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TU TAN CUONG TRUNG QUtC DJU TH£ KY 100
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hu tu tri Tan Cuong nim d vung bien gidi phia Tay Bac Trung Quoc, cd di?n tich tren 1,6 trieu km^ (Idn nhat trong so cac tinh va khu tu tri khac tai Trung Quoc), chiem 1/6 dien tich Tnmg Quoc va 1/4 chieu dai dudng bien gidi quoc gia. Day la khu vuc co vi tri chien luoc quan trong doi vdi Trung Quoc, co trii lupng Idn dau, khi dot va than. Tan Cuong eo dan so khoang 20 trieu ngudi, trong do 45% la ngudi Duy Ngo NhT va 40% la ngudi Han, con lai la cac dan tpc diieu so. Ngon ngu ma ngudi Duy Ngo NhT sii dyng la tieng Duy Ngo NhT, bao gom ca he thong chu viet va phat am, va dupc khoang 12 trieu ngudi sii dung (thong ke nam 2011) *'lVan de dan t^c, ton giao & Tan Ctfong Tan Cuong la mpt khu vuc gom nhilu ton giao, trong do dao Hoi c6 anh hudng Idn trong ddi song xa hpi ciia Tan Cuong. Hien nay, toan khu vuc Tan Cuong tong cpng c6 hon 23 nghin Thanh dudng Hoi giao va noi to chiic ho^t dpng ton giao khac nhu: Chua L^t-ma, nha thd Thien ehua giao v.v, dap img diy dii nhu cau cua eu dan cac dan tpc
50
TH.S TRAN THU MINH Vien Nghien cdu Trung quSe
theo d^o.*^* To chuc ton giao cua Tan Cuoi^
chii ylu co Hiep hpi Hoi giao, Hpc vien kinh Islam, Hiep hpi P h | t giao v.v... Khac vdi cac ton giao khac d Trung Quoc, dao Hoi i>
Tan Cuong cd lien quan mat thiet doi voi chinh tri va ehinh quyen, miic dp hpi nh^
dan gian sau sic, cac hogt dpng mang tirii doan the nhieu, su cuong tin, dan xen, ph^
t?ip kha d | c biet. Chinh vi nhimg d|c thii nHj neu nhu Dang va Chinh phu Trung Quk khong cd nhiing chinh sach sau sat, kh6iij tang cudng xay dung d?io Hoi c6 nhung d^i sac rieng mang tinh bkn dia, khong quan tri§
viec dip tat cac tu tudng ton giao cyc doai thi Tan Cuong rat de bi dao dpng bdi cac the | luc nudc ngoai.
Mau thuan sac tpc d day chii ylu dien ra giira ngudi dan tpc Han va ngudi dan tpc Duy Ngo NhT theo dao Hoi. Trong nhieu nam qua, dac bipt la trong lihiing nam dau the ky mdi, nhiing to chiic theo khuynh hudng chii nghS phan i|p ly khai dan tpc, cue doan ton giao vi bgo luc khung bo (cdn dupc gpi la to chiic
"Dong Turkistan") van con ton toi kha nhi^
dudi su ho trp cua cac the lyc ben ngoai iS NGHieNCliUTRUNGQUtfCso 6 ( 1 5 4 ) - 2 ( 4
vdn dedan tdc, ton giao..
gay ra nhieu vy gay roi, bao lo&n lam anh hudng den trat tu va on dinh xa hpi t?ii day.
Tu dau the ky 21 den nay, dgc biet la trong nhimg nam gan day, rat nhieu su kien nhu bieu tmh, tan cong khung bo... da dien ra tai Tan Cuong. Nam 2008, cupc bieu tinh chong chinh phii da xay ra d Tan Cucmg. Ngay 11-4, Bp Cong an Trung Quoc phat hien ra To chiic Giai phong Ddng Turkistan du dinh tan cdng b^o luc trong thdi gian dien ra The v | n hpi Olympic Bac Kmh. Ngay 4-8-2008, thanh pho Kashgar d phia Tay khu tu tri Tan Cuong ^ bi khiing bo tan cong, khien 16 ngudi chet, 16 ngudi bi thuong. Ngay 10-8-2008, thanh pho Kuqa phia Tay khu tu tri Cuong ciing xay ra mpt vy no lam it nhat 2 ngudi thiet mang.
Ngay 5-7-2009, vipe chinh quyen dia phuong da khong cd phan iing gi trudc cai chet ciia nhung cdng nhan Duy Ngo NhT lam viec trong mpt edng xudng d tinh Qudng Ddng trong cuOc va ch^m giira ngudi Han vdi ngudi Duy Ngd NhT horn 26-6 da la moi lira lam bung phat len cupc bao loan vdi quy mo Idn tgi Urumqi, khien gan 200 ngudi thiet m?ng. Ngay 7-7-2009, hang ngan ngudi Han da xuong dudng de phan doi vdi su kich dpng m^nh me.
Ngay 18-7-2011, m^t don canh sat d dianh pho Hotan Tan Cuong bi tan cdng, dam dong bat con tin va dot pha. Ngay 30-7-2011, hai kS khung bo sau khi giet chet mpt tai xe xe tSi tgi thanh pho Kashgar da chem gilt dan chung ben dudng, khien 6 ngudi chet, 28 ngudi bi tiiuong. Ngay 31-7, mpt vy no xay ra t^i thanh pho Kashi. Ngay 28-12-2011, trong qua trinh vay b i t mpt nhdm khiing bo b ^ lyc d Pishan mien Nam Tan Cuong, mpt NGH|£N COU TRUNG QUtiC so 6(154) - 2014
c5nh sat da bi giet chet, mpt canh sat bi thuong, 7 ten khung bo bj bin chet, 4 ten bi thuong va 4 ten bi bit giii.
