VAN DE CAU TAO TUVA TU LOAI
NHIN TU^ MUC TIEU M6N TIIHG VIET 6 Tliu HOC
O TS. D A N G KIIVI N G A "
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p n g ngdn ngCr, t u Id don vj trung tdm, do vgy, du d cd'p hgc ndo, ngi dung dgy hgc ve h> trong mdn Tieng Viet (TV) cung chiem dung lugng ddng ke. O heu hqc (TH}, hgc sinh (HS) dd duqe Idm quen vdi cdc kien thuc so gidn thuqe nhieu binh dien khdc nhau ve tu: cdu tgo, h> logi, y nghla... Xet cho eCing, cdc binh dien ndy khdng he cd lap vdi nhou: moi kieu cdu tqo tu gdn vdi mot kieu y nghta, moi h> loqi cung gdn vdi mot phgm tru y nghla khdi qudt ndo d d , vd y nghla cua tu Igi dugc hien thyc hod qua t u logi vd cdu tgo tu.Trong ba binh dien neu tren, y nghla Id nhdn t d quan trqng nhdt chi phdi hogt dqng cuo tu trong Idi ndi. V i the, eho du tim hieu tu ve cdu tao hoy v l h> ioqi, dfch cudi cijng de hinh thdnh kT ndng su dyng tu van Id h i l u b i l t ve y nghta hogc ve kieu y nghta cua H/ dang dugc xem xet. Thdm ehf, nhin h> mye Heu su dyng h>, cd the ndi rdng cde bdi hgc v l ed'u tgo t u vd h> loqi d TH khdng cd myc dfch h/ thdn Id x i p tu vdo nhdm ed'u tgo hay nhdm h> logi ndo, md Id giup ngudi hgc hieu y nghta (vd dgc diem hogt ddng ngCr phdp}
c u a t u .
Bdi viet bdn v l ed'u tgo t u vd tu logi trong md'i quan he vdi ndi dung mdn TV d TH (nhin h> gdc do ngu nghta, hogc tuong quon vdi ngi/ nghta}.
1 . Vd'n d l ranh g i d i cua cdc t u TV J) Xac djnh ranb gioi cua tu TV. Do dgc d i l m logi hinh cua TV: ranh gidi dm Het rdnh mqeh, nhung ranh gioi cdc \u khdng rd rdng, nen viec xdc djnh ranh gidi cua cde tu Id vd'n de gdy nhieu ban khodn cho gido vien (GV) TH.
De xde dinh dugc ranh gidi cdc tu trong mot edu hoy mot dogn Idi ndo d d , edn ehij y nhung dqc diem cdn bdn cua h/ ndi chung, h> TV ndi ri§ng. Do Id: - Khde vdi cym tu h/ d o , tCr Id don vj sdn c d , thugc he thdng tu v y n g , khdng phdi Id don vj dugc cdc cd nhdn tgo ro h-ong qud trinh giao tiep bdng Idi. Vf d y , edc h> qudn do, di
dung, xe mdy, dn ud'ng, tdt tuoi,... d i u cd son (dugc liet ke, gidi nghta h-ong tu d i l n ) ; - Khac vdi cym h> t u d o , h/ Id don vj ed hinh thuc vd nghta cd djnh, bdt bugc. Neu them hoqc bdt y l u t d ndo d d v d o / t r o n g ttr thi ket cdu vd nghta ciia K/ bj phd v d (hoqc bj thay doi}. Vf dy: neu xen tu mdu vdo giua hai tieng h-ong h> hoa hong thi y nghta cua h> se thay ddi - boa hong khde boa mdu bong; - l ^ d c vdi cym \u tu do, y nghta cuo tu khdng phdi luc ndo cung c6 t h i dugc suy ra mdt cdch tryc tiep tu y nghta cua cdc thdnh td tgo nen no. Vf dy: /loo g / d / k h d n g phdi Id hoa bdng gidy, dn ndi khdng phdi Id an vd ndi, quan do khdng phdi chi ndi v l qudn vd do...; - Khdc vdi t i l n g , h/ Id dan vj dde Idp tgo cdu. Vf d y , td hgp boa hong trdng gdm 2 tu hoa hong vd trdng, vi ed boa bong vd trang deu ed khd ndng dgc lap tqo cdu; nhung boa bong bgch chi Id 1 h>, vi bach li^dng ed khd ndng dqc Idp tqo cdu (vd do vqy, hoa hdng cung khdng doe lap tqo edu - khdng du t u cdch Id ttr).
