Khai Dinh thii 4 (1919), cung hiln nhiing hieu biet ve dia ly - van hoa dia '*' TS. Vi?n Nghien ciiu Han Nom.
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VAN H 6 A VA XA HOI VIET NAM GIAI DOAN THUQC PHAP (1875-1945) ..
phuong. Mdt cuu quan chiic khac la Dinh Dung Hudng - nguyen Tri phu Da Phdc (thdi dy thupc tinh Phu Lo, nay thupc dia ban huyen Ddng Anh, Tp. Ha Ndi) soan Thdi vu tieu sdch ^^'hW nam Duy Tan thu 2 (1908) gui Toan quyen Ddng Duang. Tieu sdch la mdt ban hien ke dieu hanh qudc gia, gdm 12 dieu rihu Kit nhdn tdm MA'<* (Thu hut ldng ngudi), Tu qudn chinh •fif-^iEi.
(Chinh trang quan dpi), Li si khi ^^$^
(Khich IS ke sT)... va dieu cudi cung Khai thuong cue ?^ 1^ ^ (Md mang budn ban). Xet d ten gpi va thii ty cac de muc, ban hien ke khdng di ra ngoai nep nghT mang ngng anh hudng Khdng giao d Viet Nam cii.
Le Hoan la mpt nhan vat lich su chiu nhiSu dem pha cua du luan ca hai phia Phap-Nam. Ong soan Tuyet thu t t nam Duy Tan thu 4 (1910) thdi diim dng kinh qua cac trpng trach Nguyen Bac ky Kham sai Dai than. Thai tu Thilu bao, Hiep biSn Dai Hpc sT, lanh Hai An Tong ddc. Thu gdm 7 tilt, dugc de giri tdi chinh phii bao hp va cac tda bao nude Nam, la loi Le Hoan ty tudng trinh nhiing dau mdc trong cudc ddi hanh dpng ciia minh. Ddng thdi, day ciing la nhihig Idi ty bach ve y nghia cua nhiing hanh ddng ma dng da thyc thi d cuong vj mdt quan chiic chiu trach nhiem vdi ca hai ben chinh quyen: Nam trilu va chinh phu Phap. Tuyit thu the hipn sic net cam xuc cua chu the ty bach: tam tr?ng phan uat cua mdt ngudi tudng dugc ghi cdng hda ra bj xiic
pham, bi de dpa trd thanh tdi do. Tuy nhien, su da dien trong tinh each qua do ciing ndi bat len : ngudi viet khdng ngai bay td thien cam vdi vien cyu Toan quyin Ddng Duong (Antony Wladislas Klobukowski) va su bat binh vdi quan chiic Toan quyen duong nhiem (Albert Picquie). Dau vay, rdt cupc ngudi viet thu danh hudng su trach mdc vao sd ddng du luan xa hdi. Cd phai tieu chi hanh dpng ciia ong cd dp chenh lech so vdi chuan myc cua ea ngudi Nam va ngudi Phap, dan den dieu tiSng ma dng phai chiu? Hd so RSTNF-1947 vdi ban Tuyit thu cd the cho biet dieu nay.
Hd sa RSTNF-6668 luu trir ban Han van sao lai thu Phung khuyin qude nhdn du hoc ^ # S A i } ^ ^ cua Phan Bpi Chau dugc nha chiic trach tim thay trong mpt vu kham nha dan vao nam 1908.