Ngay 28-2-2012, mpt so ke khung bo da hanh hung khien nhieu ngudi bi thuang d Yecheng Tan Cuong, khien 13 ngudi dan thiet mang va nhieu ngudi bi thuong Canh sat dia phuong da bin chet 7 ten khiing bo.
Ngay 23-4-2013 va 26-6-2013, hai cupc b ^ dpng Idn da xdy ra tai Tan Cucmg khien nhieu thudng dan va cac canh sat thiet mang.
Ngay 28-6, them mpt vu b&o dpng dien ra d khu ty tri Tan Cuong khi hon 100 ngudi dupc truyen thdng Trung Quoc mieu ta la
"nhirng kS khung bo" da tan cong ngudi dan.
Du v|y, khong cd ai bi giet hoac bj thuong sau vy tan cong nay. Ngay 28-10-2013, tai quang trudng Thien An Mon Bac Kinh da xay ra mpt vy no do mpt chiec xe hoi dam vao chiec ciu bang da trudc Tu Cam Thanh khien 5 ngudi chet va 38 ngudi bj thuang.
Su kien no xe d Thien An Mon dupc cho la
"tan cong khiing bo" cua ngudi Duy Ngo NhT va an ninh da dupc tang cudng kiem tra ch|t ehe t ^ khu vuc Tan Cuong.
Ngay I-3-20I4, mdt vy tan cdng dam may bing dao da xay ra tai nha ga xe lira d thii phu Con Mmh, tuih Van Nam, khien 33 ngudi thipt mang va 143 ngudi bi thuong. Theo Tan Hoa xa, vdi nhihig bing chiing tai hipn trudng cho thay, vy tan cong khiing bo ga Con Minh dupc thyc hien bdi lyc lupng ly khai Tan Cuong. Day la lin diu tien ngudi Duy Ngo NhT d Tan Cuong bi cao bupc gay ra vy tin cong bing dao quy mo Idn ben ngoai khu vyc hp sinh song. Ngay 30-4, mpt vy no Idn xay ra d nha ga t ^ Urumqi, diii phu
51
TRAN THU MINH
vimg Tan Cuong, khien it nhat 3 ngudi chet va 79 ngudi bj thuang, ngay sau khi Chii tjch Trung Quoc Tap C|n Binh ket thiic chuyen tham vimg nay. Ngay 22-5, nam ke danh bom tu sat da tan cong mot khu chp d Urumqi, thii phii Tan Cuong, khien 39 ngudi thiet mang va 94 ngudi khac bi thuong.
Ngay 21-6, mpt nhom gom 13 doi tupng da lai xe tai lao vao try sd canh sat d huypn Kargilik thuoc khu Kashgar, mien Nam Tan Cuong va kich hoat cac khoi thuoc no. Vy tan cong khien 3 canh sat bi thuong, 13 ke khiing bo bi ban chet, song khong co thuong vong cho dan thudng.
Co the thay tinh hinh khung bo d Tan Cuong dang ngay cang chuyen nghiep hon.
Cac sy kien tan cong khiing b6 khong con la mpt nhom nho tan cong sd canh sat d cac lang nh6 ma c6 xu hudng xay ra ngay d thanh pho chinh cua tinh, d nhimg noi tap trung giao thong, dong dan cu...
Nguyen nhan dan den van de dan toe, ton giao & Tan Cirong
Nguyen nhan din den cac van de dan tpc, ton giao d Tan Cuong diu the ky 21 kha phire t&p, CO the khai quat tren cac nguyen nhan khac nhau nhu:
Ve lich sir, cac su kien dien ra trong qua khir da huy hoai niem tin ciia cac dan tpc thieu so doi vdi chinh sach cua ngudi Han va Nha nude Trung Quoc. Mat khae. Tan Cuong CO viing lanh tho rieng, ngudi Duy Ngo NhT CO he thong tieng noi va chir vilt rieng, nghia la CO dii dieu kien de trd thanh mpt quoc gia dpc l|p, va trong qua khu i ^ timg la mpt quoc gia dpc lap. Cac trieu dai Trung Quoc da tien hanh nhieu cupc chien chinh phyc Dong
52
Turkistan (Tan Cuong) trong suot hon 2.000 nam. Mai den giQa the ky thii XVEH, vuong quoc Dzungarsk mdi bi tieu diet va viing lanh tho ciia cac cu dan Hoi giao nay mdi bj sap nh|p vao dat ciia nha Thanh. Ngay sau do, nha Thanh da tien hanh Han hoa, dan ap ngudi Hoi giao mpt each thd bao. Ngiroi Duy Ngo NhT ciing da tien hanh rat nhieu cupc khdi nghia de chong lai ngudi Han.