Cd the di den nhqn xet: 1) Neu mot don vj ngdn n g i ; khdng cd khd ndng dgc lap tqo cdu thi dd khdng phdi Id h>; 2) Neu ket cdu vd nghta cua mot td hgp dm Het khdng duqc g i u nguyen khi bi tdch rdi bdng mdt tu, thi td hgp am tiet a y Id 1 tu;
3) Neu y nghta mot t d hgp dm tiet khdng the suy ra mot cdch true tiep h> y nghta eua moi thdnh t d thi td hop dm tiet d d Id 1 h>. Vf dy: hoa hdng dugc xde dinh Id mot t u n l u y nghta cuo nd khdng phdi Id hoa mdu hdng, hoa gidy duqc xde djnh Id mdt tu neu y nghta cua nd khdng phdi Id hoa bdng gidy (tuy nhien, khdng phdi td hqp ndo cd y nghta suy ra dugc mdt cdch true t i l p tu y nghta cuacdcthdnh t d c u n g l d c y m h / , v f d y : c a c t d h q p nhu eho me, thdy trd, nhqc hoq tuy cd y nghta dugc suy ra mdt cdch true tiep tu y nghta cua moi thdnh t d nhung vdn Id ede h> chu khdng phdi Id cym tu).
* Trifling Bai hoc stt phan Ha Noi
Tap chi Biao due so 2 7 7 (ki i - i/aoiai
2) Van de xac djnh ranh giai cua tu trong mdn TV a TH. Xdc djnh ranh gidi giCra cde ttr khdng phdi Id myc Heu eua viec dgy h> d TH. Do vdy, khi dqy t u , de gidm bdt khd khan cho HS, sdch gido khoa (SGK) hogc GV nen xdc djnh sdn cdc t u trong edu. SGK TV4 d d gidi thieu h> d o n , h> phijc theo Hnh thdn ndy... Cdch Idm nhu vqy hqn e h i duqc sy qud tdi, gidm bdt nhung rdc rdi to ede bdi tdp yeu cdu HS h/ xdc djnh ranh gioi h> - viec md n h i l u liie ehfnh thdy ed cung khdng biet minh da Idm dung hay chua.
2 . Vd'n de ed'u t q o h> d TH
1) Cd'u tgo tu TV. Trong mdn TV d TH, Heu ehf phdn logi t u theo ed'u tgo Id sd luong tieng.
Tu CO mot t i l n g Id tO d o n , tO gdm nhieu Heng Id tu phuc. N h u vqy, theo cdch phan loqi ndy, h>
don ludn Id h> don d m , tu phuc ludn Id tu da dm.
Theo phuong thde cdu tqo, tu phue duge chia thdnh ft> ghep vd ti} lay. Tu ghep duqe cd'u tgo b d n g cdch g h e p cdc Heng cd nghta Igi vdi nhou. Do v g y , ve nguySn tdc, cdc tieng trong tu ghep deu cd nghta. Chfnh vi dieu ndy, cde
\udidung, tuoi cudi, thOng mung, que qudn,...
hjy cd hinh thuc gid'ng t u Idy nhung Id nhCrng t u ghep dfch thye.
Tu Idy dugc hinh thdnh bdng cdch ket hgp mot Heng gd'e (ed nghta tu thdn} vd tieng lay (khdng ed nghta t u thdn, ed dm ddu hode/vd vdn gidng dm d d u / v d n trong tieng gdc). N h u vgy, h> Idy (ddi) dien hinh phdi cd 2 dqc diem sou: 1} Chf mdt Heng cd nghta; 2) Cdc Heng trong t u gidng nhau d dm ddu hoqc/vd d vdn (vf dy:
xanh xanb, xanb xao, bdi rdi,..,). N g o d i tCr Idy d d i , trong TV edn ed tu lay ba (vf dy: sgcb sdnh sanh, sdt sdn sat...} va tu Idy tu(vf d y : bdng nha bdngnbang, vdvavdvdn...). SGKTVTH khdng gidi thieu h> lay bo vd tu lay tu.
