ناریا ینابغاب مولع

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53 1

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( Vol 53, No 1, Spring 2022 (239-255)

DOI: 10.22059/ijhs.2021.298010.1778

* Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]

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The effect of cycocel consumption method on the growth and flowering of azalea (Rhododendron simsii cv. Japonica Red)

Sepideh Taghipur Jirdehi¹ and Moazzam Hassanpour Asil^2*

1, 2. M. Sc. Student and Professor, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran (Received: Mar. 10, 2020 - Accepted: Sept. 06, 2021)

ABSTRACT

In order to investigate the effect of cycocel consumption on some morphological and physiological traits of azalea cultivar Japonica red, two separate experiments as a completely randomized design with five treatments and three replications were conducted. For this purpose, cycocel with two methods of foliar spraying of plants with concentrations of zero (control), 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 mg / l and soaking the root area with concentrations of zero (control), 750, 1500, 2000 and 2500 mg / l was used. The results showed that by foliar application, at a concentration of 4000 mg / l cycocel, the highest number of flowers (21.33), number of branches (13.4), total chlorophyll (34 μg/g FW) and anthocyanin (16.29 mg /g FW) was observed. In root soaking method, application of 2500 mg /l of cycocel increases the number of flowers (16.66), number of branches (8.7), total chlorophyll (49 μg/g FW) and anthocyanin (16.12 mg /g FW). The maximum time of flower opening of azalea was achieved in foliar application at 1000 mg /l cycocel in 182 days, while in the root soaking method at 2500 mg / l cycocel occurred in 210 days. Overall, in the foliar application method with a concentration of 4000 mg/l cycocel in comparison to the root soaking method, the optimal dwarfism index is more suitable to increase the marketability of azalea.

Keywords: Anthocyanin, chlorophyll, flower opening time, number of leaf, number of flowers.

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Figure 1. Mean comparison effect of cycocel spraying on budding time of zalea (Rhododendron simsii cv. Japonica Red).

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Figure 2. Mean comparison effect of cycocel root soaking on budding time of azalea (Rhododendron simsii cv. Japonica Red).

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F &

3&

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= l 0E6 J R7

&

@B J&9 +

/7 '

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'

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F

B

& 6 + 1 )

Azzaz et al., 2007

.(

k- ?7 R g"

@B F A 1 F &

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/

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1500 0 +

; 1

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)

Kudmate et al., 2016

(

@B k- ?7 K,/

A/+4 3&

-&

= l 7&!M

. &

!

@B & J R7 e7 - & @-9a [ / k- ?7 (

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2&34 A 1 K]0d C +& /- 1 / @ KE 7

F

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) $.

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b

ab ab

a a

120 130 140 150 160 170 180

0 750 1500 2000 2500

Time of budding (day)

(6)

. 7!"&856 2&34 $1J/ 3 J +3 $,!.- , "[!0l+ '& _7 + @ - +. 3$.

9+ 6

)

( .

Figure 3. Mean comparison effect of cycocel sprayingon flower opening time of azalea (Rhododendron simsii cv. Japonica Red).

$.

4 . '& _7 + @ - + $,!.- ,

3&

=- \

@R- J +3 3 J/

$1 2&34 56 . 7!"&8 9+ 6

(Rhododendron simsii cv. Japonica Red)

.

Figure 4. Mean comparison effect of cycocel root soaking on flower opening time of zalea (Rhododendron simsii cv. Japonica Red).

A/CCB/CB F

/

@ J&!C<

A/7 & 3 F

9?C,!

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3&

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+ /7&!

@ N !%

5 ? + 3&

=- \ } K]0d

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@ -

N !%

d 5 ? + 3&

=- \ P B K 6

F h<&

R- R-&3 /C6

9% C<

-&zd

/ )

Hadizadeh et al., 2010

.(

$,!.- ,

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; 1

? 2

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A3&/7&

$1 /- 1 )

Imran

Khan et al, 2012

.(

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J 1

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Iftikar et al., 2007

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Matsoukis &

Chronopoulou, 1998

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a

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160 165 170 175 180 185

0 1000 2000 3000 4000

Time of bflower opening (day)

d

cd

bc

ab

a

150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220

0 750 1500 2000 2500

Time of flower opening (day)

(7)

9+ 6 . 7!"&856 2&34 $1 &/> $,!.- , "[!0l+ '& _7 + @ - +. 5$.

