Tile gidi: Van de - Su kien
"Bgp c h t CQwg xAwMVQUAN HE THUONG MAI VIET NAM - TRUNG QUOC:
NHUNG THACH THUC VA CO HOI
LirONG VAN KHOI*
Hipn nf^, Trung Quic Id mpt trong nhung Si Idc dueang mai l&n nhit cua Vipt Nam, Vi thi, tmng bii cdnh dnh hudi Biin Bong tr& nin cdng thing ki tit khi Trung Quoc dan phuang ha ^ trdi ph^ ^dn khoan Hdi Duang 981 tmng vdng dpc qi^in kinh ti vd thim i^ t&i cda Viet Nam, vipc phdn tich quan hi dtuang mgi hai chiiu Viet Nam - Triutg Qudc si giup cd cdch nhin rv han vi nhdrtg tdc ^ng, nhieng khd khdn vd cd nhung ca hpi dii v&i nin kinh ti nu&c ta tivng quan hp thuong mgi giita hai nu&c di&i gian t&L
Cdn cSn thucmg mai Vift Nam - Thing Qudc
Trong khodng thdi gian tii khi Vift Nam vd Trung Quic chinh thflc binh thudng hda quan hf vdo ndm 1991, Khu vuc mdu djch tu do ASEAN - Tmng CJudc (ACFTA) bdt diu cd hifu lyc vdo ndm 2004, Viet Nam chinh thflc frd thdnh thdnh vidn cfla Td chflc Thuang mgi till gidi (WTO) vdo culi ndm 2007, va d$c bift Id mdt nam sau dd, khi Vift Nam vd Trung Qude xdy dung quan hf doi tdc chien lugc todn difn, quan hd kinh tl gifta hai nude ngdy cdng phdt triln manh md. Trong ITnh vyc thuang mai hang hda, kim nggch xudt nh^p khiu hai chilu ludn dgt mflc tdng trudng an tupng. Trung Qudc trd thdnh mpt frong nhiing dli tde tiiuong mgi ldn nhit cua Vift Nam.
Theo Co sd thdng kd dfl lifu thuang mgi cfla Lien hpp qudc (UNCOMTRADE), kim nggch thuang mgi hai chilu gifta Vift Nam vd Trung Qudc cd muc tdng tmdng mgnh md, tfl mflc 655 tiidu USD vdo ndm 1997 ien muc 3.048 ttif u USD vdo ndm 2002 (ndm ACFTA bit diu dugc ky kit), 6.579 trifu USD vdo nfim 2004 (ndm Hifp dinh vl co che gidi quylt tranh chip tiiupc Hifp djnh khung vl hgp tdc kinh tl todn difn gifta Hifp hpi cdc
qude gia Ddng Nam A vd Tmng Quic duge ky kit, ed hifu iyc tfl tiiang 7- 2005)"*, 18.670 trifu USD vdo ndm 2008 (ndm cuoi cflng cfla If ttinh cdt gidm tiiul quan frong ACFTA doi vdi chuang trinh thu hogch sdm cho nhdm bdn nudc gdm Cam-pu-chia, Ldo, Mi-an-ma vd Vift Nam - CLMV), 32.098 ttifu USD vdo ndm 20I2<^». Ndm 2013, tiieo so lifu cfla Tmng tam Thucmg mgi qudc td (ITC), con sd ndy vao khodng 65.479 trifu USD.
