Ida Bagus Putera Manuaba I Ketut Sedewa
Adi Setijowati ABSTRACT
In this paper a study of the production of local literary works is presented as a representation of ethnicity and local wisdom in Indonesia, which is largely determined by the strengthening of the literary community organization. From studies of literary works - especially local literary works in Indonesia - which have been done, the emphasis is more on the literary entity itself. There are no studies that specifically examine in relation to literary community organizations. Whereas the correlation between the production of local literary works that is thick with ethnicity and local wisdom with literary community organizations is very solid. The quality of the organization management of the literary community greatly impacts the production of local literature produced.
The organization of the literary community is the "home" of production, where the authors create their works. Therefore, the health of the literary community organization is an important part that must be possessed in order to support the process of creating local literary works that represent ethnicity and local wisdom amid the contestation of nationality and globality. This study is done more in a qualitative field study model and the perspective of literary sociology, to study literary communities that are relatively existent in Indonesia, in order to reveal the management model and its impact on the production of local literary works that represent ethnicity and local wisdom. This paper presents novelty not only because it studies in relation to literary community organizations, but also presents novelty in the style of ethnicity and local wisdom each represented in local literary works.
Keywords: production of local literary works, literary community organizations, representation of ethnicity and local wisdom, contestation of nationality and globality
1. INTRODUCTION
From studies that have existed so far, the concentration of studies on the revitalization of local wisdom in literature is more closely related to the literary entity itself. In a sense, as long as the literature search is carried out, there has been no study of the revitalization of local wisdom that specifically links the existence of literary community organizations. In fact, efforts to revitalize local wisdom in literature are also very closely related to the existence of literary community organizations. For this reason, in this paper, literary community organizations are seen as important which need to be comprehensively studied when questioning the importance of revitalizing local wisdom in literature.
The importance of the existence of literary community organizations, especially because the organization of the literary community is the main container for giving birth to writers; or as a place for writers to create literary works. Moreover, if it is associated with efforts to revitalize local wisdom. For example, in order to play an optimal role, literary community organizations are required to have sound organizational management. In the reality observed in the field related to the condition of the literary community (in Indonesia), it turns out that most literary community organizations have not been able to realize healthy organizational management.
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Based on previous research that has been done Manuaba, et al. (2016), the realization of a healthy literary community organization is caused by the main constraints on the side:
communication, funding, library collections, publishing, and coaching. Thus, it should be noted, in fact, the main obstacles experienced in the management of literary community organizations, can be overcome as long as the managers have commitment, strong will, and strategic efforts to overcome them. One effort that can be done is to compare with the management of existing literary community organizations (in Indonesia). At the very least, there is one pattern or model that (maybe) is followed or imitated, which makes a community have a bright picture, and then can be developed according to the situation, conditions, and potential possessed by each literary community organization that each exists ( in Indonesia).
Therefore, this paper can be said to have important meaning because — for writers — it has tried to present something (relatively) new, namely the effort to examine the important role of literary community organizations (in Indonesia) in revitalizing local wisdom through literature. In addition, furthermore, it is also important to know how the strategy of revitalizing local wisdom is carried out by literary community organizations (in Indonesia) so far.
Thus, before further looking at the role of literary community organizations - which are inherently local wisdom revitalization strategies, it is first necessary to disclose the real conditions of literary community organizations as well as ideal literary community organizational management models offered by several literary community organizations exist (in Indonesia). Furthermore, it was only revealed the important role of the literary community organization in an effort to revitalize local wisdom in literature.
One important finding that can be abstracted as one offered in this paper, is that literary community organizations within the community - whether in rural or urban areas - have the potential to produce writers who have familiarity with local wisdom around the community where writers are part of their community that is. Literature as the creator who creates literary works, is very inspiring and has the potential to revitalize local wisdom in the surrounding community in his literary works.
