AN ANALYSIS OF TEACHING METHODS USED BY AN ESP LECTURER OF UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG IN TEACHING SPEAKING IN THE FIRST SEMESTER OF PSYCHOLOGY DEPARTMENT ACADEMIC YEAR 2014/2015

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AN ANALYSIS OF TEACHING METHODS USED BY AN ESP LECTURER OF UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG IN TEACHING SPEAKING IN THE FIRST SEMESTER OF PSYCHOLOGY DEPARTMENT

ACADEMIC YEAR 2014/2015

THESIS

By:

OLIVIA ARTIKA RAHAYU 09360004

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

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THESIS

By:

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THESIS

This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements to achieve Sarjana Degree in English Education

By:

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Alhamdulillah, the greatest thanks belongs to Allah SWT for blessing the

researcher in finishing her thesis. Shalawat and Salam always give to Prophet

Muhammad SAW who brought us the lightness from the darkness.

First of all, the researcher would like to address her sincere gratitude to her

advisors, Rahmawati Khadijah Maro, S.Pd, M.PEd and Rinjani Bonavidi, S.Pd,

M.Ed, Ph.D for their given great patience, idea, guidance, correction, and suggestions

during this thesis writing process.

Finally, the researcher would like to dedicate this thesis to her whole family

especially to her parents Kasan and Sri Astuti who have given their help, supported

and loved during this thesis writing process, her brother Dewantoro. And also the

researcher would like to give the deepest thank to all of her friends who have great

contributions during this thesis writing process and especially students from English

Department 2009. It is hoped that this thesis can be useful and beneficial for people

who read it.

Malang, February 5, 2015

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.2 Statement of Problem ... 4

1.3 Purpose of Study ... 5

1.4 Significance of Study... 5

1.5 Scope and Limitation ... 5

1.6 Definition of Key Terms ... 6

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 The Nature of Speaking ... 8

2.1.1 The Aspects of Speaking ... 9

2.1.2 Functions of Speaking ... 10

2.2 Teaching Speaking ... 11

2.3 Problems of Teaching Speaking ... 13

2.4 Activities to Promote Teaching Speaking ... 14

2.5 Teaching Method ... 17

2.5.1 Direct Method ... 18

2.5.2 Grammar Translation Method ... 20

2.5.3 Audio-Lingual Method ... 22

2.5.4 The Silent Way ... 26

2.5.5 Suggestopedia ... 28

2.5.6 Community Language Learning ... 29

2.5.7 Communicative Language Teaching ... 31

2.5.8 Total Physical Response ... 33

2.6 English for Specific Purpose Teaching in UMM ... 34

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CHAPTER III: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design ... 37

CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION 4.1Research Findings ... 43

4.1.1 Teaching methods used by the ESP lecturer in teaching speaking ... 43

4.1.2 The Problems Faced by the Lecturer in Using the Method ... 47

4.1.3 The Lecturer’s Strategy to Solve the Problems Using the Method ... 48

4.2Discussion ... 49

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1Conclussion ... 53

5.1.1 Teaching methods used by the ESP lecturer in teaching speaking... 53

5.1.2 The Problems Faced by the Lecturer in Using the Method .... 54

5.1.3 The Lecturer’s Strategy to Solve the Problems Using the Method ... 54

5.2 Suggestion ... 55

5.1.1 Suggestion for the lecturer ... 55

5.2.2 Suggestion for the students ... 55

5.2.3 Suggestion for the further researchers... 56

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 57

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ORIGINALITY DECLARATION

The undersigned:

Name : Olivia Artika Rahayu

Student ID Number : 09360004

Program of Study : English Department

Faculty : Faculty of Teacher Training and Education

I declare that the work presented in this thesis was carried out by my self and does not

incorporate without acknowledgement any material previously submitted for a degree

or diploma in any university. To the best of my knowledge this thesis does not

contain any materials previously publish or written by another person except where

due reference is made in text

Malang, February 5th 2015

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MOTTO AND DEDICATION

(6) اًرْسي رْسعْلا عم َّإ (5)اًرْسي رْسعْلا عم َّإف

“Maka sesungguhnya bersama kesulitan itu ada kemudahan. Sesungguhnya bersama kesulitan itu ada kemudahan.”