Ve kinh te, nguyen nhan la do sy phat trien khong can bing giua cac khu vyc, the che kinh te thay doi khien ngudi dan dan tpc thieu so khong thich nghi dupc, khoang each phat trien giua viing dan tpc vdi vimg duyen hSi tang len lam sau sac them rao can va hoai nghi giiia cac dan tpc, cpng them viec quan he giira cac dan tpc chiu sy tac dong cua th^
che kinh te thi trudng xa hpi chii nghia Nhiing nam gan day, Trung Quoc khong ngung diu tu vao Tan Cuong: Thang 2-2012, Tong cong ty D i u khi va Hda chat Trung Quoc (Sinopec - hang lpc dau Idn nhat chau A) da len ke hoach dau tu 53 ti NDT (kho^g 8,41 ti USD) de tang cong suit nha m ^ IQC dau Tahe dat t?ii hat Kuqa, phia Tay Bic tinh Tan Cuong len 10 trieu tan/nam vao nam 2015. Thang 9-2013, Chu rich Tap C|n Binh trong bai phat bieu eiia minh da nhan m^inh cin xay dyng "Vanh dai kinh te Con duong to lya mdi", trong do Tan Cuong co vi tri va vai tro vo ciing quan trpng. Tuy v|y, sy dau tu vao Tan Cuong chu yeu la khai thac ngu^
tai nguyen thien nhien va xay dyng co s6 v^t chat de phyc vy phat trien kmh te cho ca nudc Trong khi do rat nhieu van de nhu d nhiem moi trudng, viec lam, giao dye... eho nguoi Duy Ngd NhT lai khdng duac chu trpng. Cac
MCHltNClifU TRUNG QUfic so 6 ( 1 5 4 ) - 2 0 1 '
Van dedan tgc, tongido..
vi tri viec lam quan trpng deu do ngudi Han dam nh|n, so lupng ngudi Duy Ngo NhT that nghiep van rat Idn. Ngudi Han den Tan Cuong phan Idn deu trd nen giau cd, trong khi nhung ngudi Duy Ngo NhT d day van trong canh ngheo khd. Chinh each biet kinh te nay cGng la mpt trong nhiing minh chiing cho su phan biet doi xu giiia ngudi Han va ngudi Duy Ngo NhT.
Ve chinh tri, nguyen nhan la do nhiing sai lam ve chinh sach dan tpc, do che dp ty tri vung dan tpc chua hoan thien, do anh hudng va su xam nh|p cua cac the luc thii dich trong va ngoai nudc. Trong do, chinh sach di dan dupc cho la nguyen nhan chinh din den van de dan tpc, ton giao gia tang nhanh d Tan Cuong. Chinh phu Trung uong khong ngimg dua ra cac chinh sach khuyen khich ngudi Han den lap nghiep va dinh eu d cac viing mien Tay, be ngoai la de "giiip" cac dan tpc thieu so tap trung phat trien kinh te vimg dan tpc, nhung thyc chat la xam chiem lanh tho va khong che cac dan tpc thieu so. Tir nam 1949-2008, dan s6 ngudi Han d Tan Cuong tang tir 6% len 40%, rieng d thii phii Urumqi, ngudi Han chiem 3/4 dan so'^*.
Vi van hoa tie tiedng, la do anh hudng tieu cue cua chu nghTa dan tpc, va mau thuan giiia van hda tri^en tiiong cua dan tpc Duy Ngd Nhi (chu yeu la van hoa du muc) vdi van hoa hien dai (van hoa (£nh eu canh tae).
Xuthe
Van de Tan Cuong hien nay eo 3 xu the:
Mot la, ph^m vi ciia cac ho^t dpng khiing bo tir phia Nam Tan Cuong da lan sang ca
Tan Cuong, va c6 xu hudng lan rpng trong ca nudc; vdi cac hinh thiic tir chem dao, gay sit, bom ty che ehuyen sang vii khi hipn dai hoa thong tin; doi tupng tir nhung ngudi Han d Tan Cuong chuyen sang nhiing dia diem CO tinh bieu tupng nhu he thong quan dpi canh sat, cae co quan ehinh phu, khu vuc cong cpng, nhiing noi tap trung dong ngudi, nhimg noi c6 y nghTa tupng trung ciia ngudi Han hay eiia Chinh phu Trung Quoc.
Hai Id, pham vi ton giao cua xa hpi Duy Ngo NhT ngay cang rpng rai, su lan rpng ciia trao luu ton giao cyc doan khong ehi khien Chinh phii lo ling, ma con khien mpt bp phan ngudi Duy Ngo NhT ciing cam thay bat an.
Ba Id, sy doi l | p giiia Chinh phu Trung Quoc vdi dan tpc thieu so d Tan Cuong dudng nhu da chuyen tir "mau thuan npi bp nhan dan" thanh "mau thuan dich-ta". Sau cac sy kien khiing bo vao thang 6-2013, Chinh phii da "dieu dpng 50 can bp lanh d^o cap phong ban den cac khu vuc trpng diem tinh hinh "dich" phiic tap de trien khai cac cong tae chong khiing bo". Theo do, so lupng cac xa, huyen co tinh hinh "dich"
phiic tap da len tdi SO'"*'.