Theo van ban nay, thu khich le du hpc cua cu Phan dugc djnh cao vao thang 11 am lich nam At Ty nien hieu Thanh Thai (1905). Su nhiet tinh khich le chi hudng du hpc la mdt trong nhieu hoat ddng cd y thiic tij trilu dinh tdi ca nhan ngudi Viet Nam trong no lyc md rdng tam nhin ra thi gidi. Nhdt la trong xu hudng manh me phd cap nen tan hpc tir phuang Tay sang phuang Ddng, xuit hien ngay cang nhiiu nhan sT tri thiic trong nude ndng rupt cho cdng cupc chan hung nude nha, chu truang chpn phuong phap du hpc dl tiip can nhanh nhdt kiln thiic mdi. Lien quan den chu truong md rdng kiln thiic, td trinh cua Lanh sy Nam hieu nam 1882 tai Sai Gdn cho bilt,
TAP CHI HAN N O M SO 5 (126) - 2014 VI$TANH
trilu dinh Tu Diic da cir mdt sd du hpc sinh tdi Sai Gdn de hpc Phap van va ky thuat dien bao'^'. Mdt ban Han van khac trong hd so GGI-13517 cd ndi dung lien quan tinh hinh hai de qudc Phap va Phd duong thdi dugc luu trir trong Van khd hai ngoai vdi chi dan: tac gia la ngudi Viet Nam, khao ve chien tranh Phap-Phd khoang nam 1870 va nen hanh chinh Phap d Nam ky. Ngudi dpc ciing tim thay mdt phan ban thao Hdn- Viet tie dien 31 ^ # - ^ duge djnh cao tir nam 1925 den 1930 vdi sy bao trp cua Kham sii Phap tai Hue la Pasquier va Bp Hpc cua Nam trieu. Can cii vao hd so GGl- 47465, ten tudi cac vj bien soan la Thj lang Bp Binh Nguyen Ba Trac, Tu nghiep Qudc tir giam Hd Dac Ham dudi su xet duyet nhieu bac tuc nho khac, lai kem danh sach 73 ngudi gdp y gdm cae vi nhan sT cd hpc cd, tay hpc cd. Diiu nay phan nao cho thay y nguyen gan bd va duy tri van hda truyen thdng cua tang ldp tri thiic duang thdi''*'-
Trong the ddi sanh vdi viec ngudi nude Nam su dung van ty Han Ndm viit khao cihx ve tinh hinh cac qudc gia phuang Tay, cd nhimg tu lieu cho bilt ngudi Phap quan tam nghien cihi tiing ndi va chft viet nude Nam. Vi du: Stanislas Millot nam 1914 da bien scan tac phdm vl chii Ndm*^*. Tri thiic y hpc ban dia cung dugc ngudi Phap dl tam: ten nhiing loai bd sat cd npc dpc, phat am theo phuong ngii Nam bd da dugc ghi lai bang Han van va Qudc ngii tir nam 1892 trong hd so GGI-23841.
Van chuang dau la mdt thu vui tinh thdn truyin thdng ciia ngudi Viet 1^ rat hilm xuit hien trong sd tu li§u Han Ndm d van khd. Thang hoac, cd ve nhu lac vao kho tang hd so cd tinh hanh chinh nay la mpt vai tu lieu lien quan den van chuang, nhu hd so GGI-66401 cd chiia mpt tap Han van dugc mang ten Chinh phu ngdm ^£-^^. Trong dd la nhftng bai tho, dai ngan idiac nhau, it nhidu lien quan dSn cam xiic luyen ai nam nu de gap trong tho xua. BSn ngoai tap tap thi nay cd dinh nhan xet bang Phap van eiia ngudi xet duyet tu lieu, cd doan "Khdng he quan trpng, chi la thir van tam thudng"'^\
Lan theo mdi lien ket gifta cac hi so, cd the nhan thay, nhftng dpng thai lien quan den ddi sdng van hda va di san van hda ban dia dugc ngudi Phap dl mat sat sao. Hd sa RSTAF-56761 cho thdy, nam 1923, tin ddn ve mdt ban thin tich niSn dai thi XVI trd thanh mdn hang budn ban ngoai thi trudng da khiin nha cim quyin rit quan tam, thi hien trong nhiiu cdng dien. Hd sa GGI-23840 cung cap tu liSu ve sy kien khanh thanh Van mieu tinh Ninh Binh vao nien hiSu Thanh Thai thii 15 (1904) vdi chdc tu qua lai giua hai ben quan chiic Viet - Phap, nhat la ban djch Han van Idi chiic tung cua vien Cdng sii phu trach tinh la Duvillier. Cimg cd thi tim thdy trong mpt sd hd sa nhirng trang tu lieu Han Ndm lien quan den tin ngu&ng tdn giao dan gian da dang cua ngudi Viet.