Cd mdt so tu gdy n h i l u bdn khodn cho G V TH khi nhdn dien k i l u cd'u tgo. Vidy:
+ M d t so h> cd hai Hing chua dm hogc vdn gid'ng nhau, nhung ed dm dugc viet bdng nhCmg ehi/ edi khdc nhau, trong tu chi mdt t i l n g ed nghta nhu; cap kenh, gdm gbiee, ngugng ngung, loanb quanb,... E)dy Id nhi/ng ti> Idy dm hogc tu Idy vdn dfch thye (td't nhien, nhi/ng t u cd hinh thi/e tuong tu nhung ed hoi Heng deu co nghta, nhu:
gbe gdm, ngung nghi,... Id tu ghep ehu khdng phdi Id tu Idy}.
+ Mot so tu chua mdt tieng hien dang cd nghta vd mot tieng vd'n ed nghta nhung nay dd md't
Tap chi Giao due so 2 7 7 (ki i • i/aoia)
nghta, nhu: thit fhd, cdy cdi, mdy mdc, chim ebde, hdi ban,... Ve mdt ljch d q i , ddy Id nhCrng t u ghep. Nhirng ngudi theo quan diem d d n g d q i , cdn cu vdo hinh thuc eua h> (cdc tieng cd dm ddu gidng nhau) vd y nghta eua Hlng (chf mot Heng hien cd nghta), coi ddy Id nhi/ng tu lay co y nghta khdi qudt.
+ Mot sdh> nhu: hdn hen, Idm cdm, dung dinh, chdm cbdm, ba ba, cdo edo,... cung gdy khdng ft bdn khodn eho G V TH: trong t u khdng h l n g ndo e6 nghla nen chung khdng dugc xem Id nhiJng t u ghep; mat khdc, hjy h> cd hinh thue cua h/ Idy nhung khdng tieng ndo trong h> duqe xem Id tieng gd'e nen khd xep ehung vdo danh sdch h/ Idy dich thuc. Mot sd trong nhi/ng h> ndy (Idm edm, dung dinh...) mang y nghta gidu sue goi td nhu tdt cd cdc tu Idy dien hinh, do vdy cd the xep chung vdo danh sdch cdc tu lay. Mot sd tu khdc c6 hinh thuc gidng \u Idy, nhung chi thudn tuy ggi ten su vqt md khdng cd y nghta sde thdi (chdm cbdm, ba ba, cdo cdo...) ed the dugc «dqc cdch" xep vdo danh sdch cdc h> Idy, nhung khdng duqe xem Id nhung tu lay dien hinh. (Neu cdn cu vdo so lugng hinh vj, cbdm chdm, ba ba, cdo <xio... dugc xep vdo danh sdch K/ don da dm).
+ Mot so K/ ch(/a hoi Heng d i u khdng cd dm ddu, trong do ehi mot tieng c6 nghta hogc khdng tieng ndo cd nghta, nhu on en, dp ung, 6n do,...
cd the dugc coi Id nhung tu lay dqc biet. Chung cung cd gid frj gqi td nhu nhung tu lay d i l n hinh (Tuy nhien, cdn xep vdo danh sdch h> ghep nhCmg K/ehi/a ed hai tieng cd nghta nhu: dp u, dm uot,,..).
+ Mot sdh> chua hai Heng eo phdn vdn gidng nhou d dm chfnh vd dm cudi, nhung chi tieng dung sou cd dm dem (vf dy; ddng bodng, bdng hodng, bdng khudng, bdn khodn,..). Cd the nhCmg tu ndy vd'n Id h/ lay vdn d i l n hinh (vi dy:
d d n g hodng vdn cd ngudn gd'e Id dodng hodng);
nen xem chung Id h> Idy vdn dde biet (tuy nhi§n, nhi/ng tu cd hinh thuc tucmg h/ nhung cd hai tieng deu CO nghta, nhu h/ bdt khud't cdn duqe xep vdo danh sdch tu gh§p).