(Q.S. Al-Insyirah: 5-6)

”Menyerahlah ketika peluang sudah benar-benar habis. Tetapi jika masih ada satu harapan, raihlah dengan kerja keras dan terjang semua hal yang menghadang ” (Miss_Tika)

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1 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ary, Donald, Jacobs, Lucy Cheser, etc. 2010. Introduction to Research in Education. USA. Nelson Education, Ltd.

Athena, Tera. 2004. Students’ Non Linguistic Problems in Learning English Speaking at SMPN 3 Batu. Unpublished Thesis. UMM.

Bogdan, Robert C. and Biklen Sari Knopp. 2003. Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theory and Methods. USA. Allyn and Bacon.A Division of Simon & Schuster, Inc.

Brown, H. D. 2000. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. Essex:

Diane Larsen-Freeman. 2000. Techniques and principles in language teaching. Oxford: Oxford university Press

Febiana, Restu, 2005: A Study ofStudents’ Problem in Daily English Speaking Activity at SMA PomosdaTanjunganomNganjuk. Unpublished Thesis. UMM

Fulcher, G. 2003. Testing Second Language Speaking. Harlow: Longman/Pearson Education Ltd.

Hutchinson, T. and Waters, A. 2002. English for specific purpose. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

Jack Richards and Theodore Rogers. 2001. Approaches and methods in language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kayi, Hayriye. 2006. Teaching Speaking: Activities to Promote Speaking in a Second Language. http://unr.edu/homepage/hayriyek. Downloaded on 5th November, 2014

Language Centre of UMM, 2010. English for Specific Purposes. (Online)

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Lindsay, Cora and Knight, Paul. 2006. Learning and Teaching English: A Course for Teacher. New York. Oxford University Press.

McDonough, Jo and Shaw, Christopher, Materials and Methods in ELT A Teacher’s Guide, New York: Oxford Blackwell Publishers, second edition, 2003.Oxford learner’s pocket dictionary. UK: Oxford University Press.

Paul, Davies & Eric, Pearse. 2000. Success in English Teaching. New York: Oxford University Press

Richard, Jack C. 2008. Teaching Listening and Speaking: From Theory to Practice. New York. Cambridge University Press.

Richards, J. C. & Rodgers, T. S. 2001. Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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3 APPENDIX

Appendix 1

INTERVIEW

1. Pertanyaan pertama saya adalah tentang teaching method yang anda gunakan

ketika mengajar esp speaking di kelas psikologi. Kira2 apa saja teaching method

yang biasa anda pakai?

Jawab: Honestly sih, kalo saya itu tidak memperhatikan apakah teaching method

saya itu seperti apa, for example misal seperti invitation saya ingin membuat game

yang seperti di “take me out” . jadi mereka adalah ada kontestan dimana mereka

seperti yang kalo di “take me out” itu contohnya ya yang kayak jomblowati2 itu dan

lainnya itu harus invite, invitation siapa yang paling mengena dan menggiurkan itulah

yang di terima, contohnya seperti itu. Jadi itu gimana ya, kalo untuk method biasa gak

begitu mempertimbangkan apa sih method ini namanya apa. Soalnya saya kan juga

sering menggunakan metode ceramah, padahal sekarang ceramah kan sudah gak di

masukin metode lagi kayak gitu lo tapi masih menggunakan ceramah. Trus lagi

grammar translation itu kan juga sudah uzur ya tapi itu hampir tidak pernah saya

gunakan. Kalo yang ceramah itu ya sekali sekali ya. Karena kan di tiap mengajar

paling enggak harus ada penjelasan materi itu apa harus begitu. Kalo ceramah itu

pasti, tapi kan masalahnya selain ceramah itukan sudah gak di masukin lagi dalam

teaching method yang baku, maksudnya kan yang sudah old. Ya itu, jadi paling

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2. Sekarang yang kedua, ketika mengajar kan tidak mungkin semuanya berjalan

mulus, pasti adalah masalah2 yang timbul ketika proses belajar mengajar itu

berlangsung. Kira2 dari situ masalah2 apa yang sering timbul?