Soi sach cua Dang va Chinh phu Trung Quoc
Ban lanh d&o cu do Cuu Tong Bi thu Ho Cam Dao diing diu da dua ra chii de cua cong tac dan tpc ciia Trung Quoc trong giai doan mdi cua the ky mdi, che dinh vii thi hanh mpt loat cac chinh sach va bien phap dan tpc nham thiic day su tien bp, doan ket dan tpc va cac edng tae dan tpc cua Trung Quoc. Cac ehinh sach chu yeu bao gom: Chinh sdch binh dang ddn tpc, Chinh sdch tie tri viing ddn toe,
NGHl£N Clhl TRUNG QUtiC so 6(154) - 2014 -
53
TRAN THU MINH
Chinh sdch phdt trien kinh ti danh cho ddn tdc thiiu sd vd viing ddn toe, Chinh sdch phdt triin cde sir nghiep xd hoi cua viing ddn
toe vd cde ddn toe thieu so, Chinh sdch boi dudng tuyen chon cdn bo ngudi ddn toe thiiu so.
Tuy nhien, cac chinh sach nay van khdng the bii dip dupc su bat man ciia ngudi Duy Ngo NhT doi vdi Chinh phu Trung Quoc. Doi m|t vdi tinh hinh bat on leo thang d Tan Cuong, Dang va Chinh phii mdi do Tong Bi thu T|p C|n Binh diing dau da dua ra mpt so doi sach de giai quylt van de nay, chii yeu la tang cudng ngan sach, tang cudng cac bipn phap dam bio an ninh va kiem soat thong tin.
Tdng cudng ngdn sdch
Ngan sach chi eho cong tac chong khiing bo da dupe tang dang ke. Trong thyc te, Trung Quoc la mpt quoc gia Idn duy nhat tren the gidi cd ngan sach chinh thiic cho an nmh npi bp cao hon ngan sach quoc phong chinh thiic Nam 2010 va 2012, ngan sach chi cho an ninh trong nudc ciia Trung Quoc lan lupt la 673 ti NDT va 701.8 ti NDT, deu Idn hon so vdi ngan sach quoc phong. Nam 2013, dy toan quoc phong ciia Trung Quoc la 720.168 ti NDT, trong khi dy toan an mnh quoc npi la 769 ti NDT^^l Nam 2014, chic chin con so nay se khong it hon.
Tdng cudng cde bien phdp ddm bdo an ninh
Sau mpt lo^t vy tin cong khiing bo dam mau dupc cho la do ngudi Duy Ngo NhT gay ra, Chinh phii Trung Quoc horn 23-5-2014 da tung ra ehien djeh chong khung bo vdi quyet tam quet s^ch khung bo b^o lyc trong mpt nam. An ninh tgi Tan Cuong dupe silt
54
ch|t, it nhit 1000 xe quan sy va c^h sat da tham gia mpt cupc dieu hanh tren dudng ph6 Urumqi, thii phu khu ty tri Tan Cuong, sau vy danh bom mpt khu chp sang d khu pho ciia ngudi Han lam it nhat 39 ngudi thi?t m^ing vao ngay 22-5-2014*^'. Chien dich chong khung bo va cac nhom ton giao cyc doan cd thdi ban mpt nam va se nhim myc tieu vao cac co sd sin xuat sung, thuoc no ciing nhu cae tr^i huan luyen khiing bo.
Theo tuyen bo ciia chien dich, "bpn khiing bo va cyc doan se bj san limg va trimg tri"'''.
Quan chiic chinh quyen Tan Cuong khuyen khich cae phan tii eo lien quan den hoat dpng khung bo ra dau thu: "Nhirng ai CO lien quan den cac hoat dpng khiing bo se dupe giam nhp hinh ph^t neu ty giac ra dau thu trong vdng 30 ngay. Nhung ngudi tu giao npp minh hoac co hanh dpng dang khen thudng se dupc khoan hong ho|c mien phat tpi"'''. Ngay 27-5, quan chuc Tan Cirong da xet xii cong khai 55 ngudi vi nhieu tpi danh nhu lanh dao hay tham gia vao nhom khung bo, giet ngudi... Trong dd, cd 3 ngudi bj ket an tur hinh vi dimg riu va hung khi khac giet hoi gia ^nh 4 ngudi vao nam 2013.
Bp Cong an Trung Quoc eho biet ke tir thang 3-2014, canh sat nudc nay da dupc dao t^o d|e bipt trudc khi dupc trang bi vu khi. Nhiing ngay gin day, so lupng d?m dupc cung cap eho lyc lupng cSnh sat d|c nhi^m (SWAT) d Bic Kinh tang gap doi. Neu cham m|t khiing bo, thanh vien SWAT dupe phep ban chet, khdng can bin chi thien. Thyc te vira qua cho thay phan Idn c ^ vy tan cong ket thiic chi trong 15 giay sau khi SWAT den. Hi$n lye lupng an ninh Bic Kinh dang
NGHl£NCUUTRUNGQUtiC so 6(154)-2014
vdn dedan t0c, ton giao..
tien hanh ke ho?ich "tuan tra m^g nhen" vdi 3 ldp: tren bau trdi, tau dien ngim va dudng pho. T(u nhieu thanh pho, cong an tang cudng chot ch|n tren cac giao lp, nhiing vi tri chu chat, nh^iy cam - gin cac toa nha co quan chinh phii, cac pho cd cac khu trung tam thuong mai sam uat va nhiing noi t|p trung dong ngudi. Vipc kiem soat cac phuang tien giao thong ciing dupc tang cudng. Cac ga tau dipn ngam bi kiem soat nghiem ngat d ciia vao. Trung Quoc tang cudng trang bj phuang tipn ky thu|t, cong tac huan luyen eho cac ca quan chiu trach nhiem chong khung bo, tang cudng ap dyng cac bi§n phap nghiep vy, ky thuat dl ngan ngira ho|c dieu tra nhanh cae vy khiing bo.
