NGHIEN CCrU - TRAO DOI
VESIIIIANTHI^PHiy NGHIEN COUGIAinXAHdlCilAPtlAP LUAT
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rong dieu kien ddi mdi, phat trien ben viing va hdi nhap qudc te d nude ta hien nay cd nhieu van de li luan va thuc tien ve phap luat can dugc nghien ciru cd he thdng.Mdt trong nhung van de dd la gia trj xa hdi cua phap luat. Theo chiing tdi, viec nghien ciru van de nay dang trd nen cap thiet vi nhiing li do ca ban sau day:
Thir nhdt, trong su nghiep xay dung va bao ve Td qudc Viet Nam hien nay, phap luat la cdng cu chii yeu de dieu chinh cac quan he xa hdi ca ban, dang chua dimg va the hien ngay cang day dii gia tri xa hdi vdn cd phii hgp vdi ban chat cua minh tren cac ITnh vuc kinh te, chinh trj, dan sir, van hoa, xa hdi nham gdp phan thuc hien muc tieu dan giau, nude manh, xa hdi cdng bang, dan chii, van minh. Tuy vay, ve mat nhan thirc li luan, khdng phai mgi ngudi deu da hieu dugc dung dan day du va thdng nhat ve gia trj xa hdi ciia phap luat. Trong xa hdi ta hien nay, ngoai nhiing ngudi vira cd tri thirc khoa hgc ve phap luat vira cd thai do va tinh cam phap luat dimg dan thi cdn cd khdng it ngudi hoac khdng mudn hieu biet ve gia trj xa hdi ciia phap luat, do dd khdng cd thai do, tinh cam phap luat dung dan; hoac hieu h\it chua dung, chua day dii va chua toan dien ve gia trj xa hdi cua phap luat, cho nen ciing khdng thudng xuyen cd thai do, tinh cam dimg din
.'J'iOr
PGS.TS. NGUYiN VAN DONG *
ve phap luat. Mdt trong nhiing nguyen nhan ca ban cua tinh trang dd la do cdn nhieu ngudi chua dugc trang bj nhiing tri thiie can thiet ve phap luat ndi chung, ve gia tri xa hoi vdn cd cua phap luat xa hdi chu nghia (XHCN) ndi rieng, trong dd cd phap luat nude ta hien nay. Nhiing kien thirc can thiet ve cac van de ca ban va quan trgng gia trj xa hdi ciia phap luat nhu khai niem, dac diem, ndi dung, hinh thuc bieu hien, sir tac ddng tdi xa hdi, can cir xac djnh, cac nhan td anh hudng, cac tieu chuan danh gia muc do dat dugc, nhiing dieu kien bao dam, quan he giiia gia trj xa hdi vdi cac gia trj khac ciia phap luat, cac loai hinh gia trj xa hdi cua phap luat, cac giai phap tiep tuc cimg cd, bao dam, bao tdn, phat trien va phat huy v.v. van chua dugc truyen tai tdi can bd va nhan dan.
Sir han che trong nhan thuc li luan ve gia tri xa hdi ciia phap luat va trong thai do, tinh cam phap luat nhu vay da lam cho cac hoat ddng xay dung va hoan thien phap luat; to chirc thuc hien phap luat va thuc hien phap luat chua dat hieu qua cao; phap luat chua hoan toan phat huy het dugc vai trd to Idn ciia minh trong xa hdi.
Trudc tinh hinh dd, viec nghien cim gia trj xa hdi cua phap luat se vira cung cap
* Giang vien chinh Khoa hanh chinh-nha nu6c Trudng Dai hoc Luat Ha Noi
32 TAP CHi L U A T HOC SO 10/2009
nhiing tri thirc khoa hgc ca ban cd do tin cay cao v6 gia tri xa hdi ciia phap luat di can bd, nhan dan nhan thirc diing dan, d4y du, toan dien ve gia trj xa hdi eiia phap luat, sao cho mgi ngudi deu hieu dugc rang gia trj xa hdi vira la pham chat tu than, vdn cd hit sire quy bau cua phap luat nude ta, vira la tieu chuin, thudc do danh gia dung ban chSt, muc dich va ket qua tac ddng thuc ti cua phap luat, tir dd tao nen niem tin vung chae ciia can bd va nhan dan vao phap luat, gdp phin hinh thanh d hg thai do, tinh cam phap luat dung dan, tir do dan tdi nhiing hanh vi hgp phap trong ddi sdng nha nude va ddi sdng xa hdi; vira gdp phan xay dung nen nhii:ng can cir khoa hgc cho viec xac djnh gia trj xa hdi va danh gia mire do gia trj xa hdi cua timg loai phap luat, timg van ban quy pham phap luat va timg hinh thirc boat ddng thuc tien phap luat.
