“The Synergy between Literature and Communication Science as a Means of Cultural Diplomacy in
Building a New Civilization in the Millennial Era”, Bogor, 14-15 November 2018 98
“The Synergy between Literature and Communication Science as a Means of Cultural Diplomacy in
Building a New Civilization in the Millennial Era”, Bogor, 14-15 November 2018 99
polite little kids, but the notion of the just the opposite. So based on this phenomenon, has become one of which triggered by the reason why women tending to are considered to be more vulnerable to exposure to gossip or issue in any decryption device whose day to day than the, when reviewed in scope of their social.
Hoax is false information or want to make good for defamation, evoked anxiety, hatred, until hostility. Hoax also it can be used as a means of propaganda with political purposes, such as used in imaging, or were they impacted mejatuhkan image of someone and others who is allegedly an opponent in his political3. Born along with the development of information technology in the current era of globalization, which offers easy access to be able to quickly spread widely. In general, hoaxes are disseminated with specific aims and objectives, both done only to merely fame the popularity of the subject's subject matter, or to do so merely to spread anxiety. This picture will be more clear when we dissect mass media as a medium for socializing cultural values in a society. As in the case of Ratna Sarumpaet in media coverage which is currently being debated, Ratna Sarumpaet is a portrait of a figure of a female artist, as well as a human rights activist, who is also a campaign spokesperson from the National Winning Body (BPN) Team, pair Prabowo Subianto - Sandiaga Uno at the upcoming 2019 Pilpress event. Ratna was reportedly subjected to mistreatment, which caused bruising around her face while in Bandung on September 21 by three unidentified men, where the incident was allegedly related to political elements. As an activist woman, Ratna represents herself as a figure who has influence, both on what is said, or to what is done, he believes the message he launched will bring luck to the team or camp that is shaded, of course with his efforts to bring down the opponent. However, in the development of the case he created, (which can be said to be successful in seizing the public's attention, regarding investigations into the truth of the case), Ratna came out with his confession and apologized for the claims of persecution that happened to him on the 3rd October 2018 to the media. Ratna finally opened her voice and apologized about the false story she made to the public, through a press conference she held. As a trusted media portal today, Liputan6.com also follows the case and presents it to the public regarding the development of the case. Here the researcher wants to capture the phenomenon of symptoms or signs presented by the perpetrator during a press conference, or his recognition to the public regarding the hoax created by Roland Barthes's semiotic analysis, by prioritizing his feminine side. In the press conference held, Ratna admitted that she was the creator of the best hoax, which shocked the country due to the spread of hoaxes and viral media in the media. So that through the phenomenon presented in recognition of Ratna Sarumpaet through a press conference held in the mass media, in the end this case is considered necessary to be studied in a social research related to the representation of women's cultural identity in mass media communication itself.
2. PROBLEMS
Representation can be interpreted as something that refers to a process by which reality is conveyed in communication, whether via verbal (words), or non-verbal (gesture), as well as other similar combinations. In representation, it allows us to interpret the world by constructing a chain of correspondence between something and our conceptual map. Representation also allows us to construct a set of correspondence, either between conceptual maps with language, or conceptual maps with symbols or icons, which function in representing our concepts related to a phenomenon, or a phenomenon presented, in John Fiske (2004: 287).
Ratna Sarumpaet is a portrait of contemporary women, a very vocal social activist even since the New Order era in power. As a figure who has influence, he believes that the message he launches will have an impact on the team or group that is shaded, of course with his efforts to bring down the opponent, but in the development of the case created, the public is shocked by his confession about the hoax he made through a press conference held. So that based on the description of the problem above, the researcher wants to capture the symptoms of the phenomenon or sign presented by the perpetrator, during a press conference related to false news that created, by putting forward the feminine side through Roland Barthes's semiotic analysis, with the formulation of
“The Synergy between Literature and Communication Science as a Means of Cultural Diplomacy in
Building a New Civilization in the Millennial Era”, Bogor, 14-15 November 2018 100
the problem: "Who is the representation of Ratna Sarumpaet in influencing cultural identity in women in the mass media?
