Risk management support through India Remote Sensing Satellites
N Aparna a, , A V Ramani b & R Nagaraja c a
Scientist Engineer “SG”, Head Mission Interface and User Services NRSC-NDC - [email protected] b
Scientist Engineer “SF” MI&US NRSC-NDC –[email protected] c
Group Director NDC-NRSC :[email protected] Commission VI, WG VI/4
KEY WORDS: Payload planning, Emergency planning, Operational Remote Sensing Systems, GIS
ABSTRACT
Remote Sensing along with Geographical Information System (GIS) has been proven as a very important tools for the monitoring of the Earth resources and the detection of its temporal variations. A variety of operational National applications in the fields of Crop yield estimation , flood monitoring, forest fire detection, landslide and land cover variations were shown in the last 25 years using the Remote Sensing data. The technology has proven very useful for risk management like by mapping of flood inundated areas identifying of escape routes and for identifying the locations of temporary housing or a-posteriori evaluation of damaged areas etc. The demand and need for Remote Sensing satellite data for such applications has increased tremendously. This can be attributed to the technology adaptation and also the happening of disasters due to the global climate changes or the urbanization. However, the real-time utilization of remote sensing data for emergency situations is still a difficult task because of the lack of a dedicated system (constellation) of satellites providing a day-to-day revisit of any area on the globe. The need of the day is to provide satellite data with the shortest delay. Tasking the satellite to product dissemination to the user is to be done in few hours. Indian Remote Sensing satellites with a range of resolutions from 1km to 1m has been supporting disasters both National & International. In this paper, an attempt has been made to describe the expected performance and limitations of the Indian Remote Sensing Satellites available for risk management applications, as well as an analysis of future systems Cartosat-2D, 2E ,Resourcesat-2R &RISAT-1A. This paper also attempts to describe the criteria of satellite selection for programming for the purpose of risk management with a special emphasis on planning RISAT-1(SAR sensor).
INTRODUCTION
ISRO has launched several satellites with multi sensors. Each sensor has a capability to provide the information of the surface of earth spatially and spectrally. These are unique information about the properties of the earth surface the land topography and the shallow waters. The satellites systems considered are optical and Radar. The Optical satellite systems considered here are , Resourcesat-2 , Oceansat-2 , Cartosat-2 & Cartosat-1. The Radar satellite considered is RISAT-1. Earth observational optical systems are passive sensors, operating in the visible spectrum (0.4µ -0.7µ) near infrared (0.8 µ to 0.9 µ) and (1.5 µ-1.8µ) medium infrared. These measurements of easily interpretable but have the impact of the atmospheric conditions. Moreover whenever Cyclones , floods , forest fires , volcano’s occur they are always accompanied with either clouds or thick smoke. This reduces the utilization of optical sensors operationally for disasters
RADAR sensors are active instruments they are independent of the sun illumination allowing both ascending and descending orbits for image acquisitions. High sensitivity to roughness and humidity also allows to retrieve different physical parameters compared to the optical sensors. The fact that they are “all weather” capable makes Radar sensors operational in emergency context.
For the context of emergency the revisit time and appropriate resolutions are very important parameters to be considered. For example Oceansat-2 which has a receptivity of 2 days cover the area every alternate day and gives a synoptic view of the area in 8 narrow spectral bands. This can be used for monitoring at broad level. In case of AWIFS we can look at the same area on every fifth day , with a resolution of 56 m and 12 bit radiometry. This helps in the flood inundations, effected area mapping and also monitoring at regular intervals. RISAT-1 can view the area every 2/3 days. These satellites if planned and data is made available to users in timely manner, gives lot of information to the decision makers to manage and allocate the resources.
1.1 Current Indian Remote Sensing satellites (IRS) constellation of satellites:
The IRS optical and microwave satellites can be operated in multimode’s.
Resourcesat-2 has three sensors allowing imaging at a resolution of 5.8m to 56m , Cartosat-1 can be operated in 2 modes , either stereo or wide. The Wide mode gives the advantage of covering larger area ~ 56km with 2.5m resolution. Cartosat-2 can be operated in Spot mode / strip mode or paint brush mode. The paint brush mode gives the maximum area coverage of 27*27 sq km. RISAT-1 can be operated in four modes , FRS -1 FRS-2 , CRS and MRS. The resolution ranges
fro high resolution d gives the details Risk Managemen Table-1 IRS sate S
NO
Satellite
1 Resource
2 Cratosat 3 Cartosat
4 RISAT-2 existing operatio study has been ma covered with th adequacy of th management nee which then cla analysis show th constellation of sa radar acquisition operationalising 1.2 Acquisition
In an operationa plan and a long t and the short term request. The lon requests. Following are th
Long t
Figure:-1 : Con
0m. On demand th n data of 1m for 1 ils of the satellites ment.