Nhirng tri thirc khoa hgc ve gia trj xa hdi ciia phap luat nham hinh thanh va nang cao nhan thirc li luan ve gia trj xa hdi ciia phap luat ma viec nghien ciru gia trj xa hdi cua phap luat cung cap se bao gdm: a) Cac tri thirc khoa hgc ve nhiing van de chung cua gia trj xa hdi ciia phap luat nhu khai niem, dac diem, ndi dung, hinh thirc bieu hien, sir tac ddng tdi xa hdi, can cir xac djnh, cac tieu chuan danh gia mire do dat dugc, quan he giiira gia trj xa hdi vdi cac gia trj khac cua phap luat, cac nhan td anh hudng, dieu kien bao dam...; b) Cac tri thirc khoa hgc ve nhung loai hinh gia trj xa hdi cu the cua phap luat (hay cac yeu td CO ban tao nen gia trj xa hdi ndi chung cua phap luat) nhu gia trj nhan van, gia trj nhan dao, gia trj binh dang xa hdi, gia trj cdng bang xa hdi, gia trj tien bd xa hdi, gia trj dan
chii...; c) Cac tri thirc khoa hgc ve nhOng giai phap kha thi nham tiep tuc cimg cd, bao dam, bao tdn, phat trien va phat huy gia trj xa hdi cua phap luat, trong dd quan trgng nhat la nang cao chat lugng, hieu qua ciia viec xay dung va hoan thien phap luat, td chOrc thuc hien phap luat va thuc hien phap luat.
Thu" hai, viec hoan thien chinh sach phap luat trudc yeu cau bao dam gia trj xa hdi cua phap luat chua dugc thuc hien tdt trong tat ca cac khau, tir hinh thanh tu tudng ve hoan thien chinh sach phap luat, khao sat, dieu tra, danh gia thuc trang nhu cau cua thuc tien va thuc trang bao dam gia trj xa hdi cua chinh sach phap luat hien hanh den khau "vat chat hoa" tu tudng ve hoan thien chinh sach phap luat. Nhiing ban che ay dan den hau qua la chinh sach phap luat thudng lac hau so vdi nhu cau, ddi hdi ciia thuc tien, nhat la chinh sach phap luat ve cac ITnh vuc quyen con ngudi, dan chii, cdng bang xa hdi, an sinh xa hdi... lam giam sut vai trd djnh hudng ciia chinh sach phap luat ddi vdi cac boat ddng phap luat ciia Nha nude. Cd nhieu nguyen nhan ciia hien trang nay, chang ban nhu chua nhan thirc day dii, diing dan y nghia, vai trd djnh hudng ciia chinh sach phap luat; thieu sir quan tam ciia cac cap lanh dao cd tham quyen; thieu nhiing luan cit khoa hgc; cdng tac td chirc xay dung va hoan thien chinh sach phap luat chua cd nen nep...