• TS, Tmdng Ban Kinh te the gidi, Tning tam Th6ng tin va Du bao kinh t€ - x3 hpi quoc gia
Tit ca nhihig quan d i s s bdy to trong b&i v i ^ niy l i cua tac gia va chung khong d^i d i ^ cho quan di£m c i ^ bit ky CO quan nha nudc, hay bit ky to chttc, ck nhan nao khac
(1) Lo trinh gjam thue quan trong ACFTA doi vdi Danli muc thdng thudng (NT) 4p dvng d6i vdi 4 nudc CLMV trong gjai doan 2005-2015, cdn doi vdi Trung Qu6c vk 6 thanh vien ASEAN bao g ^ Bni-nfiy, In-do- ne-x!-a, Ma-lai-xi-a, Phi-Up-pin, Xin-ga-po, Thii Lan \k 2005-2010
(2) So lifu thirong m^i ciia Vi^t Nam trong Ca sd dfi lifu cua UNCOMTRADE hi?n mdi chi c|ip nh^t d^n n&m 2012. Day Ik bO so li|u day du vk phu hc>p nhat cho mvc dich ngjuen ciiu ciia bii vi^t niy nen kim ng?ch xufit, nh|p khiu cAa cic nhdm hang hda du<7c the hi^n trong cic bieu dd chi the hi$n d t r ^ den nim 2012
S o 8 6 2 ( t h d n g 8 n d m 2 0 1 4 ) 1 0 1
The gidi: Van de - Sy kien T 9 P chf C ^ n g sAn
Bi^u 6h 1: Nhdp khdu hang hoa theo muc dich sir dung cua VietNam tir Trung Quoc
Nguon: Tinh todn cua tdc gid theo so lieu cia UNCOMTRADE Xet tie goc do nhdp khdu hang hoa, co the
thSy mot so di§m sau:
Thir nhdt, Tning Quoc la d6i tac quan trgng vii ldn nhat cua Viet Nam. Theo UNCOMTRADE, kim ngach nhjlp k h k hang hoa cua Viet Nam tit Tning Qudc tang rSt manh, diic bi$t la tvr khi ACFTA co hieu Ivc, tang tu 404 trieu USD (nam 1997) len 5.900 trieu USD (nam 2005) va 29.035 trieu USD (nam 2012). Nam 2013, theo s6 lieu cia ITC, kim ngach nhap khiu hang hoa cua Viet Nam tir Tnmg Qu6c la 48.594 trieu USD, t5c dp tang truOTg gia tri kim ngach nhap khiu trang binh hing nam giai doan 2009-2013 la 29%. Co ciu nhap khiu hang hoa tor Tnmg Quoc ciia Viet Nam cung co sir thay ddi lofn, chu ySu la nhom hang trung gian (bao g5m nhom h ^ g ban thanh phim va nhom hang linh kien) va tu lieu san xuit (capital goods).
Ty le nhom hang nay trong ca cau hang nhap khSu tir Trung Qu6c ngaj; cang Ion, tang tir 61% kim ngach nhap khiu (nam 1997) len 72% vao nam 2005 va 86% vao nam 2012.
Dac biet la nhorn hang trung gian chiSm ty trpng ldm frong tdng kim ngach nhap khiu tii Trung Qudc vdi cac miic tucmg iing vdi cac nam 1997,2005 va 2012 la 60,3%, 56,9% va
67,1%. Nhdm hang ban thanh phSm trong tdng kim ngach nhap khiu cua_ nhdm hang trung gian cd giam dan, song vin d mirc lat cao (tuong ilng la 94%, 88% va 65%), ddng thdi ty trpng nhdm hang linh kien trong tdng kim ngjch nhap khiu nhdm hang trung gian tang vdi cac miic tuong fag la 6%, 12% va 35%. Diju dang quan tam d day 14 ty trpng kim ngach nhjp khiu cua nhdm hang tho giam manh, trong khi kim ng?ich nhap khiu nhdm hiing tieu dimg Iji cd xu hudng tang trd lai sau khi Viet Nam khdng cdn dupc hudng uu dai ciia Chuong trinh thu hoach sdm trong khudn khd ACFTA.
Theo UNCOMTRADE, trong tdng kim ngach nhjp khiu ciia Vi$t Nam nSm 2012, kmi ngach nhap khiu hang hda tit Trung Qudc chiem 26%, trong dd nhdm hang tu U$u san xuat chigm 36%, nhdm hang trung gian chifim 27% (nhdm hang ban thanh phim va linh ki^n chiSm lin lupt la 26% va 27%),
Thir hai, vi co ciu m}t hang nhjp khiu, ty trpng nhdm hang cdng nghi$p chiim 90% tdng kim ngach nhap khiu hang hda ciia Vi$t Nam tvr Trung Qudc^', trong dd chu ydu la nhdm hang cdng nghi$p cd hilm lugng cdng nghS trung binh va thap.