Apa ya? Masalah yang sering timbul itu adalah pertama mungkin mahasiswa kurang

asepsi, kurang menperhatikan kayak kadang mereka rame sendiri kayak gitu, biasa

kadang mereka bosen dengan metode atau game yg saya gunakan atau yang ketiga

adalah mereka terlalu aktif atau terlalu for example seperti di beberapa jurusan

tertentu mereka tidak bisa di samakan kemampuan bahasa inggris jadi kalo misalnya

saya mengandaikan kemampuan bahasa inggris misal speaking tentang job interview

jadi saya merasakan itu beberapa jurusan tertentu itu agak kesulitan karena memang

mereka basic bahasa inggrisnya belum sekuat jurusan yang lain. Jadi ya itu,

kemampuan basic bahasa inggris mereka itu yang gak sama. Dan saya harus

menyamaratakan semuanya, gak sih I meant membuat sesuatu yang berbeda lah

suapaya itu mudah di cerna oleh jurusan tertentu tersebut.

3. Jadi dari masalah2 yang timbul itu, terus jurus2 apa yang ibu gunakan supaya

bisa mengatasi masalah tersebut?

Ya itu..membuat aktifitas yang menyenangkan for example seperti itu tadi. Jadi kita

berusaha mengadopsi seperti yang lagi hits sekarang itu kan for example like reality

show yo tadi like take me out untuk materi giving invitation, role play untuk yang

appointment, terus apa lagi ya? Kayak yang terbaru ini nanti seperti giving

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5 information di beberapa tempat yang berbeda for example parking area. Kalimat

giving information apa yang cocok. Kalo misalnya di library giving information apa

gimana yang cocok dan itu dalam satu kesempatan. Terus ini lagi, procedure juga

membuat handycraft dalam satu kesempatan itu dan mereka membuat handycraft

dengan bahan2 yang seadanya. Jadi mereka sengaja gak saya suruh bawa bahannya

Cuma saya kasihkan saja bahan seadanya dengan topik yang sudah di tentukan

misalkan grup 1 mendapatkan topic flower, grup 2 grass dst. Mereka membuat itu

dari bahan yang di sediakan.

2. Terus untuk masalah yang timbul dari mahasiswanya itu sendiri apa ada?

Ya itu, saya semangatin mereka. Ayo wake up wake up. Saya relasikan sesuai dgn

study field mereka. Contoh kyk kemarin saya kasih video tentang sesuatu, tentang

giving. Jadi kalo kalian nanti jadi wakil rakyat kalian itu harus bisa member kalian

tidak boleh hanya menuntut dari rakyat atau pemerintah saja. Kalian harus

mengayomi, kalo kalian jadi anggota dpr kalian bisa berguna bagi Negara. Jadi saya

relasikan begitu. Saya juga kasih semangat. Saya juga mem-poin. Jadi siapa yg bisa

menjawab ini saya berikan poin . bahkan rebutan jadi oyok’an gitu

3. Terus untuk msalah kalo dari kampus sendiri apa ada masalah?

Fasilitas?? Sebenarnya sih tergantung dari kreatifitas kita sendiri. Tergantung kita

juga sih bisa memanfaatkan fasilitas yang ada. Seadanya lah, kalo terbatas kita harus

bisa memaksimal semaksimal mungkin. Jadi mahasiswa gak melulu di kelas. Kadan

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FIELD NOTE

Lecturer’s Name : Dwi Wahyuningtyas

Class : F Class of Psychology Department

Teaching Methods on First Observation on 17th December, 2014

1. The first activity that the lecturer did when entering the class was greeting.

Greeting was done in order to sign that the class would begin

2. After the lecturer opened the class, the lecturer began to explain the material.

The material for first meeting was giving information. In this activity the

lecturer gave opportunity to the students for asking the question if they got

difficult in the material.

3. After the lecturer explained the material, then the lecturer asked the students

to make a group, each group consisted of two persons.

4. In the first class of observation, the lecturer did simulation. Each group must

do the conversation outside of the class. Each group would get the place by

lotteries, for example in parking area, mosque and other places

5. Each group must record their activity in the form of video. They used hand

phone as their tool for recording their activity. This was also one of the

instructions that given by the lecturer, it was done because the lecturer was

not accompanying them in the field, the lecturer just waited for them in the

class.