+ Neu cdn c u vdo sd \ugng h l n g vd hinh thuc eua Kr, khdng the xep vdo danh sdch h> don hay tu lay nht/ng h> gdm nhilu Heng, khdng Heng ndo ed nghta vd khdng cd dgc diem hinh thOc eua tu Idy nhu: bu nhin, mo hdi, mi chinh, ed phe,,.. Cd the xep nhung tu ndy vdo danh sdch K/ ghep biet Idp - khong phdi Id tu ghep phdn logi hay twig hgp (nhdm tu ghep ndy chua dugc gidi thieu d TH).
2) Dgy cau tgo tu d TH. Thyc tien cho thd'y, khi dgy ve edu teio h>, G V khdng de y tdi viee SGK chi gidi thieu nhi/ng hien tugng dien hinh, phd bien md chua gidi thieu nhung trudng hgp rieng le, it tieu bieu. Khdng ft G V TH dua ngi dung dgy hge ed tinh ehd't ndng cao vdo bdi tap, khien HS phdi trd Idi nhi/ng cdu hdi md chinh cdc thdy cd cdn chua thdng nhdt cdu h-d Idi. Chdng hgn, mdt sd' G V yeu edu HS xdc djnh kieu edu tqo cua cdc t u : rfj/f t/jd, cdy coi.,. trong khi bdn thdn chua h i t thde mdc: tgi sao cd tdi lieu ggi do Id nhi/ng h> ghep, cdn tdi lieu khde Iqi gql Id tu Idy? Cd G V hdi HS cde h> bo hdng, xd phdng,...
thugc kieu cdu tqo ndo, rdi gidi d d p rdng d d Id nhung K/ don da dm (md khdng nho rdng SGK d d ndi t u don Id t u gdm eo mot Heng)...
Thue Hen cung eho thdy, khi dqy ede bdi edu tqo tu, G V TH it quon tam tdi y nghta eua h>.
N h i l u ngudi xem xac djnh cd'u tqo tCr hoqc phdn loqi h> theo kieu ed'u tqo Id myc dich cudi cung eOa nhdm bdi hgc ndy. Hg quan tdm cdy/edy cdi, dn/an no; thuqe kieu cd'u tgo ndo, nhung ft d l tdm Hm hieu hoqc hudng dan HS Hm hieu xem cdy vd cdy edi, dn vd dn ndi cd gi gid'ng nhau, khde nhou....
Ttieo chung tdi, khdng nen so dd vdo viec nhdn dien, phdn logi t u , vd dqc biet nen trdnh yeu edu HS nhdn dien, phdn logi nhCmg h/ khdng dien hinh v l ed'u tgo. Dgy ve h> lay ddi thi phdi ehqn nhi/ng t u ed hinh thuc dien hinh, gdm mot Hlng ed nghta, mot tieng khdng cd nghta; h> dd phdi CO sue ggi td sy vdt, hien tugng (cd ^ nghta sde thdi). Dqy ve h> ghep thi ngu lieu td't nhdt Id nhung h> chua cdc h l n g hien deu cd cd nghta ro rdng...
Cho du mdt bdi hgc hay bdi tdp v l ed'u tqo tu khdng eo nhiem vy trye h i p Id cung cd'p nghta h/ cho HS, nhung Idng ghep k i l n thuc ve nghta tCr trong bdi hgc vd bdi tdp mdt cdch nhe nhdng Id cdch Idm hieu qud giup cdc em hieu sdu sde hon ve h>, h> d d su d y n g h> td't hon. (SGK T V 4 cung ehqn cdch t i l p edn vdn de cd'u tqo h> gdn vdi y nghta: sdch gidi thieu hai loqi tughep Id tu ghep tdng bgp vd tu ghep phdn logi - cbu khdng phdi Id h> ghep dang lap vd tu ghep chinb phy).