102 S6 862 (thang 8 nim 2014)
Tlie gioi: Vaui de - Sy kign
Bdng 1: Ty trgng kim nggch nhdp khdu cua Viet Nam tie Tnmg Qudc /tdng ldm nggch rdtgp fdimt cua Vipt Nam
Hingtbd
Hilng hda trung gian (1+2) 1. Ban thanh pbim 2. Linh phu kien Tu Ii|u san xuat Hang tieu dung Tdng kim ngach nhap kb§u
1997 3%
4%
4%
11%
2%
2%
3%
20M 13%
7%
7%
4%
6%
20%
9%
2002 15%
9%
8%
10%
9%
13%
11%
2004 12%
14%
14%
12%
12%
13%
14%
2006 9%
18%
19%
13%
20%
16%
16%
2008 5%
22%
22%
18%
30%
15%
20%
2010 6%
23%
23%
25%
37%
18%
24%
2012 6% 27%
26%
31%
36%
22%
26%
NguSn: Tinh todn cua tdc gid theo sd lipu cda UNCOMTRADE Thii: ba, tixjng edc nhdn td gdy ra cdu nhdp
khdu, nhu cdu tieu d\m^ nfi dja ludn ddng vai trd quan trpng nhdt. Bdng vifc phan tich tdc dfng eua eae nhdn td c4u den nhu edu nhgp khdu d\ra tiieo phdn tich Bdng 10 1996, 2000 vd 2001, CO thd khdng dinh rdng**', tich luy vdn vd xudt khdu tae dfng ngdy cdng lorn hon ddi vdi nl^p khdu d cd cdp vi md vd cdp nganh. C\^
tii^, ndu ndm 1996, citi sd kieh thich nhgp khdu cua tidu dimg tu nhdn Id 1,19, tich luy vdn la Ij3I va xudt khdu Id 1,25, tiii ddn ndm 2007, chi sd kfeh thieh nhap khdu cua edc thanh phdn ndy tdng len vdi cde miic tuong limg Id 1,33,1,59 va 1,46. Didu nay ed nghia Id, ndu ndm 1996 tdng 1 don vi tidu diing tu nhdn, tich luy vdn vd xudt khdu tin mue dd Ian toa ddn nhgp khdu la 1,19;
1,31 vd 1,25, nhung ddn ndm 2007, edc gid tii ndy da tdng ldn vdi cdc miic tuong umg Id 1,33;
1,59 yd 1,46'^'.
Ndu nhu ndm 1996, tidu dimg tu nhdn chidm 53,1%, tidu diing cua Chinh phii ehidm 2,7%, tfch liiy vdn chidm 24,2%, phyc v\i xudt khdu c h i ^ 20%, till ddn ndm 2007, cdc tiidnh phdn ndy chidm vdi cdc miic tuong ting Id 37,2%, 2%, 32,2% vd 28,5%. Nhu vdy cd did tiidy, ndm 2007, nhdp khdu hang hda eiia Vift Nam tit Tmng Qadc phyc vy nhu cdu ti^ng nude
chidm ddn 71,5% va ehi ed 28,5% cho san xudt hdng xuat khdu.
Xet he gdc dp xudt khdu hdng hda, kim nggch xudt khdu hdng hda cua Vift Nam sang Tmng (Judc tang mgnh, nhdt Id sau khi ACFTA ed hifu lyre, tang tir mute 474 trifu USD vdo ndm 1997 Idn mire 3.246 tiifu USD ndm 2005, 12.836 ttifu USD ndm 2012 vd 16.885 trifu USD vdo ndm 2013. Tdc df tdng tiirdng gid tii kun nggeh xudt khdu tfr Vift Nam sang Tmng Qudc trung binh trong giai dogn 2009 - 2013 Id 40%/ndm.
Vd ca edu hdng xudt khdUj \^f t Nam xudt khdu sang Tnmg C^dc chii yeu Id nhdm hdng thd, chidm khodng 40% tdng kim ngach xudt
(3) Xem Luong Van Kh6i vi cgng svr: 'Tri^n vpng thuong m^i Viet Nam nam 2015 trong boi ciinh Hi|p dinh thuong mai tu do ASEAN - Trang Qu6c", Tai li^
Iham Idiao dgc bi?t, s6 74, Tmng t§m Thdng tin vi D^
bao kinh t^ - xa hpi qudc gia, B$ K£ ho^ch va DIU tu, nam 2011
(4) Xem Lutmg V3n Khdi: "Phan tich d)nh lu^g dl tim ra nguyen nhan nhip siSu cao vi kto dii cua nka kinh te Vift Nam", De iai ngliien cuu khoa hqc cap bp nam 2012, Bp KI ho^ch vi D3u tn
(5) Chinh thuc hifn nay mdi cd den bing 10 cua nam 2007
So 862 (thang 8 ndm 2014) 103
The giai: Van de - Sir kien T a p <h( C 6 n 9 » k n
Bieu dd 2 : Xudt khdu hdng hoa cua Viet Nam sang Trung Quoc (trieu USD)
ViJtM ftOOO
4000
2,000
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1997 2000
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Nguon: Tinh todn cua tdc gid theo si lieu cua UNCOMTRADE khau hang hda cua Viet Nam sang Trung Qudc.