2. D90 Thiln chiia trong moi tnrdng ViSt Nam
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VAN H 6 A VA XA HQI VIET NAM GIAI DOAN THUOC PHAP (1875-1945) ...
Tu lieu Han Ndm trong Van khd hai ngoai gdp phan khdng ^nh mdt thyc te da qua la dao Thien chiia cho den cudi thi ky XIX - diu thi ky XX d nhiiu dja phuang Viet Nam vin gap phai su ky thj khdng nhd tu ddng bao vdn quen thd Phat, Cling gia tien. Vl phia Nam trieu, ho so GGI-13978 cung cap van ban trao dii vao nien hieu Ty Diic thii 23 (1870) giua CO quan Thuang bac Nam trilu va Thong ddc Nam ky lien quan su kien 11 vj linh myc Phap va Tay Ban Nha cap bin Hai Duong. Cu thi, 9 vj linh muc qudc tich Phap va 2 vj linh muc qudc tjch Tay Ban Nha xuit trinh minh bach giay phep dugc cap bdi chinh phu bao hd Phap, trong do chi rd rang dja ban cac tinh Bac ky ma 11 vj giao sT nay se tham nhSp. Nam Tu Dire thu 27 (1874), quan he Viet-Phap vao hdi cang thing ma mpt trong nhiing nguyen cd la vu giao dan d Nghe An bj giet'''. Nhllu tu lieu khac cd nien hieu Ty Dire lien quan den chil de cdng giao va giao dan them mdt lan cho thay, dudng nhu trieu dinh Tu Diic da phai ganh chiu qua sue nhiing van de ma tien nhan chua timg gap phai. Cd thi ndi, day la thdi diim ma nhftng vSn de qudc npi ndi len cang thang ben C£mh mdi de dpa tur sire manh quan sy - kinh tl Phap, khiin Viet Nam a trpng tinh the rat gian nan: "Hiep uoc 15-3-1874 dua Igi cho nude Phap rdt nhieu mdi lgi: Phap kiem tra chat chg xft Nam ky, Phap cd nhieu phuang tien dl kiem tra chinh sach ngoai giao va thuang mai cua Vi^t Nam. Cd thi ndi la, vdi hipp udc nay, nude Viet Nam dS mit ddc lap. Trong trilu, vai vj quan sang
sudt bat dau y thiic dugc la sy sdng cdn ciia nude nha tir nay do ngoai bang quyit dinh. Song, giai cap sT phu khdng cd phan iing nao ngoai su dd loi cho giao dan va "ta dao", va hudng su cong phan cua quan chung tdi cac tin dd Thien chiia giao. ST phu Ngh6 An cho rang trieu dinh qua khoan hlng ddi vdi giao dan, da ndi loan chdng chinh phu (loan Van than)"'^'.