satellites available fo Mode rcesat-2 a.LISS b.LISS
sitions & planning s very critical as th uisitions plays an
case studies to rational satellites a n made as to how the existing IRS
the satellites is needs continuous clashes with the that it will be only
f satellites which tion with high re ng the services fo on planning strate
onal scenario all t g term plan. The lo term plan is to acco long term plan a the modes of plan g term planning rt term planning wise planning rm planning gathe
the time left f as of collections. ure -1)
onsolidation of re
the satellite can be r 10*100 sq km. Fo tes revisit capabilit le for risk managem
Revisit an essential role. to show the cap s and the time lin w frequently a gi IRS satellite con is also worked o us monitoring of
e National proje nly with the launc ch allow simultane
repeat frequencie s for risk monitoring ategy for risk man
ll the satellites ha e long term plan is ccommodate any c also takes care anning the request
thers all the use ft for some more ns. This helps us
f request
be operated to get . Following table-1 ilities available for
ement
between archives le. We have also apabilities of the lines achieved. A given area can be onstellations. The out as the risk of disaster areas rojects needs. The
nch of a dedicated aneous optical and cies will help in ring.
anagement
have a short term is at weekly level y change or urgent re of the advance ests
user requests and re operations and us in building up schedules a the schedu from an au online pro generates authorized login as art-1 Showing the
ses arise for an em The schedules of The schedules ha the satellite. The commands h
nes followed are: 1000 IST P/L Sc 1300 IST NDC S 1500 IST Comma 1800 – 2330 IST 0530 IST Onwar Starts
: If Emergency E hen the Emergency
team at NDC alo already Comman d Regenerate the C : If Emergency nds are not Upli ng System ( UOP
Opportunities/p roposals for the s a separate file rbit Number from
ISTRAC re-gen ncy I/P + Daily R
the SCH File to P ion
: If Emergency Ex n Started & Few onfirmation PPS ncy Request & the ncy has been Includ
l the long term pla d and the new re
t can be triggered sed the emergency
enerated. The new as shown in the fl the flow of the em
emergency request of next day are no s have been release have been uplink
Schedule Planning NDC Sends P/L Sched mands are Genera IST Commands wil
ards P/L Session C
y Exist before 17 ncy Request will b
along with Regula ands are Generat e Commands with cy Exist After
PPS for Automat Exist after Comm w Sessions are alre
generates a the Time/Orbit Nu luded.
m plan and the short request needs red at any time, cy will be include
ew request inclus e flow chart-1. emergency request
est.
not yet released. ased but not uplink inked.
ing (PPS) for Next hedule File to SCC
erated at ISTRAC ill be Uplinked to n Commands Exec
1730 IST on Wo l be Ingested by pa lar Request and Se rated at ISTRAC th new I/P from NDC r 1730 IST, and
. Though User ngest Emergency.
OPS online , ena fter Confirmation
rgency Request Emergency has
ommands using which was send e atic Pass Schedul mmands Uplinked t lready Executed. a separate file h Number from whe
ort term
C been Included) C Request File wh PPS for Automat Check against T TTC Orbits fo with S/C Contro uplinking then Controller if Possi Therefore the p depends upon th for TTC comman Following are th
Weath 1.3 Analysis of interest.
To arrive at th constellation of is chosen and an 2, RISAT-1,CAR As a test case let 85.87). Let us analyze RISAT-1 satellit Ascending node of 2*2 =4 ways Figure-3 shows t
Figure :-2 RI
AC regenerates part ) Commands using which was send ea matic Pass Schedul t TTC schedule fil the above mention
anding is very ess the steps wheneve
ther the area is wi cking the feasibilit s from on all availa rdination with
p/International irement of Resolu event preparatory cted area ision on preferenti ision on the additi nd the affected are ating automatic pro is down linked. of number of opp
the number of o f IRS satellites , analysis is made.