Chinh sdch kiem soat thong tin Ngay nay, sy phat trien cong nghp thong tin, din den viec cae van de dan tpc va ton giao cua Trung Quoc khong chi bi goi gpn trong mpt vung dan tpc. Nhd co mang intemet va dien thoai thong minh ngay cang phat trien, thong tin dupc truyen tai di nhanh ehong, den kh^ noi tren the gidi. Dieu nay cimg dem 1^
nhieu kho khan cho Chinh phu Trung Quoc trong vi§e kiem soat cac van de dan tpe ton giao, nhit la khi cae van de nay phat trien thanh cac sy kipn mang tinh quin chiing.
Chuih \i die, mpt lo?it cae chinh sach mdi da.
dupc dua ra, nhim khong che viec tin tiic dupc luu huyen tai cae vung dan tpc nay.
Ho9t dpng eanh sat mgng dupc thuc hipn bdi Lii doan giam sat mang, tryc thupc Cyc an ninh. Nha cam quyen m^g Trung Quoc d3 % mpt trang m^ng de khuyen khich quan chiing to cao nhiing kh tung "tin don". Th|m chi tir ngay 9-9-2013, Toa an Nhan dan toi
NGHI£N Clhl TRUNG QUtfC so 6(154) - 2014
cao va Vien Kiem sat Nhan dan toi cao Trung Quoc da dua ra Van ban "Gidi thich mpt sd vdn di phdp ludt vi viec xu ly cde vu dn hinh su lien quan din viec tung tin ddn xdu tren mang", trong do quy dinh ro, neu mpt tin don xau tren m^g dupc chuyen di hon 500 lan, hoac duoc truy c|p hon 5000 lupt, thi ngudi tung tin don se phai chiu traeh nhipm hinh sy'^'.
Chinh quyen Tan Cuong da bo tii 39 doi tupng pham tpi phat tan "cac bang ghi hinh ve chii nghTa khung bo" ^'^\ Truyen thong Trung Quoc hoi diu thang nay dua tin hon 200 ngudi da bi bit giii trong mpt chien djch tran ap lien quan tdi cac bang ghi hinh "chii nghTa khiing bo".Ngoai ra, nha chiic trach dang ra siic dpn dep cac tin don cung nhu nhung tin nhan anh hudng den an ninh quoc gia tren cae phan mem nhan tin mien phi nhuWeChat...
Co the thay, cac vy b&o dpng khiing bo gin day d Tan Cuong da lam lp ro mau diuan giira y muon thue day c^ each kinh te cua gidi lanh dgo vdi thuc te cin "duy tri on dinh xa hpi va hda binh ben vung" d Tan Cuong. Khi chinh quyen Trung uong day nhanh cac budc tham nh|p sau hon vao xa hpi Tan Cuong ma khong tinh den yeu to sac tpc, van hoa, thi cac cupc tin cong phan khang bgo lyc la dieu kho tranh khdi. Caeh tilp can nhu hien nay theo hudng "dimg nam dam" trudc se chi lam sau sic hon cac mau thuan va cang thing. Dieu can thiet la phM CO mpt chinh sach tipm tien, khong qua gay xao dpng, xay dung niem tin, tdn trpng d|c tinh van hoa, tdn giao cua ngudi dan Duy Ngo NhT.
55
TRAN THU MINH
Phu-ong huotig giai quyet van de dan toe, ton g^ao dt Tan Cutmg trong thoi gian toi cua DCS Trung Quoc
Til Dai hpi XVIH DCS Trung Quoc (thang 11-2012) den nay, Trung uong Dang da trieu tap it nhat 7 hoi nghi trien khai cong tac ve Tan Cuong. Tir lich lam viec day dac cua Trung uong Dang ve van de Tan Cuong, eo the thay tim quan trpng cung nhu su trpng thi cua Ban lanh dao Trung Quoc doi vdi van de nay.
Thang 5-2010, lan dau tien Hpi nghi cong tac Tan Cuong cua Trung uong da dat ra myc tieu ehien lupc la "thiic day phat trien vupt bac va on dinh lau dai ciia Tan Cuong".
Sau do 4 nam, Hpi nghi cong tac Tan Cuong lin thu 2 ciia Trung uong da dupc trieu tap ngay 28 va 29-5-2014. Myc tieu chung cua cdng tac Tan Cuong duoc xac dinh la "on djnh xa hoi va tr|t ty tri an lau dai".
Cong tac Tan Cuong con budc dau dgt dupc nhiing dau moc ve ly lu|n. Trung uong Dang da thong qua "Mot sd y kiin vi viec thiic ddy duy tri on dinh xd hoi vd trat tir tri an Idu ddi d Tdn Cirong", trong do neu ro tu tudng chi dao, nguyen tic ca ban, nhiem vu myc tieu, phuang hudng chii d^o va cac chii Uucmg chinh sach ciia cong tac Tan Cuong.