6. The lecturer limited their time for twenty minutes outside, then they must

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7 7. After they did the conversation and got the video, the students come to the

class and reported and collected the activity and video to the lecturer. The

video was one of the way to assess the students’ activity

8. After all of the group come to the class then the lecturer asked some groups to

reply their activities outside in the class.

9. After some groups represented their activity, then the lecturer closed the class

by reflexing and evaluating the activity today, then the lecturer gave some

clues for next meeting, so that the students could prepare it.

10. The lecturer ended the class

Teaching Methods on Second Observation on 24th December, 2014

1. The lecturer opened the class by greeting

2. The lecturer started the class by explaining the material. The material for

second meeting of observation was procedure

3. After the lecturer explained the material, then the lecturer divided the students

into 4 Groups. Each group consisted of five up to six people

4. In this meeting, the lecturer already prepared some materials such as origami

paper, flannel, and other. Then this materials were contributed to each group

5. After each group had the material, then the lecturer explained the instruction

that the students should do and gave them time to create it. In this meeting the

students must create or do something by the material. After they produced

something, then each group must present their product in front of the class,

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6. After each group had a product then they presented their product in front of

the class.

7. After all of the group finished presenting their product then the lecturer

prepared to close the class. The lecturer evaluated the activity today and gave

same explanation for next meeting.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, the researcher presents the introduction that concerns with

background of the study, statement of the problems, purposes of the study,

significances of the study, scope and limitation and the definition of the key terms

1.1Background of the Study

Human as a social community needs communication as the way to interact

with other human in this world. English as an international language has an important

role to make communication easier among people around the world. It is also one of

the foreign languages that is taught in Indonesia starting from junior high school,

senior high school and up to university level.

English has four basic skills, they are listening, reading, writing and speaking.

Speaking becomes an important skill to be mastered because it is one of the skills that

can support the other skills. Lindsay and Knight (2005) note, “Speaking is a

productive skill”. It means that speaking is a skill that can be used to produce

language and aims to communicate with other people. Productive skill can be

interpreted that students need to produce the language. Therefore, it becomes

necessary because they have to use language to acquire and produce a message to

make them understand each other.

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In academic field, sometimes the students face several problems in learning

speaking. Febianawati (2005), in her study found that the problems in learning

speaking could be caused by internal and external factors. She found that some

problems that involved in internal factors were inhibition, nothing to say, low or

uneven participation, the use of mother tongue, speech act (pronunciation, grammar,

vocabulary, fluency, and oral communication). Besides, external factors could come

from the materials, media, facility, etc.

Besides, Athena (2004) in her research about students’ non-linguistic problem

in learning English speaking at second year students at SMPN 3 Batu found that

students faced some problems in learning speaking. Those problems were: 1) the

students had low motivation and felt shy to express their ideas orally, 2) the materials

were unattractive and the media was not effective, 3) most of the students thought

that the teaching method used by the teachers could not make them active in learning

English speaking.

Before establishing the right teaching method, the lecturer should know firstly

about the characteristic of successful speaking activities. It is important because by

knowing them, the lecturer will be able to monitor whether speaking activities are

successful or not. In addition, Ur (2003) argues that there are some characteristics of

successful speaking activity, they are: 1) students talk a lot, 2) participation is even,

3) motivation is high, 4) language is of an acceptable level. Therefore, in teaching

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speak, give them chance to talk more and sharpen their confidence in speaking. One

of the tools is an appropriate teaching method.

In teaching English there are several kinds of methods that can be used by the

lecturer in transfering the knowledge, such as grammar translation method,

audio-lingual method, cooperative learning method, direct method,etc. Those methods are

planned in systematic efforts by the lecturer for establishing sequence in the various

parts of the teaching English. Larsen and Freeman (2000) argue that methods offer

the teachers alternative to what the currently think and do. It can guide the lecturer

how to make her teaching becomes effective because teaching method is one of the

factors that can determine the success of teaching. Moreover, it also can make it easy

for the lecturer to transfer the information, select the resourches and define the role of

the students. That is why the use of appropriate teaching method can bean important

aspect for getting better result in teaching and learning activities.