Ty trpng nhdm hang trung gian dupc coi lii nhdm hang Viet Nam tham gia chudi cung ling toan can thdng qua Tmng Qudc, tuy cd cai thien, nhung ciing mdi chi chiim khoang 30%
tdng kim ngach xuat khau hang hda sang Trang Qudc, trong dd mat hang lmh phu kien cd muc tang va chiem ty trpng gan nhu la thip nhit.
Do xu hudng xuit thd va nhap nhiing hang da qua che bien, nhimg hang cd trinh dp cdng nghe trung binh va thap, nen tuy tdc dp tang kun ngach xuat khiu cua Viet Nam ldn ho»i tdc dp tang kim ngach nhap khau, nhung xet v i gia tri, kim ngach xuit khau hang hda cua Viet Nam sang Trang Qudc vin thip hon rit nhiiu so vdi kim ngach nhap khiu hang hda ciia Viet Nam hi Trung Qudc.
Tdng kim ngach xuat khiu hang hda cua Viet Nam sang Trang Qudc hien nay chiim khoang 11% tdng kim ngach xuit khiu hang hda cua Vipt Nam sang tit ca cac nudc tren thi gidi. Xuit khau hang thd ciia Viet Nam sang thi ttudng Trung Qudc chilm khoang 27% tdng kim ngach xuat khau mat hang nay sang tit ca cac nudc tten the gidi. Nhdm hang ttung gian du cd miic tang
manh va ty ttpng ngay cang tang nhung ciing chi chiim khoang 13% tdng kim ngach xuit khiu mat hang niiy ra thi gidi.
Ve cdn cdn thuong mgi hdng hoa cua Viet Nam vai Trung Quoc xet theo nhom hdng, co the thay, nhdm hang cdng nghiep cd miic tham hut thuong mai cao nhat va duac coi la nguyen nhan chinh gay ra tinh trang nhap sieu cao ciia Viet Nam tii thi trudng Trang Qudc (chiim tren 100% kim ngach nhap sieu cua Viet Nam tir Trung Qudc). Xet theo trinh do cong nghe, viec nhap khau nhdin hilng cd ttinh dp cdn^ nghS tmng binh va thap la nguyen nhan chu yeu gay ra tmh trang tham hut thuang mai hiing hda ciia Viet Nam vdi Trung Qudc. Xet theo muc dich su dung, ttir nhdm hang thd/so cip cd thang dit thucmg mai ngay cang tang, xu hudng tham hijt thuang mai ddi vdi cac nhdm hang cdn lai, nhat lii nhdm himg hda ttung gian (chu yiu la nhdm himg biin thiinh pham) va tu lieu san xuit ngay cang tang cao. Day la mdt ttong nhiing nguyftl nhan khien tham hut thuang mai giira Vl?t NaiB va Trang Quoc ngay cang cao, dSc bi?t B tif nam 2004, ngay sau khi ACFTA cd hipu IvKS Diiu nay cho thiy, tham gia sau vao ACFTA,
104 So 862 (thang 8 nam 2014)
The gioi: Vaji d e - S y kign T9P chf C ^ « g sdtoi
Bieu do 3 : Cdn cdn tfneang mai hdng fida Viet Nam - Trung Qude theo muc dich sir dung (trieu USD)
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-7000
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Ngudn: Tinh todn cua tdc gid theo so lieu cua UNCOMTRADE hdng hda Trung C^dc cd di^u kifn tiiii|n li;n
tiep c|in till tiiidfng Vidt Nam vd Idn dt hdng hda Vift Nam, tiiam ehi ddi vdi cd nhieu mdt hdng md Vift Nam cd tiid manh, nhu ndng sdn.