3. FRAMEWORK 2.1 Theoretical Basis 2.1.1 Definition of
Semiotik comes from a greek word , semeion who means of marked .Then the has been sent down into english , semiotics .In indonesian language , a logician or semiologi context are considered to be of science that studies about broad this array of objects , events , or all the phenomenon in terms of culture as a sign and all things connected to him , in the manner of the poorly functioning , to do with the sign of other signs and , until the delivery and the revenue collected by those who use .A logician studies these systems , the rules , or conventions , that allows their marks are having meaning ( kriyantono , 2006 ) . Where in behaving and communicating, signs are the most important element because they can give rise to various meanings so that the message can be understood (Sobur, 2007). Semiotics can also be interpreted as a science or method of analysis used in examining a sign. All human activities in everyday life are always filled with various events, which directly or indirectly, consciously or unconsciously, has the potential of meaning contained in its value, if viewed from the angles that can develop an object, on the links that indicate a particular message or sign. In other words, if interpreted through an explanation, it will be accepted by others who agree.
Communication not only as a process, but as the raising of communication between people regarding the generation of meaning ), which means that it, when we communicate with others, at least person mean the other understand the purpose of the our message, even less in a proper possible way more, to help achieve the country to communicate as can be accomplished, the government has built a message in the form of sign language, said messages which of the rights that we make others to create the meaning against himself, associated in some and he sent down the that we are producing in our message. The more we share the same code, the more we use the same sign system. So the closer the "meaning" we are to the person (meaning equality), so that through the sign, humans can interpret things and interpret them, (constituting a structured system of signs).
2.1.2 Semiotics Roland
This theory was put forward by Roland Barhes (1915-1980). In Indonesia, Roland Barthes often quoted his opinion about semiotics (semiology) especially regarding the concept of connotative meaning or better known as second order semiotic system. Semiotics is a research model that pays attention to signs, where the sign represents a representative object. The term semiotic is often used in conjunction with the term semiology. The first term refers to a discipline, while the second term refers to the knowledge of it. The term semiotic is more directed to the Saussurean tradition followed by Charles Sanders Pierce and Umberto Eco, while the semiology term is more widely used by Barthes. Neither semiotics or semiology, both are branches of literary research or a scientific approach that studies the relationship between signs.26.
In his theory, Barhes developed semiotics into two levels of signification, namely the level of denotation and connotation. Denotation is the level of signification that explains the relationship of markers and markers to a reality that produces explicit, direct, and definite meanings. Moderate connotation is the level of signification that explains the relationship between markers and markers, in which operates meaning that is not explicit, indirect, and uncertain (Yusita Kusumarini, 2006).
Barthes's idea is known as "order of significance" includes denotation (the actual meaning according to the dictionary) and connotation (double meaning born of cultural and personal experience). Here is
26 Semiotika Menurut Pandangan Roland (http://banggaberbahasa.blogspot.com/semiotika-menurut-pandangan- roland), diakses pada 14 Oktober 2018, pukul 15.55 WIB
“The Synergy between Literature and Communication Science as a Means of Cultural Diplomacy in
Building a New Civilization in the Millennial Era”, Bogor, 14-15 November 2018 101
the point of difference between Saussure and Barthes, although Barthes still uses the term signifier- signified carried by Saussure, but Barthes also sees another aspect of signification, namely "myth"
that marks a society. "Myth" according to Barthes lies in the second level of marking, so after the sign- signifier-signified system is formed, the sign will be a new marker which then has a second marker and forms a new sign. So, when a sign that has connotation meaning then develops into a denotation meaning, then the denotation's meaning will become a myth. Barthes's semiotic understanding of myth also leads to coding the meaning and content of social values in it, (which is actually arbitrator or connotative) as something that is considered natural (Yasraf Amir, 2012: 305).