Hien trang neu tren cua viec hoan thien chinh sach phap luat va ndi dung cua chinh sach phap luat trudc yeu cau bao dam gia trj xa hdi cua phap luat dang ddi hdi cac nha khoa hgc phap li phai nghien cim cd he thdng, sau sac, day dii, toan dien cac van de
NGHIEN CCrU - TRAO DOI
ve gia trj xa hdi ciia phap luat nham cung cap nhung luan cir khoa hgc cho viec xay dung va hoan thien chinh sach phap luat, sao cho cac chinh sach phap luat djnh hudng cd hieu qua boat ddng xay dung va hoan thien phap luat, td chirc thuc hien phap luat va thuc hien phap luat. Cac luan cu khoa hgc dd bao gdm: luan cir khoa hgc ve y nghia, vai trd djnh hudng ciia chinh sach phap luat trudc yeu cau bao dam gia tri xa hdi cua phap luat; luan cir khoa hgc ve yeu cau, each thirc, ndi dung va phuang phap Idng ghep cac yeu td tao nen gia trj xa hdi ciia chinh sach phap luat vao cac giai doan (cdng doan) cua quy trinh xay dimg va ban hanh chinh sach phap luat trudc yeu cau bao dam gia trj xa hdi ciia phap luat.
Thir ba, boat ddng sang tao phap luat trudc yeu cau bao dam gia trj xa hdi ciia phap luat chua dugc thuc hien tdt trong tat ca cac khau (cac giai doan, cac bude) ciia qua trinh xay dung va hoan thien phap luat (ma ve thuc chat la cac giai doan ciia quy trinh xay dimg va ban hanh cac van ban quy pham phap luat), dan den tinh trang vira thieu ddng bd vira thieu thdng nhat trong he thdng phap luat hien hanh. Chang ban, trong cac khau cua quy trinh xay dung va ban hanh cac van ban quy pham phap luat dilu chinh cac quan he lien quan den giao due, dao tao thudng quan tam Idng ghep cac yiu td chuyen mdn ciia giao due, dao tao va su tac ddng ciia Nha nude den giao due, dao tao ma chua chu y nhieu den khia canh xa hdi ciia giao due, dao tao nhu cac v4n di nhan van, dan chu, binh dang xa hdi, cdng bang xa hoi... Cd ba nguyen nhan chinh ciia tinh
hinh nay: Mdt Id nhan thirc chua dung dan, day dii, toan dien cac van de li luan ve gia trj xa hdi vdn cd cua phap luat XHCN va ve yeu cau bao dam gia trj xa hdi trong quy trinh xay dung, ban hanh cac van ban quy pham phap luat; hai la chua cd day dii kien thirc ve ki nang Idng ghep cac yeu td tao nen gia trj xa hdi ciia phap luat vao ndi dung boat ddng trong timg cdng doan ciia quy trinh xay dung, ban hanh cac van ban quy pham phap luat; ba la cdn thieu nhiing luan cu khoa hpc cua viec xay dung, ban hanh cac van ban quy pham phap luat trudc yeu cau bao dam cac gia trj xa hdi cua phap luat.
Tir thuc trang xay dung, hoan thien phap luat trudc yeu cau bao dam gia tri xa hdi cua phap luat dugc trinh bay d tren, viec nghien ciru gia trj xa hdi cua phap luat tren ca sd phan tich, danh gia sau sac, toan dien, khoa hgc thuc trang ndi dung phap luat va thuc trang xay dimg, hoan thien phap luat se cd tac dung cung cap nhirng luan cir khoa hoc cho viec tiep tuc xay dung va hoan thien phap luat trudc yeu cau bao dam gia trj xa hdi ciia phap luat nude ta trong dieu kien ddi mdi, phat trien ben viing va hdi nhap qudc te hien nay. Nhirng luan cu khoa hgc phuc vu true tiep cho boat ddng xay dung, hoan thien phap luat trudc yeu cau bao dam gia trj xa hdi ciia phap luat ma viec nghien cim gia trj xa hdi eiia phap luat cung cap se bao gdm ba nhdm chu yeu sau: nhdm luan cir khoa hgc ve nhan thuc li luan ve gia trj xa hdi cua phap luat;
nhdm luan cir khoa hgc ve sir can thiet phai bao dam yeu cau ve gia trj xa hdi cua phap luat trong timg giai doan cua quy trinh xay dung, ban hanh cac van ban quy pham phap luat;
34 TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 10/2009
nhdm luan cir khoa hgc ve each thirc Idng ghep cac yeu td tao nen gia trj xa hdi ciia phap luat vao ndi dung boat ddng trong moi giai doan ciia quy trinh xay dung, ban hanh cac van ban quy pham phap luat.