T^c d^ng v ^ c& h$i d 6 i v o l kinh tk nirtycta
Qua vifc phdn tieh thuong mgi hang hda giQa hai nude tir eae gdc df nhu trdn ed thd thay rd hon nguyen nhdn vd bdn chdt eua tinh tigng nhgp sieu trong moi quan hf thuong mgi hai chi^u Viet Nam - Tmng Qudc. Tir do cd the nit ra mpt so van de can Iuu y sau:
Mpt Id, vifc \^ft Nam itiigp khdu nhidu hhng trung gian tilr Tnmg Qudc, tt-ong khi ddy Igi Id phdn mang Igi gid tii gia tdng cao tt-ong quy trinh sdn xu^t hdng hda, phuc vu cho sdn xuat trong nudc, cho thdy, nganh edng nghifp cik chijng ta chu ydu mdi dung lgi d hinh thue gia cdng Id chu yeu. Hifn nay cd ddn gdn 70%
s6 lugrng doanh nghifp n g ^ dft may hogt dfng dudi hhih thiic gia cdng. Ben cgnh do, vifc nh|lp khdu nhdm hang ban thdnh phdm cd ty ti^ng cao th^rc chdt khdng mang lai nhiSu gid tti gia tdng cho ndn kinh xk trong qud tiinh
sdn xudt hdng hda, khien cho cfng ddng doanh nghifp Vift Nam, nhdt la cde hf kinh doanh cd thd khd ehdng dd vdi sue cgnh tranh ciia nhdm hdng gia edng, Idp rap di^a trdn nhimg mat hdng nhdp khdu bdn thdnh phdm ndy tijc Tmng Qudc.
Hai Id, ngdnh cdng nghifp che bien, che tao ciia Vift Nam su dyng mft lu^ng rat Idn nguyen lieu, may mdc va edng nghf ed trinh df cdng nghf tmng binh va thap, thdm ehi la cii, tieu hao nhieu nguydn nhien vdt Ufu vd khdng thdn thifn vdi mdi tmdng eua Trung Qudc. Hdng edng nghidp ed trinh df cdng nghf trung binh vd thdp, nhdm hdng tti lifu san xudt va hdng tmng gian (bdn thanh pham va Iinh kifn) duoc nhdp khau de gia cdng, idp rdp dap ung ehu ydu eho nhu can trong nuoc va gdn 1/3 cho nhu edu xuat khdu. Do vdy, neu nhu ed bidn dfng mgnh cua tinh hinh nhdp khdu tir Tmng Qudc, trong ngdn hgn, nhu cdu tieu diing nfi dia eung nhu sdn xudt trong nudc se chiu nhftng tdc dpng nhdt djnh.
Ba Id, nhdm hang tiimg gian Id hdng ban tiianh phdm nhgp khdu vao Vift Nam chu ydu de ldp rdp, hode ehi qua cdng dogn don gidn
So 862 (thdng 8 nam 2014) 105
The gioi: Van d e - S u kien l ^ p <h< C ^ n g sAn
Id cd the hodn thifn tiidnh san phdm hang hoa hoan chinh se khidn Nha nudc thdt thu thud.
Vift Nam se trd thdnh thi trudng tidu thu hang hda cua Trung Qudc, hang Yitt Nam bi lat at, thua thiet ngay tt^en san nha. Nhidu doanh nghifp se dung trudc nhung khd khdn thdch thuc trong vifc duy tti va phat tridn sdn xuat, kinh doanh.
Bon Id, hang Vift Nam xuat khau sang Trung Qudc cd ham Iupng gid tri tdng them thdp, do vgy vifc tham gia ehudi eung iing toan cau ciia Vift Nam thdng qua cdng xudng chd tac cua Trang QuQc cdn hgn ehe. Xu hudng xudt khdu ndy cua Vft Nam vao thi tmdng Trung Qude khdng kieh thieh cae doanh nghifp Vift Nam nd lue vuot Ien dd ndng cao ndng Iuc canh tranh, tiep can vd vuon tdi ede till trudng kho tinh.