Nhin h> y nghta, khi dgy ede bdi ve ed'u tqo ti>, edn ehu y:
1) Ten ggi tu ghep tdng hgp dd eho thd'y y nghta chung cua nhi/ng h> ndy Id y nghta tdng hqp. Y nghta tdng hqp cd 3 bieu hien chO yeu:
do cd t h i Id y nghta bao g d p {vi dy, thdy trd cd
the hieu Id thdy vd trd...), y nghta tong logi (vi d y , quan do cd the h i l u Id qudn, d o , kbdn, gdng toy, tdt chdn,.., - nhung thu dugc dan, det, may de mgc, khodc,...} hay y nghta ehuyen ehi logi (vi dy, dn ndi co the hieu Id ndi ndng ndi ehung...}.
Chinh y ngtita tdng hgp quy djnh khd ndng ket hgp cua tu: khdc vdi danh tu Id h> don hay Id tu ghep phdn logi, nhCrng danh tu Id h/ ghep tdng hqp khdng dung true h i p sou sd tu. V i dy, chi eo the ndi: bai qudn, hai do, hai do ddi md khdng the ndi hai qudn do. NhCrng danh h> Id tu ghep tdng hgp cung khdng the dung sou cde danh tu chi don vj - don the md ehi dung sou ede danh tu ehi don vj - hgp t h i . V i dy: cd the ndi: hai bg qudn do, bai tu qudn do, nhung kbdng the ndi:
hai edi qudn do, hai ebiee qudn do...
2) Tu ghep pbdn logi trudc het bieu hien su phdn chia sy vqt, hien tugng thdnh nhieu logi, vi dy: xe mdy, xe dap, xe lam, xe d to...Tuy nhien, khd nhieu tCr ghep phdn logi (dgc biet Id cdc tinh h>} cdn cd net nghta miSu td nhi/ng sde thdi Hnh t l cua sy vdt, hi&n tuqng. V i dy, xanb um khde xanb r? khde xanh mudt. Neu khong cdm nhqn duqc su khde biet ngu nghta gii/a cdc \u ghep phdn loqi ed ehung Heng chinh thi sy nhdn dien kieu cd'u tqo h> chua giup HS su dyng chung mdt edeh hieu qud trong Idi ndi.
3) Cdc tu Idy dien hinh deu ed y nghta sde thai: chung khdng chi djnh danh md edn ggi td nhCrng bieu hien Hnh t l eua hien thyc cuoc sdng.
Y nghta sde thdi cuo tu Idy t h i hien d cho tu cd them mdt sde thdi y nghta ndo do so vdi y nghta cua Heng gdc. Sy sde thdi hod cd the Id tdng hay gidm mue do so voi Heng gdc, nhung khong chf dung Igi d viee tdng hay gidm muc dd y nghta. Vf dy: bdi rdi, rdi ril, rdi rdm, rdi ren khdng hdn Id rd't rdi hoy hoi r d i , md do Id nhi/ng b i l u hi%i cua sy thu hep phgm vi su dyng cua h/
so vdi Hlng gd'e r d i .
Khi dgy ve h> Idy, nhieu GV TH do ehu y tdi nghta, ggi y HS Hm hieu xem y nghta cuo mot \u ndo do Id tdng hay gidm muc do. D d Id edeh khai thde dung hudng bdi vi HS ehi cd the dCing h> de tgo lap hogc Hip nhqn Idi ndi khi dd hieu y nghta cuo h>. Tuy nhidn, mud'n ndi ve k i l u sde thdi hod cua t u Idy, G V edn ehqn nhOng tu ed y nghta t d n g / g i d m muc dd so vdi tieng gdc mot cdch ro rdng, chu khdng phdi Id mot kieu sde thdi hod Wide. V d dieu quan trgng Id cdn chgn nhimg h> Idy eo Hlng gdc cdn rd nghta, de HS
thd'y ro y nghta cua h> thay ddi the ndo so vdi y nghta euo Heng gdc.
NhiJng d i l u vua phdn tfch cho thdy: d l su dyng tu hi§u qud thi edn biet d a i <y nghta cua mot ttr trong mdi quan he vdi kieu edu tgo cua no.
3 . V a n de h> l o q i
Cdc t u logi duqc dgy d TH Id danh t u , ddng tu, ttnh h>, dgi t i / vd quan he tu - nhOng tCr loqi cd vj trf quan trgng trong ngdn ngCr, Id «linh h d n "
cOa cdc phat ngdn.