The research findings in this paper are expected to contribute to the development of literature, especially the sub-sociology of literature which focuses on literary correlation with literary community organizations (Swingewood and Laurenson, 1972: Hall, 1979; Escaprit, 2005; and Faruk, 1994).
In addition, the findings of this study can be used to inspire the management of healthy literary community organizations and the sustainability of literary community organizations with patron leadership regeneration strategies, overcoming internal and external constraints of literary community organization management, and utilizing existing literary community organization management models (ideal )
2. RESEARCH PURPOSES
Based on the background as described, the purpose of this study is to reveal the role of literary organizations in which the strategy is inherent in revitalizing local wisdom through literature.
The purpose of the research in this next section is realized by first examining the condition of real literary organizations and also revealing the management model of literary community organizations that already exist in Indonesia.
3. RESEARCH METHODS
The research method used in this study is qualitative descriptive documents (document research). Material research objects are literary communities that exist in Indonesia, namely:
Komunitas Salihara (Jakarta), Komunitas Sastra Bandung (Bandung), dan Komunitas Sastra Triwida (Jawa Timur), Sanggar Sastra Air Putih (Yogyakarta), Sanggar Minum Kopi (Denpasar), Komunitas Penggiat Sastra Padang/KPSP, Komunitas Art Foundation Balikpapan, and Masyarakat Sastra Tamalanrea/MST Makassar. To obtain accurate and valid data, this research relies more on
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obtaining data information from documents traced in various information sources. In addition, document data is also obtained from partner institutions related to searching, reading, listening, and recording several sources obtained at various information centers.
4. FINDINGS / RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. Real Conditions of Literary Community Organizations
From the range of hundreds of existing literary community organizations (in Indonesia), there are a large number of literary community organizations that do not yet exist, and some of them can be said to have existed. In a preliminary study carried out by Manuaba, et al. (2016) at the boundary of the study area of the province (East Java), it is known that - as stated - most literary community organizations have weaknesses in terms of: communication, funding, library/ collection, management, publishing, and also coaching. Predictive-accumulative results of the study can be used to read how the actual conditions of the literary community organization in other regions (in Indonesia) also have the same tendency. Literary community organizations like that are said to be literary organizations that do not yet exist, which need to be handled or improved the quality of management.
However, based on Manuaba's research et al. (2017), there are only a few literary community organizations that are classified as existing. Eight include: Komunitas Salihara (Jakarta), Komunitas Sastra Bandung (Bandung), and Komunitas Sastra Triwida (East Java), Komunitas Sastra Air Putih (Yogyakarta), Sanggar Minum Kopi (Denpasar), Komunitas Penggiat Sastra Padang/ KPSP, Komunitas Art Foundation Balikpapan, and Masyarakat Sastra Tamalanrea / MST Makasar. The eight literary community organizations, can be said to have a healthy, sustainable organization and continuously produce their works. The works that were created of course are very related to the environment that surrounds the place of the literary community.
In other words, this means creating literary works that contain local wisdom, or revitalizing local wisdom in literary works created. For example, Ayu Utami's works (writers in the Komunitas Sastra Salihara) such as Saman, Bilangan Fu, Si Parasit Lajang, and others revitalize urban local wisdom. Then, Sunarka Budiman (a writer from the Sanggar Sastra Triwida) in his literary works:
Byar, Sumunar, Wetan Rantak-rantak, and others that revitalize the local wisdom of the countryside in Tulungagung, East Java. The same is true of the works written by Putu Fajar Arcana (writers who are members of the ex-Komunitas Sanggar Minum Kopi, which once existed in Bali in the 1990s-2000s), wrote and revitalized local Balinese wisdom in works such as Kembang Balinese Poems, Gilimanuk, Bunga Jepun, Samsara, and others.
Thus, it can be said, the continuity of literary organization among them is very dependent on the health of the literary community organization. Therefore, the condition of real literary community organizations (in Indonesia) can be said to be largely non-existent and requires a functional management strategy to manage literary community organizations.