Day la nhirng van kien mang tinh cuong ITnh chi d^o cong tae Tan Cuong trong tinh hinh mdi. Dong thdi, trpng diem ciia cong tac Tan Cuong ciing dupc dieu chinh. Chu tich Chinh hiep Du Chinh Thanh nhan m ^ rang, can hieu ro trpng diem va trpng tam eua cdng tae on dinh xa hpi va tr|t ty trj an lau dai d Tan Cuong, t|p trung tu tudng va hanh dpng thong nhat trong cae quyet sach quan
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trpng eiia Trung uong Chii tich Trung Quoc Tap C|n Binh nhan m^h, on dinh xa hpi va tri an lau dai la myc tieu chung eiia cong tac Tan Cuong. Hien nay can coi viec tran ap cac ho&t dpng khung bo Iam trpng dilm, giuong eao ngpn cd phap tri xa hoi chii nghTa, no lye nang eao nang lyc ty tri, phong ve va canh bao cua nhan dan, xay dyng nen mang ludi phong chong khiing bo day dac.
Can dong thdi thiic day m|t tran trong va ngoai nudc, tang cudng hpp tac chong khung bo quoc te.
Chii tich Tap Can Binh xac dinh van de Tan Cuong ve lau dai vin la van de doan ket dan tpe. Cac the lue ly khai dan tpe am muu pha vd sy doan kit dan tpc, chinh vi th^
ngudi dan Trung Quoc cang can tang cuong doan kit dan tpc, ciing eo khoi doan ket cua cac dan tpc cimg bao ve sy thong nhit nuoc nha, bao ve doan ket dan tpe, bao ve on djnh xa hpi. Can kien tri khong dao dpng thyc hien cac chinh sach dan tpe eiia Dang, kien tri che dp ty tri viing dan tpc. Cin lam tot cong tac ton giao, tich eye ehi dao cae hoat dpng ton giao phii hpp vdi xa hpi xa hpi chii nghTa, phat huy tot tac dyng tich cyc trong phat trien kinh tl xa hpi eua cac nhan si trong gidi ton giao va quan chiing tin giao.
Nguyen tac co ban ciia vipe xu ly van de t6n giao chinh la bao vp hpp ph^, ngan chan phi ph^, tilt che cyc doan, tran ap tgi ph&m...
Chii tjch Tap C|n Binh eho ring can kien tri thiic day Tan Cuong phat trien nhanh va m ^ hon nira, dong thdi phat trien ein phii dupc xuc tien trong vin de cdi thien dan sinh, trong cac ehinh sach dai ngp cho ngudi dan
NGHICN Clhl TRUNG QUtfc so 6(154)-201<1
Van dedan tgc, tdn giao..
ban dia, cho van de tang cudng doan kit.
Ong Tip cung eho ring quan chiing nhan dan cac dSn tpc can xay dyng dung dan cac quan niem ve to quoc, dan tpc, can de cao he thong gia tri hat nhan xa h^i chii nghia va gia tri quan h?it nhan xa hpi chu nghTa, tang cudng nh|n thiic ehung cua cac dan tpc ve To quoc, ve dan tpc Trung Hoa, ve van hoa Trung Hoa va ve eon dudng xa hpi chu nghia d|e sac Trung Quoc.
Can tang cudng dau tu giao dye, hudng dan chi d^o viec tim viec lam cua ngudi dan cac dan tpe. Ong Ly Khic Cudng nhin manh, viec Iam la van de dan sinh Idn nhat d Tan Cuong, ma van de dan sinh thudng di cling vdi long dan. Can xuat phat tu goc nhin chien lupc on dinh Tan Cuong, coi tang so lupng vi§c lam la trpng diem, day m&nh cai thien dan sinh, thiic day on dinh xa hpi. Tat ca cac doanh nghiep va du an dau tu tgi Tan Cuong deu can coi trong thu hiit sire lao dpng cua dan ban dia.
Ngoai ra, eon can tang cudng xay dyng khu trung tam vanh dai kinh te to lya mdi nhu xay dyng dudng sit, phat trien van chuyen hi$n dgi. Thi hanh cac chinh sach d|c thii nhu tai chinh, diu tu, tien t6, nhan tai..., tang cudng cii thien dan sinh va xda doi giSm ngheo, thuc day phat trien nhanh vimg Nam Cuong.
Hpi nghj cdng tac Tan Cuong nhan mgnh can di sau thuc day edng tac ho trp Tan Cuong bang sue mgnh ciia ck nudc. Tit dudng l6i chinh sach cua Hpi nghi, co the thay vipe xay dyng eo sd hg tang, tiet kipm nudc hi$y qua, chuyen hoa nguon nang lupng the mgnh, nganh cong nghiep t|p
NGHICN Clhl TRUNG QUtfC so 6(154) - 2014
trung lao dpng, img hp sy phat trien virng manh cua binh doan san xuat Tan Cuong deu trd thanh nhiing diem sang trong viec phat trien Tan Cuong tu nay ve sau''".
Ke tir ngay 23-5-2014, khi Chinh phu Trung Quoc bat dau chien dich tran ap manh me cac hogt dpng khiing bo den nay, quan chiing nhan dan cac dan tpc d Tan Cuong da tich cyc phoi hpp vdi Chinh phu de phat hien va vay bit cac kS tinh nghi la phin tii khiing bo. Mpt mang ludi nhan dan day d|c chong khiing bo dupc hinh thanh d Tan Cuong*''*.