Lien quan tdi thai dp cua nhan dan va quan chiic d dja phuang, cd thi tim tdi hd so GGI-12219 vdi ban "mat trat"
n5m Tu Diic thft 16 (1863) vl viec giao sT di sau vao dia ban huyen Ky Anh (Ha TTnh) dl truyin dao. Hd so GGI-11649 cdn giii ban Vdn thdn hfch x # ^ ni§n hieu Tu Dftc thir 27 (1874), nhan danh tri thiic ma phu nhan Cdng giao vdi loi le cue doan: ^31113^.l^^i^^^i§-^%
^, X^^^- /Huong nay dao Gia Td vao nude ta, ndi ve thii d o ^ thi xung thien xung thanh, me hoac ke dai khd, noi ve le giao thi khdng cha khdng vua, cha khac loai dB chd"*^l Mdt cdng van mat cua Tri huyen Huong San (Ha TTnh) vao nam Ty Diic thir 29 (1876) cho biSt sd dan dia phuong theo cdng giao ngay cang nhieu. Vi the ban "mat sire"
nay yeu cau Ly trudng, huong hao cac xa bi mat lap danh sach giao dan mdi va cu, gdm hp ten, tudi tac va nhan than cha me cua hp. Cdng van nay nhdn manh: i t f^ ^ 1^ ^ ^ ^ i^ S ^ Kl S ^ iti ^ H / Viec nay la lenh mat, neu dam tiet Id va che dau, khi bj phat giac se phai chju tdi"*'**'.
T.«LP CHI HAN N O M SO 5 (126) - 2014
MOt trang trong ho so GGI-10457: ban m^t sue vg vSn dg cong giao a huyen Huong Son (H^ TTnh) vao niin hieu Tu Due thu 29 (1876).
Sau thoi gian diy kho khan trong viec chuyen giao ngoi vua cho nhiing nguoi ki vi Tu Diic, chinh phu Nam trigu, dai diSn la Bo Ho, vao nien hieu D6ng Khanh thii 1 (1886) da c6 cong van ve vi?c van chuyen gao tro cip giao dan thiSu doi a tinh Quang Nam. Day la dgng thai tich cue dap ling thu cua linh muc tu tinh ay gui toi.
Tu li?u trong h6 so RSTNF-2354, RSTNF-2374 cho biSt, nam Thanh Thai thii 2 (1890), vien Pho Chanh t6ng a xa La Phil thuoc phu Hoai la Nguyen Kien din dan phu dot pha nha giao dan. Nam Thanh Thai thii 6 (1893), giao dan xS Lai Du thuoc phu Hoai (tiic phu Hoai Diic, Ha Noi) da gui don keu ciiu vi hi ngucri cung xa gay nhiSu hanh dong khieu khich, tin cong, Ito duim giao duong lam noi danh bac, keu goi giao dan bo dao. Truoc do,
nam 1891, quan chiic Phap da phai gui cong van toi Tong doc Ha An vi viec chiic sic tong ly phucmg Yen Thai (HJ Npi) am muu bat giao sT va giao dan, vu cho toi lam cuop.
Tren thirc tS, a Viet Nam duong thoi ton tai nhiing muc dp khac nhau trong viec tiep nhan ton giao ngoai lai giOa ba ky Bic-Trung-Nam. Duong nhien mpt trong nhung nguyen nhan hang diu thuong dupe chi ra la che dp true tri cua nguoi Phap tai Nam ky. Do la chua ki dac tinh coi mo cua nguai dan Nam k^
dupe thiia huong di truySn qua nhiiu thi he tien nhan nam tien mo mang, chinh phuc va hoi nhap vori cac nin van hoa moi, cac vung dat moi. Didu nay ciing CO thi tao nSn mpt doi net khac bift trong viec sit dung van tu Han Nom giQa cac vung mien.
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VAN H 6 A VA XA HQI VIET NAM GIAI BOAN THUOC PHAP (1875-1945)...
3. Thuc te sw- dung van tw Han Nom cua ngirdi Viet tai ba k}' qua tir lieu Han Nom trong Van kh^ hai ngoai
Trong nhiing thap nien thudc Phap, dudng nhu cd sy khac nhau giiia Bac- Trung ky vdi Nam ky vi tdn suat su dung van tu Han Ndm de bien soan van ban.