ARTOSAT-2 and let us take the poi ze this with resp llite can be operate de with Right or L ays of acquiring s the orbits of RIS
RISAT-1 Left & R
artial (from where sing New Emergen
earlier. Upload th dule File Generatio ile , weather the unlinking ( To re is no sufficient Passes may be
best service for tioned cases. Avail
essential. ver and emergency
within the Indian c ility of acquisition ilable constellation
ith Disaster charter to u lution ,frequency a ry -data acquisition ntial dump orbits.
itional area to be areas.
processing trigger
pportunities for
f opportunities w a point of intere e. For the case stu nd CARTOSAT-1 point (latitude 22.7 respect to the RIS ated both in Desce r Left look. This gi data as shown i ISAT-1 on a given
Right Looking
ere Emergency has rgency I/P + Daily
the SCH File to tion.
here are sufficient o be Coordinated nt TTC Orbits for be Taken by the
for an emergency ailability of orbits
ncy is triggered
n cone or outside on for coming few tion of satellites er Monitoring
understand the y and time line\ ion in the probable
e collected in and ger as soon as the
r a given area of
with the existing erest for collection study Resourcesat
1 are considered. 2.73 and longitude RISAT-1 satellite. scending as well as s gives permutation wn in the Figure-2 are not pha collection becomes a opportuniti the opport than a day. have the pro therefore th manageme satellites. Most of th given area needs to be other than cone. Whe
Satellite Da RISAT-1 16
ortunities with Re y if we generate 2. It is observed t nities of collections
hased, in certain c n opportunities s a disadvantage nities. Therefore w ortunity of collec ay.
rent status
Sensing satellites s , hurricanes , eart also helps in pre
information on wa problem of cloud re the analysis of su
ment is more and mo the risk manageme rea for assessmen
be addressed in t an Indian visibility hen the area with to consider that the use of Rem l projects like Crop
orbital pattern
are the feasibiliti Resourcesat-2 are ate the opportunit d that Cartosat-1 & ons on 18th Nov 20 n cases Cartosat-1 s on the same ge and reduces t
when coupled wit ections are on a da
es support in map earthquakes volca prediction of Dro water contaminati ud when it comes such kind of risk ma
d more depending ement need contin ent and relief act n two parts, one is lity and the data w
ithin Indian visibi at a country like emote Sensing da rop estimation, Irri
ilities on given po
ISAT-1 for a peri at the opportunitie n from 20th to 22
ending and Desce ility again on 23 re on 18th Nov an nities of Cartosa 1 & Cartosat-2 ha 2014.As these sat 1 & Catosat-2 ha me day. This som
s the total numb with the optical sat daily basis but no
apping the after e lcano eruptions , oi Drought affected ation etc. Most of es to the optical se sk management / di ing upon the micr
tinuous monitorin activities. The pro is when the data within Indian vis ibility cone is ask ike India which is
data needs data fo Irrigation related ,
point of
l
land mapping et country. Whenev at the cost of th RISAT-1 the o polarizations an Descending left Figure-4 shows t
Figure-4: FASAL
The data other planned with th station ( Bharati) station at Antar 76ºE approx) h acquire Indian communicate wi established in D communication India (NRSC, Sh transfer of satelli and 2 way com Shadnagar and NC Antarctica statio region for the region. Due its station for about orbits for data do Within 1h of do station to Shadna to the user. The b Philippines earth shown in Figur requests were serv
Figure-4 Bhara
etc. These need d never the data for f the other ongoing
ongoing projec and look directio ft look with 36 de s the data requirem
SAL requirements
er than the Indi the onboard tape rati) is used for dow tarctica (Bharati),
has been used t an Remote Sen with to them. Dec 2012 with n link between An Shadnagar and NC ellite data @2x40 M communication se d NCAOR, Goa sim tion facilitates loc
e benefit of scie its location the IR
ut 10 to 11 orbits down linking. f downlink the da
dnagar station. The e best time lies ach arthquake. The lo
ure-5.During 201 serviced.
rati Station locati
data without gap for disasters is plan ing projects. Spec jects look for s tion like FASAL deg angle and du rement of FASAL.
ents with
RISAT-dian visibility co ape recorder and own linking the d ti), Larsemann Hi to establish a gr ensing satellites m. The station w th S/X-Band an Antarctica and NCAOR, Goa). Th
0 Mbps in near rea services @ 4 M simultaneously. local coverage coll scientists studying IRS satellites are its therefore it pro
data is transferre he data is processe achieved is 4h turn
location of Antarc 012-13, 25 Intern
ation.
ap and for the full lanned it is always pecially in case of specific angles, L requires data in dual polarization. AL.