1) Danh ft>, ddng tu, tinh tu. Danh h>, dgng h>, tinh to Id ba t u loqi quan trgng trong ngdn ngu. Sd lugng danh, ddng, tfnh tu trong mdi ngdn n g i ; d i u rd't Idn. Thieu chung, khd md mieu td duge hiSn thuc cudc sd'ng hode dgt dugc cdc cdu.
Do vdy, ddnh thdi luong ddng k l eho ba tu logi ndy Id thod ddng.
M d i tu loqi ndy deu dugc gidi thieu h/ y nghta khdi qudt dqc trung: danh t u chi sy vdt; ddng tu chi hoqt dqng, trqng thdi; Hnh h> chi dgc d i l m , tfnh chd't. Cdc dqc d i l m ngu phdp cuo moi h>
loqi dugc hien thyc hod qua hogtdong hdnh chuc cOo tu. Do vqy, cung vdi v\%c Hm hieu y nghta, HS edn edn biet tdi dgc d i l m khde (vi d y , gid tri tqo edu) cuo mdi Kr logi (chdng hqn, danh tu ihudng ddm nhiem vai trd chu ngu trong cdu, cung cd the cCing vdi h> id ldm vj ngir; ddng h> vd Hnh h> thudng ddm nhiem vai trd vj ngCr h-ong edu). Cdch dgy ndy nhd't qudn vdi djnh hudng tieh hqp trong mdn TV d TH.
2} Dgi tu. Dqi ti> ed sd lugng khdng Idn nhung rd't edn thiet vi duqe dung thudng xuyen trong Idi noi. Trong khi duqe dung d l «xung'' hay «hd", cdc ddi h> xung hd TV dong thdi cdn b i l u thj quan h§ (vai} giira cde nhdn vqt giao t i l p , the hien cdm xuc, thai d d , su ddnh gid cua cde nhdn vqt giao t i l p vdi nhau, hogc voi mot ddi tugng ndo d d .
B§n egnh chuc ndng xung hd vd ehi djnh, dgi h> cdn ed tdc d y n g thay the cho h/ ngCr da xud't hien trudc d d , trdnh lap tO khdng cdn thiet; Idm cho Idi noi khdng bj nhdm chdn. N g o d i ro, dqi h> edn Id mot loqi phuong Hen quan h-gng eua mdt bien phdp lien ket cdu: bien phdp the. G i d n g n h u the ddng nghta, t h i dgi t u vuo duy tri d l tdi trong doqn v d n / v d n b d n , vua trdnh duqc sy don dieu d o lap tu ngu qud n h i l u . Nhung khac vdi t h i ddng nghta, the dqi tu thudng Idm cho Idi ndi ngdn ggn hon, lien k i t hinh thuc giOa cdc cdu chgt ehe hon.
Tap chi Giao due so 2 7 7 (ki i • i/aoia)
M d i dgi \u ed gid tri su dyng rieng, hoqc cung mot dgi Kr nhung trong moi ngCr ednh Igi c6 nhiJng vai trd khdng gidng nhou. Mot edeh h/ nhien hoqc cd y thi/e, HS thudng xuy§n si/ dyng dgi t u khi ndi, v i l t . Do vdy rdt edn giiip cdc em budc ddu h i l u v l f nghta vd gid trj cua dqi tit, md khdng chi d u n g lgi d sy nhgn dien, phdn loqi.
3j Quan be tir. Tuy ed sd lugng it nhung quon he t u xud't hien vdi tdn sud't rd't eao vd ed mat trong nhieu cd'p do khde nhau eua Idi ndi; lien k i t Kr ngi/ - tu ngCr, v l edu - ve edu, edu - edu, dogn vdn - dogn vdn. N h d ed quan he t u , md'i quan he n g u phdp giOa cdc dan vj Idi ndi t r d nen chgt che vd md'i quan he y nghta gii/a chung cung t r d n§n tudng minh. Cd nhung quon he Kr dien dgt cde md'i quon he khdc nhou hodn todn.