Trong vong mpt thang sau khi bit diu chien dich chong khiing bo d khu ty tri Tan Cucmg, Trung Quoc da bit giii hon 380 ngudi. Truyen hinh Trung uong Tnmg Quoc cho biet, chinh quyen da pha vd tong cpng 32 bang nhom, tich thu 264 kip no va 3,15 tan thuoc no, 55 ngudi da bi kit an, trong do CO nhieu tdi danh khiing bo va da cd 13 ngudi bi hanh hinh'"'-
Ciing trong Hpi nghi cong tac Tan Cuong lin &u 2, Chu tich T ^ Can Binh nhan manh can day mgnh giao luu tilp xiic giiia cac dan tpc, dong bp va trien khai cae edng tac cung xay dyng vdi nhieu hinh thiic, thuc day giao dye song ngu, diy mgnh xay dyng moi trudng cpng dong va ket cau xa hpi mang tinh giao thoa cae dan tdc. Can tao dieu kien md rpng quy mo eho ngudi dan dan tpc thieu so d Tan Cuong cd the dupe nhan nen giao dye, viec lam, nha d tgi dja phuong. Can thiic day tang cudng giao luu va tinh cam giua ngudi dan eac dan tpe trong qua trinh hpc t9p, lam viee va ehung song.
57
TRAN THU MINH
Cac chinh sach cy the trong van de Tan Cuong bao gom. Mot la, uu tien mien thi eho hpe sinh ngudi Duy Ngd NhT cac cap hpc vao hpc tai cac trudng trpng diem tai dja phuong, sau khi tot nghiep dgi hpe dupc chinh phii lo eong viec va cho d... Hai la, Chinh phii se sip xep cac van de nhu nha d, viec lam, giao due, y te cho cac gia dinh ngudi Duy Ngo NhT dong y tai dinh cu Ba Id, Chinh phii ciing se sap xep nha d, viec lam, giao dye, y te cho cac gia dinh ngudi Han tai dinh cu tgi vung Nam Cuong. Bdn la, doi vdi cac gia dinh ngudi Duy Ngo NhT khong chiu tai dinh cu tgm thdi se chuyen den cac khu dan cu nhat the hoa ngudi Han va ngudi Duy Ngo NhT do Chinh phu xay dyng. Cac khu dan cu nhat the hoa ngudi Han va ngudi Duy Ngo NhT dupe thiet ke theo kieu 5 gia dinh ngudi Han bao quanh 1 gia dinh ngudi Duy Ngo NhT. Ndm Id, doi vdi nhirng ngudi Han va ngudi Duy Ngo NhT kit hon vdi nhau, Chinh phu se ho trp 50%
gia nha d so vdi gia thi trudng, nhung khong dupc chuyen nhupng, chi danh eho duong sy.
Dong thdi, Chinh phu ciing ho trp 50%, tien mua xe ca nhan, va ho tro tim viec lam. Sdu la, con ciia nhiing ngudi Han va ngudi Duy Ngo NhT lay nhau dupe mien hpc phi tir cap mau giao din dgi hpe, sau khi tot nghiep con dupc Chinh phu sip xep cong viec''"*'.
Ket lu^n
Chinh quyen Trung Quoc da ap dyng rat nhieu bien phap ciing rin nham on dinh tinh hinh d Tan Cuong nhu ap dyng tinh trang khan cap, kiem duyet bao chi, eat mgng intemet, dien thoai di dpng , dong ciia tgm
58
thdi cac nha thd Hoi giao va doi khi con cam xe td to tham gia giao thong , bat giam nhiing ngudi chong doi (ngay c4 hk Rabia Kadir - ngudi Duy Ngd NhT, dgi bieu Quoc hpi Trung Quoc). Dong thdi, chinh quyen Trung Quoc da dau tu rat nhieu tien ciia cho khu vyc nay de xay dyng nha may, co sd h?
tang, tgo cong an viec lam v.v.
Tuy vgy, nhiing nam gan day phong trao ly khai tai Tan Cuong da co nhung thay d6i mgnh. Nlu nhu trude day ngudi Duy Ngo NhT chi dau tranh de con cai hp dupc hgc bang tieng mp de thi hien nay chu nghTa Hoi giao cyc doan dang din thay the ehu nghia dan tpc va Trung Quoc dang phdi doi m(it vdi chu nghTa Hoi giao cyc doan va chii nghTa khiing bo mang sic thai "thanh chien", Bdi vgy, chong chii nghTa eye doan H6i giao thi chi dau tu tien eiia thdi chua du, ma van de "nim d trong diu ngudi dan". De gi^
quyet van de nay can phai c6 them nhirng giai phap khac.
(1) "Ngudi Duy Ngd NhT a Trung Qudc: hg M ai, vi sao h(t khong hgnh phuc^ ". Trang web Qu6c hai Duy Ngo NhT, ng^y 10-11-2013) http://www.
uyghurcongress.org/en/?p=21351
(2) Lucfng Hao Nhien. "Tdng thu0t quan diioi Iugn dao cdp cao ve vdn di ddn tQC, tdn gido nam 2010". Hpc bao Dai hpc Dan t^c Tay Bic (Quyen vl Triet hpc Khoa hgc x2 hpi). S6 5 nSm 2010, Uang 23-25.