van tim thay nhung don tir viet bang van ty Han Ndm ma ngudi dan cac tinh Nam ky sur dung: nhu td bdm Ndm cua ngudi dan xa Nhan Hda (huySn Binh Duong, tinh Gia Dinh) soan nam Tan Ty (1881) trong hd so GGI-13108, td don Han van cua dan phu Tan Binh nam Quy Dau (1873) trong hd so GGl-10797, song day chi la sd it neu so sanh vdi ty le don hi su dung van ty Han Ndm cua ngudi dan cac tinh Bdc va Trung ky. Hd so GGI-66539 cho thdy: ciing la thu tham hdi gia dinh ciia nhihig ngudi Viet di lam bSp trong quan ngu d Phap cimg duoc viet nam 1917, nhung thu cua Bep Nhan giii ve que Rach Gid (Nam ky) duoc viet hoan toan bang chii Qu6c ngii'. Them nfl-a, giua thu cd kem mpt biic hpa ngudi phu nir Y khda than ma dng Nhan bd tien thue ve de lam vui cho ngudi than. Trong khi dd, thu cua ngudi ten Bmh (?) giri ve que Bat Bat (tinh Son Tay thupc Bac Ky), la tiiu dupe viet bang chii Qudc ngQ- song van cd kem ddng chiJ Han. Khdng nhiing the, tdm phong bi d mat trudc de dja clii bang Quoc ngit, m£tt sau dja chi duac viet bang Han van. Hd sa GGl-26779 luu trii mot td don cua ngudi lmh thp que tinh Thai Bmh xii Bdc, lam viec d tinh Dijon (Phap) giii quan Phdp; la thu duac viit nam 1917 tren gidy tay, bdng chii Ndm. Dan khiSu n^
bing chit Qudc ngti ciia nhihig ngudi dan lam nghS mudi d tmh Ba Rja (Nam ky) nam 1904 chi diing chii Han di vik hp ten
nhung ngudi dung don. Don keu oan nam 1908 cua dng Nguyin Van Hien d Cdn Tho (Nam ky) viet hoan toan bdng chii Qudc ngii'"* va each thiic trinh bay la thu khdng may khac so vdi thu tay duac viit vao thap nien cudi cua cimg the ky ay.
Them nua, dii cd viet bang van ty truyen thdng, ngudi dan Nam ky thudng khdng sur dung nien hieu cua bdt cii vi vua Nam trieu nao; de ghi thdi gian, hp sir dung nam can chi. Cac hd so GGI- 10797, GGI-10805, GGM0806 va mpt sd hd so ndi tren cho thdy diSu nay.
Nguyen nhan duoc nghi tdi dau tien dS ly giai liien tuong nay, duong nhien bdi Nam ky la xii true tri cua ngudi Pliap. Trong h6 so GGI-11462, Dai than Lanh su cua Nam trilu tai Sai Gdn gui thu tdi B6 trudng Bd Ndi vu Phap, trong thu cd nhac: "••••^i^
^^F}f^JL:^m±kt^A^iJrfn']
M$j'A'&'^---i—trong luat quy qudc cd viet: pham nhiing ngudi nude Nam chiing tdi sinh trudng dinh cu tai Nam ky thi Id ngudi Phap. .."('^'.
Dii sao, vdn cdn md ngd Idia nang tim dupe nhieu hon niia tu lieu Han Ndm trong Van khd hai ngoai. Vi vay, nhan xet ve hien tuong ngudi dan Nam ky sir dung van ty Han Ndm vao cudi thi ky XIX - ddu thi ky XX chi la mdt y tudng chua the khang djnh.