Lgi ed trudng hgp, dudng nhu md'i quon he n g i / phdp vd y nghta do cde quan he tu bieu dqt gid'ng nhau ve eo b d n , nhung vdn cd sy khdc bi§t rd't Hnh t l . Chdng h q n , tuy cung chi nguyen nhdn, nhung cdc tir vi, nhd, tgi khdng hodn todn gid'ng nhau ve y nghta bieu t h d i ; tuong tu, ndu, he, gid cung chi dieu kien hogc gid t h i l t nhung ndi hdm quan he y nghta md ehting bieu dqt khdng hodn todn gid'ng nhou... Do vqy, hieu ve sy h/ong d d n g , khde biet giCro cdc quan he tu cung Id mot trong nhirng dieu kien giiJp ta dCing Kr diing vd finh te hem.
Cung cdn nhd rdng, su Iqm dyng quon he Kr cd t h i ldm cho Idi ndi thi^n ve li le, thdm ehi gdy cdm gidc ndng ne cho ngudi tiep nhgn. Cho nen, cdn edn nhdc khi ndo nen dung quan he t u , dung nhu the ndo cho hieu qud. G V cd the k i t hgp sua Idi vd huOTig dan HS edeh si> dyng quon he h>
trong khi chd'm, ehija bdi vdn cho HS.
Myc Heu hdng ddu eOa mon TV d TH duge xde dinh Id «Hinh thdnh vd phdt t r i l n 6 HS edc kt ndng su dyng TV (nghe, n d i , dqe, v i l t ) d l hgc top vd giao tiep trong cde mdi trudng hoqt dgng eua lua t u d i " . Theo d d , cd t h i h i l u mye dich cudi cung eOa edc bdi hgc ve tu Id g i i i p HS hieu t u vd su d y n g dugc Kf trong hogt dgng tiep nhdn hogc tqo lap Idi n d i . N h u v d y , hqe tu TV khdng the chf dung Igi d viec nhdn d i i n , phdn l o q i , md phd) di den nghta cua h>. Di den nghta t u bdng con dudng ndo, noi ve y nghta ti> nhu the n d o , ndi vdo luc ndo vd ndi bao nhieu Id du Id d i l u G V cdn edn nhdc. Bdi, neu khdng ndi thi (Xem tiep trang 22)
hn/dng; cde hogt ddng phdi phu h g p vdi nhu cdu cua SV.
6 . Tdng eudng kiem t r a , d d n h g i d ; khuyen khich SV t y kiem t r a , t u d d n h g i a ; x d y d y n g v d thuc hien quy che «thudng p h g f r o r a n g , h g p IT trong mgi hogt dgng. N h d trudng cdn thudng xuyen kiem tra Id'i sdng, hdnh v i , cdch giao Hep ung x d , sy chdp hdnh ndi quy, cde quon he x d h q i , vide Idm them, noi d cOa SV... de kjp thdi thu dugc nhirng Hidng Hn phan hoi, \u dd cd bien phdp gido dye hop li vd hieu qud hon; ngdn chdn h> xo ddi vdi nhung thdi do di ngugc Iqi ehudn muc dgo du'c x d hgi.
Viee k i l m tra, ddnh g i d phdi dugc Hen hdnh mdt cdch thudng xuy§n, lien Kie, khoa hgc vd hgp l i ; tuyet dd'i trdnh benh hinh thuc «ddi phd, chieu l e " ; phdt huy Hnh thdn h/ gidc, ehO ddng cua SV;
b i l n qud h'inh kiem tra, ddnh gid cOa ede lye lugng gido dye thdnh hoqt dgng k i l m tra, ddnh gid eua SV; cdn cd sy tham gia phdi hop cOa nhieu lye tugng gido dye, giup eho hogt dgng ndy phdn dnh dung thyc trgng vd'n de cdn kiem h-a, ddnh g i d . Ben egnh d o , edn cd bien phdp khen thudng, khuyen khich dgng vien kjp thdi nhChig SV cd thdnh Keh eoo trong hge tdp, guong mau thuc hien cde quy djnh cua nhd trudng v l Idi sd'ng, giao t i l p ung xu'; xO' If nghiem khde nhung bieu hien Heu eye (Id'i sdng thyc dyng, chu nghla cd nhdn, v i phgm ndi quy, quy djnh cOa trudng, gion Idn trong thi ei), vo I I vdi GV...);
xdy d y n g quy c h i khen thudng, ki lugt hgp l i ; ddm bdo khdeh quon, edng bdng, edng khai, c d Hnh gido dye vd phdt trien, h'nh ke hoqch v d he thd'ng; k i t hgp khen thudng thudng xuyen vd k h a i thudng qud trinh.