2. Ideal Literature Community Organization Model
What type of management model for literary community organizations is ideal for managing literary organizations? This seems to depend very much on the conditions of each literary community organization. That is, even though there is an ideal organizational management model, in practice, the ideal management model of a literary community organization will depend on compatibility with the situation and conditions and the potential of each literary community - so that it requires more adjustments if disseminated or applied to the community certain.
Based on the results of the research by Manuaba et al. (2016 and 2017), most literary community organizations are based on the cultural basis of gatherings, gatherings, and chat together. It is this cultural base that most interested community members in joining the literary community organization. For example, as experienced by the Komunitas Sastra Arek Japan (Mojokerto) under the leadership of Ahmad Fatoni and the ex-Community of Literature in the East
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Circle of the Kapur Land (Nganjuk) (1992-2000) under the leadership of Tjahjono Widarmanto. This model might be referred to as the community model. But, unfortunately, these two literary community organizations are indeed lacking — given the weaknesses in communication, funding, library/ collection, management, publishing, and also coaching as stated.
Existing literary community organizations, such as Komunitas Salihara, have a modern management model and promote national and international partnerships. Even this literary community also spread its wings to manage other art forms, performances, festivals, and arrived at discussions of culture, philosophy, and other thoughts. This is because the leader, Goenawan Mohamad, is a person who has extensive and international experience.
The two models of the literary community organization, namely the management of the community and modern management, seem to share the same patron leadership pattern. That is, the life and death of a literary community organization, is also determined by the leaders who lead it. The quality of human resources (HR) leaders, commitment of leaders, and integrity of leaders, that is what becomes a determinant. For example, when Putu Fajar Arcana was still in Bali to become the leader of the ex-Sanggar Minum Kopi literary community organization (1990-2000), this organization was so alive, active, productive, and known in Bali. However, when left because of serving as Kompas cultural editors in Jakarta, this community organization faded and did not even continue. Therefore, in a literary community organization, it is important to think about regenerating patron leadership, so that the organization's sustainability continues. The leadership of the patron can also be seen in Goenawan Mohamad with Komunitas Salihara, Matdon with the Sasttra Bandung Assembly, Sunarka Budiman with Sanggar Triwida, and so on.
Therefore, a model in the management of an ideal literary community might be done by combining two management models of the literary community organization. In the present, in addition to managing culturally-based literary community organizations it needs to be integrated with modern management.
4. CONCLUSION
Based on the discussion, four important things can be concluded. Here are the four important things.
1. Literary community organizations need to have organizational health, organizational strengthening, patron leadership regeneration, and organizational management models that are in accordance with the conditions of the community and age.
2. In creating literary works, writers need to have the capacity as down-to-earth writers, who always respect the socio-cultural life with all the problems in the place where the writer lives and develops his life.
3. Literature as a creative-reflective-productive adaptive human who creates value, has a very important role for society, because it is very functional in revitalizing the values of local wisdom in literature to improve the quality of human character in society.
4. The impact of the literary literary community community will produce literary works that represent ethnicity and local wisdom, where the literary person lives and develops himself, so that the values offered are basic capital in contesting the scale of nationality and globality.
REFERENCES
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Escaprit, Robert. 2005. Sosiologi Sastra. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
Faruk. 1994. Pengantar Sosiologi Sastra: Dari Strukturalisme sampai Pasca Modernisme. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Hall, John. 1979. The Theory of Sociology Literature. London dan New York: Longman.
Laurenson, Diana and Allan Swingewood. 1972. Sociology of Literature. London: Paladin.
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Manuaba, Ida Bagus Putera, dkk. 2016. ―Optimalisasi Pengelolaan Komunitas Sastra dan Budaya Literasi: Studi Sistem, Kreator, dan Produktivitas Sastra.‖ Laporan Akhir Penelitian Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya.
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