Thii tu, ndi dung cua phap luat hien hanh cdn chua chira dung day dii cac yeu td tao nen gia trj xa hdi cua phap luat de dieu chinh cac quan he xa hdi co ban theo hudng ngay cang bao dam nhieu hon tinh nhan van, nhan dao, dan chii, binh dang xa hdi, cdng bang xa hdi, tien bd xa hdi. Dieu dd dua den tinh hinh la hieu qua xa hdi cua dieu chinh phap luat trong nhieu ITnh vuc khdng cao; khdng it cac nhdm (mang) quan he xa hdi t a ban, nhat la cac quan he trong ITnh vUC^xa hdi (tir
"xa hdi" d day dugc hieu theo nghia hep, gdm cac van de ve xoa ddi ngheo, bao dam tien bd xa hdi, binh dang xa hdi, cdng bang xa hdi, y te va cham sdc sire khde, van hoa, giao due...) chua ed quy pham phap luat dieu chinh hoac da cd mdt sd quy pham phap luat dieu chinh nhung hieu qua xa hdi cua sir dieu chinh dd ciing khdng cao. Cd tinh trang nay do nhieu nguyen nhan nhung ngoai nhirng ban che trong nhan thirc li luan ve gia trj xa hdi ciia phap luat va trong kT thuat xay dimg, ban hanh cac van ban quy pham phap luat da dugc neu d tren cdn nguyen nhan quan trgng khac nira la thieu nhirng luan cir khoa hgc cho viec xay dung chien luge phap luat chira dung day dii cac yeu td tao nen gia trj xa hdi quy bau cua phap. luat de xay dimg, phat trien toan dien dit nude va con ngudi Viet Nam.
Nham gdp phan xay dung luan cir khoa hgc cho viec xay dimg, hoan thien phap luat, viec nghien cOru cac van de li luan va thuc
tien ve gia trj xa hdi ciia phap luat se cung cap nhiing can cir khoa hgc cho viec ra soat, he thdng hoa cac van ban quy pham phap luat hien hanh theo timg ITnh vuc xa hdi, tham quyen va thdi gian ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat; xac djnh gia trj xa hdi cua phap luat va danh gia mire do thuc te dat dugc ve gia trj xa hdi ciia phap luat trong timg van ban quy pham phap luat ve kinh te, chinh trj, dan sir, van hoa, xa hdi; phan tich cac nguyen nhan ca ban ciia uu, khuyet diem trong ndi dung cac van ban quy pham phap luat trudc yeu cau bao dam gia trj xa hdi ciia phap luat; xac djnh quan diem va giai phap khac phuc nhirng ban che trong ndi dung ciia phap luat trudc yeu cau bao dam gia trj xa hdi cua phap luat trong thdi gian tdi. ,,
Thu nam. boat ddng td chirc thuc hien phap luat va thue hien phap luat trudc yeu cau hien thuc hoa gia trj xa hdi ciia phap luat trong thdi gian qua cdn nhieu ban che, the hien tren nhieu phuang dien nhu tuyen truyen, phd bien, giai thich, giao due phap luat; dau tu cua Nha nude va ddng gdp sire ngudi, sue ciia ciia xa hdi; kiem tra, giam sat viec thuc hien phap luat; khuyen khich, ddng vien ca nhan, td chirc cd thanh tich; xir li ca nhan, td chirc vi pham phap luat va cac boat ddng ap dung phap luat khac... Trudc tinh hinh dd. viec nghien ciru cac van de li luan va thuc tien ve gia trj xa hdi cua phap luat se cung cap nhiing luan cir khoa hgc cho viec nang cao chat lugng va hieu qua boat ddng td chirc thuc hien phap luat va thuc hien phap luat trudc yeu cau hien thue hoa gia trj xa hdi ciia phap luat. Nhiing luan cir khoa hgc dd gdm: luan cir khoa hgc ve ddi mdi
NGHIEN CCrU - TRAO 001
ndi dung, hinh thuc, phuang phap tuyen truyen, phd bien, giai thich, giao due phap luat; luan cir khoa hgc ve ddi mdi va thuc hien chinh sach dau tu ciia Nha nude va ddng gdp sire ngudi, sue cua ciia xa hdi vao td chirc thuc hien phap luat va thuc hien phap luat; luan cu khoa hgc ve nang cao chat lugng, hieu qua kiem tra, giam sat viec thirc hien phap luat; luan cu khoa hgc ve ddi mdi va thuc hien chinh sach khuyen khich, ddng vien ca nhan, td chuc cd thanh tich trong td chirc thuc hien phap luat va thuc hien phap luat; luan cir khoa hgc ve ddi mdi va thue hien chinh sach xir li ca nhan, td chirc vi pham phap luat va cae boat ddng ap dung phap luat khac...