Ve tdng the, giai doan Viet Nam thupc Phap dugc nhin nhan chung trong mpt cap mdc lich sii cd tinh tuang ddi 1875-1945. DIU v^y, tinh da dien lich sii trong nhiing thap ni^n thang tram nay la mpt tdn tai cd that, khdng dem gian chi la mpt xii sd thupc dja da hoan toan bj chinh phuc. Trong giai doan nay, mpt mat, ban than moi vien chiic duac bo nhiem de thay mat chinh phu Phap quan
TAP CHI HAN NOM SO 5 (126) - 2014 VIET ANH
tri Ddng Duong va sy khac nhau trong tu duy thudc dia, chinh sach dieu hanh cua hp da tao nen xao dpng nhieu mat va tao ra nhiiu phan ky trong xa hdi. Mat khac, cac vj Hoang de Nam trieu tinh ca vua Tu Diic nhihig nam cudi tri vi, dit danh long chdp nhan mat timg phan den gdn nhu mat het quyen lyc quan chu, song thuc t l , cung da the hien nhung phan img khac nhau trong kha nang cua hp trudc su ap dat cua ngudi Phap. Ben canh dd, y thiic cliinh trj cua ngudi dan Viet ngay mdt nhan len tuy chua du manh nhu nhiing ngudi tien phong ky vpng, nhung da thiic day thanh hinh va dien tien nhieu xu hudng chinh trj-van hda-xa hdi*'^*. Su ket hap ngay cang phong phu giGa cac ngudn tu lieu tao nen trien vpng khdi phuc dien mao ngay mdt chan thuc han cua Ijch sir.
V.A Chfi Thich:
(l)lndo-GGI-26720.
(2)lndo-GGI-21392.
(3)Indo-GGi-12086.
(4) De CO mpt y niem phan bi?n ve du dinh ra ddi cua bp tii diln nay, xin xem Phan Khoi, Cdi dot cua triiu dinh Hue, trong myc "Cau chuyen hang ngay", Dong Phdp thdi bdo. Sai Gon, s.717 (8.5.1928).
Dan theo Liii Nguyen An trong http://
lainguyenan,free.fr.
(5)HdsaGGl-19132...
(6) Nguyen van: "II n'y a aucune importance.
Ce sont des lettres ordinaires" (V.A dich).
(7)GG1-12215.
(8) Nguyin Thi Anh: Vi?t Nam thdi Phdp do hg, Tu sach Sti Dia D^i hpc. Sai Gon: LOra Thieng. Nxb. Van hpc, Tuc ban (2008), H. 1970,tr.82-83.
(9) V.A dich.
(10) GGI-10457 (V.A dich).
(n)GGI-20611.
(12) V.A djch.
(13) D I CO y niem mang tinh h8 th6ng khai quat ve cac phan ky d Viet Nam trong giai doan thupc dia, xin xem: Nguyen The Anh (1992), Monarchic et fait colonial au Viet-Nam (1875-1925): Le crepuscule d'un ordre traditionnel [Chinh the quan chu va su kien thupc dja d Viet Nam (1875-1925):
Buoi hoang h6n cua mot trat tu co truyen].
Paris: L'Harmattan.
TIT lieu tham khao Ban thao:
[1] Van khd Dd ddc va Toan quyen Ddng Duong - GGI (Van kho hai ngoai - ANOM, Phap)
[2] Van khd Thdng sir Bdc ky - RST (ANOM, Phap)
[3] Van khd Kham sii Trung ky - RSA (ANOM, Phap)
[4] Van khd Npi cac - FM (ANOM, Phap)
An pham:
[5] Nguyen T h i Anh (1968), Kinh ti
& xd hdi Viet Nam duoi ede vua triiu Nguyin. Sai Gdn: Trinh bay. Tai ban
1970. Tuc ban 2008.
[6] Nguyin T h i Anh (1970), Vi^t Nam thdi Phdp dd ho, Tu Sach Sir-Dja Dai hpc. Sai Gdn: Lira Thieng. Tai ban 1974. Tuc ban 2008.
[7] Charles Foumiau & Trinh Van Thao chu bien (1999), Le contact colonial jraneo-vietnamien: le premier demi-siecle (1858-1911) [Cupc t i i p xiic thudc dia Phap-Viet: Nua t h i ky ddu tien (1858-1911)]. Aix-Marseille: Universite de Provence./.
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