-1
cone are always nd the Antractica e data. The Indian Hills, (69ºS and ground station to es data and to was successfully and established a d two stations in The link supports real time to NRSC Mbps to NRSC,
ollections over the ng the Antarctica are visible to the rovides additional
rred from Bharati essed and supplied urnaround time for
tarctica station is ernational Charter full possible mo provides a specific co incidence a collection , the collecti For examp be selected attempt to where as maximise se and clean wa A trade-off choosing t observed. Figure 5- sh
Figure :-5
When sele assessment very impo archives an derived fro before and 2. Exampl 2.1 An exa satellites o several are Brahmaput also inunda request for ISRO / NR on 7th Sep 50m resolu 2014. The modes(resolution/
a shorter access ti constraint of ang
e angles of archive n , this makes the ction capabilities. mple for water-rela ted for flood detec
to maximize the s low incidence e sea clutter and th n water surfaces). off between spatia g the highest reso . Coupled with thi mergencies are to b n the cloud move
shows the areas p
5 RISAT-1 plann
electing radar acq ssment, the matching portant (same i and new acquisi from the compar nd after an event.
ples of disaster m
example of flood mo s over Assam area
areas in Assam st putra, Beki and ot ndated by the floo for data collection NRSC programme ep , 9th Sep , 10th solution. Pre event
he flood inundation ed Central and Assa
g satellite images g, Sonitpur and ga National Park (
ming
is more complex on/swath) and inc ss time (of the order
angles are given. ived data are to be he planning comple
s.
related applications, tection (to minimise the contrast betw
e shall be select therefore the con tial resolution and solution while cov this the process be
be combined with vement and the est f the events the sate
nce notice of few s were either effec 1 all these w e requirement fo s planned for flood
anned for disaster
cquisitions for the g of mode , node incidence and isitions as the var parison between
r monitoring and r
d monitoring using rea.During third w state were inunda other rivers. Kaz flood waters of Bra on was triggered o mmed RISAT-1 sat Sep , 11th Sep w ent data was avail
ion information wa Assam State Go der of 2-3days), un en. For example
be matched with mplex and in turn re ons, high incidence mise water clutter, tween water and ected for oil spil ontrast between po nd swath has to be covering the area becomes more comp
ith ongoing request estimated rain fa satellites are request
few hours. In the fected by floods
were supported. for the other pro oods in 2012-2013
ster during 2012-1
the purpose of da de and polarizatio d resolution) be variation informat n acquisitions ob
d risk manageme
sing IRS constellat week of August, ndated due to floo
aziranga National Brahmaputra River d on 6th Sep 2014.
satellite data of th p with coarse reso ailable on 14th A was disseminated Govt. departments.
post flood situati
F
2 Ja re o t p su w o ra T K o S 2 1 a c t F
F i
Figure-6 RISAT
2.2 Jammu & Ka Jammu & Kashmi request for emer on 6th Sep 2014 track the area wa passed the area a supplied immed water levels of Jh of Anantnag, Pu rain falls cause Therefore this r Kashmir area.RI opportunities. Th Sep, 12th Sep. 17 2014.Optical sate 10th Sep , Cartosa and 19th Sep 20 could be fulfille the cost of disturb Figure 7 shows t
Figure-7 RISAT inundation
AT-1 – 17 Aug 20
Kashmir floods shmir during first ergency planning 4 6 am IST. T was Resourcesat a at 9.45 am on 6 ediately. Heavy f Jhelum river had Pulwama, Badgam, se widespread flo s required continu RISAT-1 was plan The data was coll . 17th Sep, 20th Sep satellites were also rtosat-2 10th Sep , R
2014.The requirem lled with the const
turbing the collect s the J&K flood in
AT-1 – 22 Sep 20
2014 – Assam floo
ds: Severe floods w rst week of Septemb
ng with all satellite . The earliest sate sat-1 AWiFS senso 6th Sep 2014 and
y rains coupled had led to flooding
am, Kulgam, Raj flooding in the K tinuous monitoring lanned for this area ollected on 8th Sep ep , 21st Sep , 22 lso tasked,
, Resourcesat-2 9 irement of continu
nstellation of IRS ections of other N inundation.
2014 – Jammu &
flood inundation
s were reported in tember, 2014. The lites was triggered satellite that could nsor. The satellite nd the product was d with rise in the ing in the districts ajouri etc. Heavy e Kashmir valley. ing of Jammu & rea for all possible Sep , 9th Sep , 10th 22 Sep & 28th Sep
Cartosat-1 9th Sep , 14th Sep inuous monitoring S satellites but at r National projects.