Nhu vgy, neu hoat ddng xudt nhdp khdu hang hda ciia Viet Nam voi Trung Qudc cd bien dpng, tt-ong ngan han, se cd nhung tde ddng tdi kinh te nudc ta, khidn tdng tmdng GDP, trudc mdt, eo kha nang giam. Chdng hgn, de ddp umg nhu cdu trong nudc, bii Iai eho vifc gidm nhgp khdu mdt sd mat hdng tti Trung Qudc, ehiing ta phdi tim ngudn hdng tu cde thi tradng Wide vdi gid cao hon. Hogc, vide cdt giam xudt khdu hang hda cua Vift Nam sang Trung Qude, se cd tdc dpng tidu cue ddn cdu trong nudc. Tuy nhien, nhin tdng thd va Idu dai, nhirng khd khdn trade mdt nay cung la ca hdi de chiing ta tdi ca cdu ndn kinh td, ndng cao nang luc cgnh tranh, chdt Iuong san phdm, giam tham hiit can can thuang mgi vdi Trung C^udc, da dgng hda thi tradng xudt nhgp khdu, dan tidn tdi nhung tiii ttudng "kho tinh".
De khai thde nhung ca hdi nay, vk phia Chinh phii, thu- nhdt, can cd nhung chinh sdch tiuch hap dk da dgng hda thi tmong xudt nhdp khdu, giam dan sir tap ttimg cao vao mpt Ihi tiirdng Trung Qudc. Chdng hgn, tiudc mdt, tt'ong ngdn hgn, Vift Nam ed till ehuydn hudng nhgp khdu nhung mat hang nay tu nhiing nuoc tham gia Hifp dinh Ddi tac kinh td ehien luac xuyen Thai Binh Duong (TPP), cdn ti-ong trung va ddi hgn, Chinh phu cdn ed nhftng chinh saeh
thda dang de khuyen khich dau tti trong nude, phat trien manh edng nghidp phu tra, thu hut ddu tu true tidp nuac n^odi (FDI) tii nhung ddi tac CO tiinh dd phdt tridn khoa hpc - cdng nghf cao dd sdn xudt ra nhung mat hang trung gian Idm tang gid tri gia tang trong hdm lupng hdng xuat khdu.
Thu hai, c6 nhung trg giup nhat dinh vk mgt tdi ehmh, nhu bdo lanh tin dung cho doanh nghifp de doanh nghiep chuyen hudng nhap khau may mdc thiet bj tidn tien, hifn dgi tu nhung nudc ed cdng nghf ngudn, tgo cii hu;^ch cho cac doanh nghifp trong nudc tidn hanh tdi CO edu, ndng cao hifu qua hogt ddng vd sue cgnh tranh tren tradng qudc tk.
Thu ba, CO chien lugc ddu tu va/hoac thu hut cdc ngudn vdn tti bdn ngoai vdo lutii vuc chd bidn, che tgo de tang hdm Iupng gia tri tang them trong cdc hang hoa xudt khdu cua Vift Nam, ddng thdi cd gidi phdp thda dang nham khuydn khich tidu dung ndi dja, phat tridn vung nguyen lifu vd chii dfng vd nguyfin vgt lifu ddu vdo phuc vu cho sdn xudt, kinh doanh.
Ve phia cdng ddng doanh nghifp, do vifc nhap Ididu hang hda ciia Viet Nam phhn Idn phuc vu mue dieh tidu diing tu nhan, tieu diing Chmh phii, tich lily ydn, yd chi cd 28,5% Id cho sdn xudt hang xuat khdu nen ddy Id co hfi dd doanh nghifp Vift Nam gidnh Igi thi phib dd tang tiudng va phdt tridn. Trong trung va dai han, cac doanh nghifp cdn vugt qua chinh minh, khdng tu bang long vai vide chi gia cdng lap rdp, don thudn; ydn long vdi thi trudng xuat nhdp khdu edc mat hang gid re md can chu ddng va cd gidi phdp thich hgp nhdm md rdrig, da dgng hoa thi ttudng xudt khdu, nhgp khau; tan dung, khai thdc cd hifu qud cdc hiep dinh thuong mgi, cam kdt qudc td, nd Iuc vuon tdi cae thi tmdng cd yeu cdu cao, boi do ciing Id cdch tu nang minh Ien.
Vdi nhung phdn tich nhu vgy cd thd thdy rdng, mge dii cd nhiing khd khdn ttudc mdt, nhung n§u chiing ta vupt qua dugc, ch4t lu^ng tang ttudng kinh td sd cao hon, ndn kinh te nude ta sd phdt trien ben viing hon. • 106 Sd 862 (thans 8 niim 2014)