Briefly, Barthes's theory can be illustrated as follows:
In examining the sign, we can distinguish it in two stages, the first stage, the sign can be seen based on the background in (1) the marker and (2) the mark. This stage looks more at denotative signs, where this stage of denotation only examines the sign in language, so that through understanding this language, we can enter the second stage, which is to examine the signs connotatively. At this stage the cultural context, for example, has taken part in the study. For example, in the example above in step (1) the sign in the form of this MAWAR FLOWER is only interpreted denotatively, namely the marker is in the form of two rosebuds on one stalk. When viewed in the context, the roses give a sign that they will bloom together in these strands, which if the mark at this stage is used as a step in entering stage (2) can be interpreted connotatively that the rose will be a love desire eternal, bearing in mind that interest in culture is a symbol of love, so that through this basis of meaning we can arrive at a sign that is deeper in meaning, that the desire of love is eternal like a flower that continues to bloom at all times. So that if these denotative and connotative meanings are combined, it will lead us to a myth that the power of love is eternal and able to overcome everything (Yasraf Amir Piliang, 2012: 350).
Figure 1.1
Roland Barthes's Semiotic Model
Sumber : https://www.google.com/model-semiotika-roland-barthes/
“The Synergy between Literature and Communication Science as a Means of Cultural Diplomacy in
Building a New Civilization in the Millennial Era”, Bogor, 14-15 November 2018 102
2.2 Conceptual Platform
2.2.1 Women in Media Coverage
Preaching about women in the media, both newspapers and electronic media (television), tends to still highlight the role of women in the domestic sphere rather than the public sphere. The image of women is still stereotyped by the limitations of their relationships and culture, in other words, the limitations that women have in their social reality, are still portrayed in a formal way, rather than just their achievement abilities. The involvement of women in politics is considered to be less able to be equated with men, given the shortcomings of women who are considered unable to act decisively in terms of decision making, and the analogy of women who are said to be vulnerable to feeling. So that it can be concluded, that women in the mass media reports are often victims of reportage that is not in the perspective of women.
Research conducted by the United Nations on the role of the Media in reporting women shows how the image of a woman is only depicted based on some stereotypes. In relation to the world of work, women are only portrayed as having only limited administrative involvement, so they don't have many roles that arrive at strategic positions in terms of making important decisions27. So in other words, based on the findings above, it indicates that the role of women in media coverage is inseparable from symbolic objects from a particular perspective, as well as representation of views that dominate women. On the other hand, the portrayal of women as a visualization of pleasure centers and sensations through their bodies is also often categorized to perpetuate business or products in the context of capitalist power through the media industry on the basis of sexuality and eroticism in it. If the mass media as a representation of patriarchal culture of thinking, the print media adopts a negative stereotypical perspective when writing women as material for reporting.
2.2.2 Case of Hoax Ratna Sarumpaet in Liputan6.com News
Liputan6.com is the site that presents an option for various information for users.As portal trusted currently media, liputan6.com also abreast of developments cases involving activists she figures women sarumpaet, which is currently crowded talk about, and presenting in preaching to the community. She was photographed sarumpaet a figure artist women, and human rights activists, who is also a spokesman for a campaign of the winner of the national or ( bpn ), couples prabowo subianto - sandiaga uno on a pilpress 2019 future.She had been reported a, causing a bruised around his face during his bandung in 21 september by three men unknown, where the incident was alleged relating to politics.
Ratna sarumpaet women is a portrait of the present time, an activist very vocal social even since the time of the new order in power .In the development of the case, ratna finally open a vote on claims of the persecution that against himself, and thus to the public, good for related in the same press conference the convention of in kampung melayu .East jakarta, on wednesday ( 3 / 10 / 2018 and, was quoted by the statement from the focus on the news daily liputan6.com framed here the news.
Where is about the news related clarification that the convention of the air force in the pursuing womanhood .