(3) Shen Yuluiga "The social and environmental costs associated with water management practices in state environmental
NGHlCNClhJ TRUNG QUtfc so 6(154)-2014
vdn dedan toe, tdn gi^o..
protection projects in Xinjiang. China "( Chi phi xS hdi va mdi trudng lien quan din hogt ddng quan lp nudc trong cac dif an bao v§ mdi tnrdng ciia ddt nu&c tgi Tdn Cuang, Trung Qudc), Khoa hgc vA chinh sach moi tnicmg, 2009 (12), u.970-980.
(4) Dircmg I4p Cim "Nguyin nhdn va each gidi quyitvSndi Tdn Circnig (phdn 2") Mgng Bac Tan, ng^y 2-3-2014. http://boxun.coin/news/gb/pubvp/
2014/03/201403021131.shtnil#.U40_vnJ_s6M (5) Chris Buckley. Chi tiiu ngdn sach an ninh ndi bd cua Trung Qudc vupt qua chi tiiu cho qudn dgi. Hang tin Reuters, ng^y 5-5-2011. http://www.
reuters coin/article/2011/03/05/us-cliina-iinrest- idUSTRE7222RA20110305
(6) "Military exercise in China's Urumqi after market attack (Qudn dpi luy4n tap sau cuoc tdn cdng khu ch(r triri a Urumuqi tgi Trung Qudc)".
Mgng Kenh Tin tuc cliau A, ngdy 23-5-2014..
http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/
asiapacific/military-exercise-in/1118894.html (7) ^"^Cdc ban nganh thudc Bd Cdng an triin khai chiin dich chdng phd cac hogt dpng khung bd bgo i\ec trong ngi dia." Iv^g Tan Hoa, ngdy 25-5-2014.
hup:/Mews.xinliuanet.coin/legal/2014-05/
25/c_l 110848376.htm
(8) "Tdn Cuang ra thdng bdo ve chien djch chdng khiing bd bgo lire: Ddu thii trong vdng 30 ngdy cd thi dugrc giam nhq tgi". Mgng Trang tSm Tin tiic, ngay 24-5-2013. http://news.sina.
com.en/c/2014-05-24/195230223853.shUnl (9) Tin ddn xdu dugc chuyin 500 Idn, ngitdi tung tin bi kit dn. Mgng Tin tiic t o ^ cau, ngay 10- 9-2013. http://dailynews.sina.com/gb/news/ usa/
uslocal/chinapress/20130910/02404959164.htnil (10) "Tdn Cuang cdng khai xit xicvfi dn 39 ddi tugng: co lien quan din cde td chiic khiing bo. chi tgo thudc nS." Mgng Nlian dan, ngSy 21-5-2014.
http://politics.people.com.en/n/2014/ 0521/clOOl- 25046500.htoil
(11) "Phdn tich nhiing diem nhdn trong Hdi nghj Cong tdc Tdn Cuang Trung uang Idn thu 2".
Mgng T^ chinh Tan Cuong, ngiy 4-6-2014.
NGH|£N Clhl TRUNG QUO'C so 6(154) - 2014
http://\vww.xj-cj.com/index.php?m=content&c=
index&a=show&catid=2i&id=6585
(12) "Nhdn ddn Tan Cuang tich cijc tS giac tgi pham, cde phdn tit khiing bd khdng chdn nuemg than ". Mgng Tin tiic Tmng Quoc, ngay 16-6-2014, http://www.chinanews.coni/gn/2014/ 06-16/62821 66.shtinl
(13) "Trung Qudc bdt giii 380 ke tinh nghi trong thdng ddu trong chiin dich chdng khiing bd", Bao South China Morning Post , ngay http://www.scmp.com/news/cliina/article/1538885/
china-arrests-380-suspects-first-month-anti-terror- crackdown
(14)"Phuc 1(^1 cho ddn la cdch hi^u qud nhat trong gidi quyet vdn de Tdn Cuang. " Trang web Tnmg Wwx Hdi ngogi, ngay 30-5-2014, http,//www.backchina.corail)log/328737/ariicl?- 202148.htral)^sthash.61PYqo5E.dpuf
TAI LifiU THAM K H A O 1. Hd Thanh Lien. "Ngudn goc xung dgt dan tgc Duy Ngo NhT-Han tgi Tdn Cuang a dau?" Tgp chi NhSn quyen Trung Quoc, ngay 16-7-2009.
2. Luang Hgo Nhien. "Tdng thudt quan diem Iugn ddo cap cao ve vdn de ddn tgc, ton gido ndm 2010". Hpc bdo Dgi hpc Dan lpc Tay Bdc (Quyen ve Triet hpc Khoa hpc xa hOi). So 5 ndm 2010, trang 23-25.
3. Nguyin Thanh Giang. "Mot sd vdn di ddn tgc tdn giao bdt dn cua Trung Qudc trong nhtmg ndm gdn ddy". Tgp chi Nghien cim Trung Quoc, s6 12nSin2012.
4. T.R.Rakhimop .Sd phdn cac ddn tgc khong phdi Hdn tdc dnudc Cgng hoa Nhdn ddn Trung Hoa (trong bp sdch "Chii nghia Mao - Moi de dpa doi vdi loai ngircri"), bdn dich ciia NXB Klioa hpc xd hpi, 1982,13.
5. T r ^ Thu Minh. "Vdn di ddn toe, tdn giao
& Trung Qudc nhiing ndm ddu thi ky 21 vd xu the ".
De tdi cff sd. Vi^n Nghign ciiu Trung Qu6c, Vien Han lam Khoa hpc xd hpi Viet Nam, 2013.