Thir sdu, hoat ddng nghien cim khoa hgc ve gia trj xa hdi cua phap luat trong thdi gian qua d nude ta tuy da dat dugc mdt sd thanh tuu nhat djnh nhung van cdn nhieu ban che.
Qua tim hieu, chung tdi thay cho den nay d trong va ngoai nude van chua cd cdng trinh chuyen khao nao ve gia trj xa hdi ciia phap luat cd gia trj cao ca ve li luan lan thuc tien ma nhin chung cac nha khoa hgc chi dimg lai d viec khai thac mdt vai khia canh, mdt sd bieu bien cu the ciia gia trj xa hdi ciia phap luat. Bdi the tinh thieu he thdng, tan man, phien dien la nhung dac diem ca ban cua viec nghien cuu gia trj xa hdi cua phap luat d nude ta tir trudc tdi nay. Do tinh hinh nghien cim nhu tren, cho nen d nude ta hien nay cd nhieu van de li luan va thuc tien ve gia trj xa hdi cua phap luat cdn chua dugc nghien cim mdt each cd he thdng, toan dien va day du; mang nghien cim \i gia trj xa hdi cua phap luat tren dien dan khoa hgc phap li d nude ta nhin chung cdn bj bd
trong, thieu nhiing chuyen gia gidi ve ITnh vuc nay; chua xay dimg dugc he thdng cac luan cu khoa hgc ve gia trj xa hdi cua phap luat cho Dang, Nha nude tiep tuc hoan thien dudng Idi, chinh sach, phap luat theo hudng bao dam ngay cang nhieu ban tinh nhan van, tinh nhan dao, tinh binh dang xa hdi, tinh cdng bang xa hdi va tinh tien bd xa hdi, phii hgp vdi muc tieu xay dimg xa hdi Viet Nam thanh xa hdi dan giau, nude manh, cdng bang, dan chu, van minh va hdi nhap toan dien vdi the gidi. Nguyen nhan chinh bat ngudn tir nhiing ban che trong chinh sach dau tu cua Nha nude, su ddng tinh va img hg cua xa hoi, cdng tac td chirc nghien cim, trinh do va nang lire nghien cuu cua ngudi nghien ciiu, cdng tac phuc vu nghien cim, viec danh gia va xir li ket qua nghien cuu v.v..
Tir thuc trang nghien ciru gia tri xa hoi ciia phap luat neu tren, viec tiep tuc nghien cim gia trj xa hdi cua phap luat trong bdi canh hien nay eiia nude ta la het sue cap thiet nham san lap khoang trdng lau nay trong khoa hgc phap 11 nude nha; giai quyet cac van de khoa hgc cap thiet ve gia trj xa hdi cua phap luat dang dugc dat ra trudc khoa hgc phap li va xay dung dugc he thdng cac quan diem li luan khoa hoc ve gia trj xa hdi ciia phap luat va img dung cac quan diem li luan khoa hgc ay vao thuc tiln xay dimg va bao ve Td quoc Viet Nam XHCN trong dieu kien ddi mdi, phat trien ben viing va hoi nhap qudc te.