7. Tdng eudng d i e u kien eho cdc hoqt d g n g G D V H U X , tgo «nen tdng" vd dieu kien thudn lgi de thyc hien tdt nhiem vy dgt ra. Khi xdy dyng ke hogch tdi chfnh trong ndm hgc, nhd trudng cdn ddnh mdt phdn ngdn sdch phu hop d l sdm sua trang t h i l t b i , eo so vdt chd't; huy dgng sy tdi t r g ve kinh phi, phuong Hen t u edc lye lugng x d hgi ddng tren d i a b d n ; khai thde d o dOng, phuong Hen d g y hgc hien c d ; tdng eudng xdy d y n g v d hodn thien cdc ngudn tdi lieu tham khdo, tdi lieu tuyen fruyen v l vdn hda hgc dudng vd gido dye VHUX eho SV d thu vien cua nhd trudng vd phdng t u lieu cOa ede khoo. •
Tai lieu tbam khao
1. Nguygn Vi^I ChiJc. Van hoa ling xu-ciia nguoi Hk Npi vffi mdi t r u ^ g thien nhi&n Vi€n Vdn hda vk NXB Vdn iida - Tfidng tin. H, 2002.
2. Pham Minh Hac (chu bien). V5n hoa v4 giiio due, giao due va vSn hoa. NXB Gido due. H. 1998.
3. Tran Thi Minh Hug. Gido due bdn sde vdn iida ddn tdc cho sinh viSn su pham thong qua t6 chiic hoal
^dng gido due ngodi gia len lap. Luan an ti€n si.
Tnicmg Dai hpc su pham - Dai hgc Thai Nguyfen, 2010.
4. Nguygn Thi Kim Ngan. VSn hoa giao tiep trong ahh trmong. NXB £)pi hgc supham Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh. 2011.
5. Nguygn Thanh Tu&. VSn hoa ling xii'Viet Nam hien nay. NXB TUdiin Bdch khoa vd Viin Vdn hda, H 2008.
6. Tr^n Ngpc Them - Pham H6ng Quang. VSn hoa hoc va van hda Viet Nam. NXB Dgi hgc supham, H.2004.
7. Ngu6n http//taninhin.net/daolao. "Trdn trd vdi vdn hoa ung xu hoc dudng". 2011.
8. Ngu6n http//laodong.com.vn. "Bdn trdn vdn hda hgc dudng". 2010.
SUMMARY
Educating behoving culture to help students get the right perception and know how to express well- mannered communication iDehiaviors in study and life, etc... The article presents 7 measures relating to that issue in Viet Bac Cultural Artistic Junior College.
Van de cau tao tir va...
(Tiep theo trang 31) chdng cd feh bao nhieu cho ngudi hgc, nhung ndi khdng ed d i l m d u n g Igi Idm cho ndi dung dgy hge trd nen qud tdi. Q
li^
Tdi lieu tham khao
1. Le A - D6 Xuan Thao. Giao Irinh Tieng ViSt 2.
NXB Dai hoc supham, H. 2010. ,
2. Le A - Phan Phuong Dung - D5ng Kim Nga. GiSo trinh Ti^ng Viet 3. NXB Dai hoc supham. H. 2011.
3.B6GD-DT.r»&igViet4l%)l,2.NXBGfeiorf«c,H.2007.
4. BO GD-DT. TiHig Viet 5 tap 1,2. NXB Gido rfwc, H. 2007.
SUMMARY
To help pupils use words vi/elteadT&s need to hep them understand ttie meanings and acting abilities of words. Put word-formation and parts of sfDeech into the relationship with the meanings, the author of the article has summarised some problems of words that make many teachers of pnmary schools consider. In author's opinion, to help pupils use words effectively, teachers need to attach to words' meanings while teaching word-formation and parts of speech.
However, teactiersshoudntmakepupils exhausted.