& Kashmir flood in he red uld lite as the cts vy ey. & ble th
ep ep ing t at cts.
od
2.3 HUDHU
Cyclones a spiral inwa and cause i coastal are a prediction requiremen ‘HUDHUD’ Andhra Pra The alerts planning f continuous 2014.To ha Coarse reso resolution the satellite
Figure-2.4 Floods
Heavy rain Mankhaa o on 2 Aug across the Koshi Riv large volume floods, wh concern. E collection shown in t maps were
HUD cyclone: s are wind-systems wards towards a ce se immense destruc areas. The Indian M tion of these cyclo ment is initiated UD’ over west cen Pradesh coast on 1 rts of this were re for the data co usly data was pla have a complete a resolution followe n data were plann lite based on the tra
-8 RISAT-1 – HUD
ds in Nepal
rain caused massive a of Sindhupal cho ug 2014. The lan he Saptakoshi Riv iver, blocking the lume of water colle which could also . Emergency was n and monitoring n the table-2.Cont re generated given
stems of relatively centre in the lowe ruction and loss of n Metrological De lones. Based on th ted. Very Seve central Bay of Be n 12th October 201 released by IMD collections were planned from 8th O te assessment and wed by Medium anned. Figure 8 sh
track.
HUDHUD cyclon
ssive landslides from howk district in N landslide created
iver, one of the m the flow of water ollecting above the so impact India's
as triggered on ing the area. Supp
ntinuous monitori ven till 19th Aug 20
ely low pressure west atmospheric ss of life when they Department(IMD)
the predictions th vere Cyclonic Bengal made land
014.
D on 6th Oct 201 re initiated on 6
Oct 2014 till 26 d a base map gen m resolution then shows the planni
lone planning
from the hillside in Nepal's Central R d a high artificial e main tributaries
ter completely. W the dam, the risk of 's Bihar was a po n 3Aug 2014 for upport was provid
oring was done an 2014.
e which ric levels ey strike D) gives s the data Storm ndfall at 014.The 6th and 26th Oct enerated en high ning of
in Jure, l Region ial dam es of the . With a of flash point of for data vided as and the
S.No
DATE
PROGRAM M ED Sat ellit es
1 4-Aug-14 RS-2 RISAT-II
2 5-Aug-14 RS-2 RISAT-II
3 6-Aug-14 CARTOSAT-1
4 7-Aug-14 RISAT-II
5 8-Aug-14 RISAT-II
6 9-Aug-14 RS-2 RISAT-II
7 10-Aug-14 CARTOSAT-2 RISAT-1
8 11-Aug-14 RISAT-II
9 12-Aug-14 CARTOSAT-1 RISAT-II 10 14-Aug-14 CARTOSAT-2 RS-2
11 15-Aug-14 RISAT-1
12 17-Aug-14 CARTOSAT-1
13 18-Aug-14 RISAT-II
14 19-Aug-14 CARTOSAT-2 RS-2
Table 2- IRS-Support for the Nepal floods
3.Future Spatial Systems:
ISRO is planning to launch both Microwave and Optical sensors , of medium and high resolution. Backup missions for Resoiurcesat-2 and RISAT-1 namely Resourcesat-2 R and RISAT-1A are planned. Apart from these series of high resolution missions are aimed at like Cartosat 3/3A/3B with 0.25m PAN and 1m MX. Cartosat 1A/1B with 1.25m PAN stereo and 2.5m MX , Resourcesat-3 series with 20m MX .All these are highly flexible and together can give data with a gap of few hours provided they are phased.
4. Conclusions:
Remote sensing has become a tool for assessment or risk management and the demand for the same is increasing.2012-13 financial year witnessed flooding in 12 states of India. The IRS satellite constellation including the Microwave satellite gives opportunity of imaging any area on the globe almost every day. The optical sensors have the difficulty of the effect of the meteorological uncertainties. This demands continuous support of planning form the SAR sensors. Therefore RISAT-1 is mostly occupied with emergency planning. The existing constellation of satellites do not allow for a real time monitoring with few hours gap. Another limitation is non availability of simultaneous collections in optical and SAR data The situation will improve with the launch of dedicated constellation of satellites only for disaster monitoring and risk management. Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Director NRSC Dr V K Dadhwal and Deputy Director MS B Lakshmi for allowing us to do this study. We are also thankful to Head Disaster Management Group, Mr G Srinivas Rao , NRSC for their inputs and support.
References:
[1].Risk management using RS data: moving form scientific to operational applications by F .Sart etal
[2].NRSC web site www.nrsc.gov.in
[3.]K.Feigl, F.Sarti et al. « Estimating slip distribution forthe Izmit mainshock from coseismic GPS, SPOT and ERS-1 measurement », submitted 07/09/2000 for publication on Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, special issue on Izmit and Duzce Turkey Earthquakes