Thir bdy, sir nghiep xay dung dat nude theo hudng dan giau, nude manh, xa hdi cdng bang, dan chu, van minh va cdng cupc xay dung Nha nude phap quyen XHCN Viet
36 TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 10/2009
Nam ciia nhan dan, do nhan dan, vi nhan dan trong dieu kien ddi mdi, phat tri^n b^n viing va hdi nhap qudc te dang ddi hdi phai ddi mdi toan dien ve ndi dung va hinh thirc ciia phap luat va phat huy hieu luc, hieu qua tac ddng ciia phap luat tdi xa hdi theo tinh thin Nghj quyet eiia Bd chinh trj Ban chip hanh trung uong Dang cdng san Viet Nam sd 48/
NQ/TW ngay 24/5/2005 vi Ch\in luge xay dung va hoan thien he thdng phap luat Viet Nam den nam 2010, djnh hudng din nam 2020 va Nghj quyet cua Bd chinh trj Ban chap hanh trung uong Dang cdng san Viet Nam sd 49-NQ/TW ngay 2/6/2005 vi ChiSn luge cai each tu phap den nam 2020. Mdt trong nhiing hudng quan trgng can ddi mdi trong ndi dung ciia phap luat la bao dam ngay cang dung dan han, day dii ban, toan dien ban cac yeu td nhan van, nhan dao, binh dang xa hdi, cdng bang xa hdi va tien bd xa hdi. Nhiing tinh chat ay ciia phap luat ciing chinh la nhirng pham chat (yeu td) co ban tao nen gia trj xa hdi tu than, vdn cd cua phap luat nude ta. De phii hgp vdi ndi dung mdi cua phap luat nhu vay thi hinh thirc the hien ciia phap luat cung can dugc thudng xuyen ddi mdi, cai tien. Van de ca ban d chd: de phap luat chira dung dugc day dii cac pham chat tao nen gia trj xa bdi ciia phap luat, bao dam tinh hieu qua xa hdi trong viec dieu chinh cac quan he xa hdi co ban cua cac ITnh vuc xa bdi va cae mat ddi mdi td chirc va boat ddng ciia bd may nha nude theo hudng nha nude phap quyen ciia nhan dan, do nhan dan. vi nhan dan thi can lam gi va lam nhu the nao ve mat li luan khoa hgc?
Viec nghien cim gia trj xa hdi ciia phap
luat se gdp phan giai dap cau hdi tren bdi vi nd cung cap nhirng luan cir khoa hgc de xay dung, hoan thien phap luat chira dung day du cac pham chat tao nen gia trj xa hdi ciia phap luat nham thoa man yeu cau phat trien nhanh, ben viing ciia tirng ITnh vuc xa hdi, ciia timg mat cai each bd may nha nude va ddi mdi boat ddng nha nude theo hudng nha nude phap quyen ciia nhan dan, do nhan dan, vi nhan dan. Nhirng luan cir khoa hgc dd bao gdm cac tri thuc khoa hgc ve mdi quan he tac ddng qua lai giira su phat trien xa hdi mdt each ben viing, xay dung nha nude phap quyen XHCN vdi gia trj xa hdi ciia phap luat; each thirc xac djnh cac yeu td tao nen gia trj xa hdi ciia phap luat trong timg ITnh vuc quan he xa hdi dugc phap luat dieu chinh lien quan den sir phat trien xa hdi va xay dung Nha nude phap quyen XHCN Viet Nam: each thirc Idng ghep cac yeu td tao nen gia trj xa hdi ciia phap luat vao ndi dung boat ddng trong timg giai doan ciia quy trinh xay dung va ban hanh cac van ban quy pham phap luat ve phat trien xa hdi mot each ben viing va xay dung Nha nude phap quyen XHCN Viet Nam; cae bien phap ciing ed, phat trien, phat huy gia trj xa hdi ciia phap luat trong qua trinh phat trien dat nude mdt each ben virng va xay dung Nha nude phap quyen XHCN Viet Nam.
Vdi nhirng lgi ich neu tren, viec nghien cuu gia trj xa hdi ciia phap luat trong dieu kien ddi mdi. phat trien ben virng va hdi nhap qudc te se gdp phan quan trgng vao viec xay dung chii thuyet phat trien Viet Nam trong the ki XXI do Dang ta de xudng./.