3. METHODOLOGY
Research on women in hoax bondage in the case of Ratna Sarumpaet's reporting used a qualitative approach with semiotic analysis of the object under study. This research refers to the theory of Roland Barthes because it is judged to be suitable for the research carried out on a film. In qualitative research, data analysis is done inductively, namely the search for data is not intended to provide hypotheses that have been formulated previously. In this approach, researchers are faced with the possibility of weaknesses in representativity, but in this research the researchers assess the
27 Perempuan dan Media (http://kalaliterasi.com/perempuan-dan-media), diakses pada 5 November 2018, pukul 10.45 WIB
“The Synergy between Literature and Communication Science as a Means of Cultural Diplomacy in
Building a New Civilization in the Millennial Era”, Bogor, 14-15 November 2018 103
level of excess that lies in the ability of personal researchers to explain complex studies that are related or have relevant dimensions related to the scenes in each scene is displayed.
The purpose of this qualitative research is more or less is to get a general understanding of social reality from the perspective of the researcher. This understanding is not determined in advance, but is obtained after an analysis of the social reality that is the focus of the study, which then draws conclusions in the form of a general understanding of these facts (Ruslan, 2014: 216). In this study, researchers want to know more about the Representation of Ratna Sarumpaet in influencing cultural identity in women in the mass media.
4. DISCUSSION RESULT
In a quote from the news reported by Liputan6.com daily in connection with a press conference held on Wednesday (10/03/2018), Liputan6.com exclusively reported on the confession of Ratna Sarumpaet in connection with the spread of false news or the Hoax he carried out, in the news, Ratna finally opened her voice about claims of persecution that had befallen her, which began with answering family questions, ending up with a number of politicians who helped spread the hoax news.
Referring to the press conference that was held, the researchers tried to capture the 'signs' in every symptom of the phenomenon presented such as in the words section, sound emphasis, motion or body language, and facial expressions, which were considered to represent the researcher in interpreting. Here are some complete excerpts from Ratna in her confession that the selection researcher based on the 'sign' presented.
Tabel 1.1
Images Ratna Sarumpaet At a Press Conference accompanied by Men
Sign Interpretasi
Sumber Liputan6.com
The role of women who are portrayed as having a position is no higher than the position of men in the issue in the mass media.
The role of women is portrayed as a person who needs a man's figure or role as a protector.
Tabel 1.2
Images Ratna Sarumpaet with tears of regret at the press conference Sign Interpretasi
“The Synergy between Literature and Communication Science as a Means of Cultural Diplomacy in
Building a New Civilization in the Millennial Era”, Bogor, 14-15 November 2018 104
Sumber Liputan6.com
The media went on to describe the most important (a great source of regret).
The media went on to describe women as a society.
5. CONCLUSION
So based on the research conducted by researchers on the news on the Hoax case conducted by Ratna Sarumpaet, it is evident that the cultural identity of women in the mass media is often distorted by cultural limitations and social reality, women's roles are still portrayed by the phenomenon of gender inequality presented , or in other words, the limitations of the socio-cultural reality are related to the view that women's position is only in the domestic sphere, but the view of men is the opposite, the role of men is described as a dominating figure (suferior) and woman as a predominant figure ( inferior) with its activities in the public sphere. Especially with the case of the spread of fake news or hoaxes carried out by a female activist figure, the media linking the leadership role carried out by a woman tends to be judged unable to be firm and authoritative because she is vulnerable to feeling.
BIBLIOGRAPHY Book
Alex, Sobur. Analisis Teks Media : Suatu Pengantar untuk Analisis Wacana, Analisis Semiotik, dan Analisis Framing. Bandung : PT. Rosdakarya. 2001
Website
(https://antaranews.com/literasi-anti-hoax-dan-berita-palsu)
(https://broadcastandagrobisnis.blogspot.com/perempuan-dan-media-massa) (https://romeltea.com/pengertian-hoax-dan-cirinya)
(https://www.google.com/model-semiotika-roland-barthes) (https://kalaliterasi.com/perempuan-dan-media)