An effective method that is used by the lecturer may determine the success of

the teaching speaking English itself, including in ESP course. According to Language

Center of University of Muhammadiyah Malang (2010), “ESP program is an English

program which is specialized for each discipline in all departments and faculties at

the University of Muhammadiyah Malang”. It means ESP in the University of

Muhammadiyah Malang is a program that runs by Language Center, which is

purposed to fulfill the learners’ needs. ESP is different from the General English

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program is intended for all new students of semester I to II in order to give them

English based on their disciplines.

The purpose of ESP course in all of departments in the University of

Muhammadiyah Malang is to help the students in order to master English language

for their future. One of the departments in the ESP course is Psychology Department.

It becomes interesting because the researcher found that when the lecturer taught

them the students were very interested in learning English, because the lectuter

applied some methods that could make the class became attractive. This becomes the

reason why the researcher interested to know the kinds of method in teaching

speaking used by the ESP lecturer for the Psychology students. From the background

of the study above the researcher is interested in choosing “an analysis of teaching

methods used by an ESP lecturer of University of Muhammadiyah Malang in

teaching speaking at the first semester of Psychology Department, academic year

2014/2015” as the title of this research.

1.2Statement of the Problems

In order to make clear the course of the study based on the background above, the

researcher formulated the research problems as follows:

1. What kinds of teaching methods were used by the ESP lecturer in teaching

speaking to the first semester students of Psychology Department academic year

2014/2015?

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3. How did the lecturer try to solve the problems in using the methods?

1.3 Purposes of the Study

In line with the problem statements above, the objectives of the study are as

follows:

1. To describe the kinds of teaching methods used by the ESP lecturer in teaching

speaking to the first semester students of Psychology Department academic year

2014/2015.

2. To investigate the problems faced by the lecturer in using the methods.

3. To analyze the lecturer’s ways in solving the problems.

1.4 Significance of the Study

Theoretically, this research is expected to give contribution in the education

field, especially in the teaching English for speaking skill. This study will also give

additional information to the ESP lecturer to enrich their knowledge in teaching

speaking methods.

Practically, the result of this study is expected to be beneficial for the ESP

lecturer that by knowing the various kinds of teaching speaking menthod for the

students of University of Muhammadiyah Malang, it can make the teaching and

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1.5 Scope and Limitation

The scope of this study is on the kinds of teaching methods used by the ESP

lecturer who teaches at ESP class in University of Muhammadiyah Malang. Besides,

the limitation of this study is the first semester students of Psychology Department

academic year 2014/2015.

1.6 Definition of Key Terms

1.6.1 Teaching is showing or helping someone to learn how to do something, giving instruction, guiding in the study of something, providing with knowledge,

causing to know or understand (Brown, 2007). It means that teaching is an act

done by a person (in this case is an educator) with the purpose of helping or

facilitating another person (in this case is the learners) in learning activities.

1.6.2 Speaking is an interactive process of constructing meaning that involves producing and receiving and processing information (Brown, 2007). Its form and

meaning are dependent on the context in which it occurs, including the

participants themselves, and the purposes for speaking.

1.6.3 Method is an overall plan for the orderly presentation of teaching matters including the technique and media that are used (Richard and Rogers, 2001). In

this study, method is a way to deliver the matter or information to the students

for reaching the goal of speaking skill.

1.6.4 ESP (English for Specific Purpose) is a subject which is based on designing courses to meet learners’ needs (Hutchinson and Waters, 2002). In this research,

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Center of University of Muhammadiyah Malang, which is compulsory for every

students. According to Language Center of University of Muhammadiyah

Malang, ESP program is intended for all new students of semester 1 and 2 in

order to give them English based on their disciplines.

1.6.5 ESP Lecturer, lecturer is a person who teaches in a college or univesity (Oxford Dictionary, 2009). In this research, ESP lecturer is someone who

teachesEnglish for all new students of University of Muhammadiyah Malang of

semester 1 and 2 by taking 2 credits for each skills in English such as reading,

speaking, writing and listening during 2 semesters based on the students’ needs