). Rhododendron simsii cv. Japonica Red

(

Figure 5. Mean comparison effect of cycocel spraying on flower number of azalea (Rhododendron simsii cv. Japonica Red).

9+ 6 . 7!"&856 2&34 $1 &/> @R- =- \3& $,!.- , '& _7 +@ - +. 6$.

(Rhododendron simsii cv. Japonica Red).

Figure 6. Mean comparison effect of cycocel root soaking on flower number of azalea (Rhododendron simsii cv. Japonica Red).

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% &

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+ 1

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+&

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[!0,

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.(

c c

bc

ab a

0 5 10 15 20 25

0 1000 2000 3000 4000

Number of flower

b

ab ab

a a

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

0 750 1500 2000 2500

Concenrations of cycocel (mg/L)

Number of flowers

(8)

. 7!"&856 2&34$1 A 1G O & $,!.- , "[!0l+ '& _7 + @ - +. 7$.

9+ 6

Figure 7. Mean comparison effect of cycocel spraying on plant height of Azalea (Rhododendron simsii cv. Japonica Red).

/CB &!+ @B 7 1 @a ?7 / A/CCB

+

J + 7 1 /7!

A 1 A !B F

/ 2!

+ ) /CCB

Nelson, 1998

A/CCB /CB .(

F

@ @B !% / A O?,& !+ X l% N !%

+ /7 1 & 6 J / /CCB /l+ & / /C7&!

J4 /7 &z_ F A 1 F E7 N& '& @B

)

Magnitskiy et al., 2006

f P g" .(

K]0d $,!.- , 3& A O?,&

F 3000 4000

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J4 P g" k- ?7 [!0l+ @B & J R7

"

K]0d F & $1 F

3000 4000

0 + ; 1

5B G O & J 1 $,!.- , ? 2 J R7 & F

C>+ N O -& @B /CD &

F &

/R7 A/ R+

)

Karlovic et al., 2004

( . !iC

@0 3& F />?+ J 1 F @B R g"

=E73 ) A ,

Al-khassavneh et al., 2006

QM + (

)

Iftikar et al., 2007

$1 (

F O>

)

Rajyalakshmi & Rajasekhar, 2014

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) *+ K]0d P-&9W& @B / A & J R7 KW 1 ./C?W - P B / @ KE 7 A 1 G O & $,!.- ,

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) =E73 @6 ,

Taha, 2012

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k- ?7

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"

1 '&

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|S

&/>

b A 1 2&34 C>+

&

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b P B .KW -

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F -3 /

R-&3 A 1

&

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+ /CRM )

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.(

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/ R- G O &

A 1 9 7 5B +

!

@a ?7

/

? B

&/>

b F/ 2!

9 7 P B + / -

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Lecain et al., 1986

.(

P g"

F

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&

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? 2

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Taha, 2012

(.

a a

a

b b

10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

0 1000 2000 3000 4000

Height of plant (cm)

(9)

. 7!"&856 2&34$1 b &/> $,!.- , "[!0l+ '& _7 + @ - +. 8$.

9+ 6

(Rhododendron simsii cv. Japonica Red) .

Figure 8. Mean comparison effect of cycocel spraying on leaf number of azalea (Rhododendron simsii cv. Japonica Red).

N %!*S .0 < F $,!.- , '& Cc ) *+ P-&9W& & b &/> P B 9 7 ;/C1 <& 3

) & J R7 $,!.- ,

Vatandoost, 2015

k- ?7 .(

P g"

F ' $,!.- , @B & J R7 _- F A/CCB/CB N E B ' @B & -3 .K,& @? &/7 b / 2!

-& K]0d @ b / 2! $,!.- , /C7 + / P g" S @? & _? N E B /7 & J R7

&/> P B @ aC+ $,!.- , ) *+ P-&9W& @B b

+ ) !

Davis et al., 1991

-& 3& $% k- ?7 .(

+ / - & ~!W V2 i+ P g"

./CB

! (

k- ?7 [ /

@-9a e7 - &

J R7

&

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[!0l+

"

1 ) [ / 2 ( ( 3&

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$,!.- ,

|S

&/>

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&

) 01 / 0

P<

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750 0 +

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Shekari

et al., 2005

.(

b

a

c bc

100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240

0 1000 2000 3000 4000

Number of leaf

(10)

. 7!"&856 2&34$1 @S &/> $,!.- , "[!0l+ '& _7 + @ - +. 9$.

9+ 6

(Rhododendron simsii cv. Japonica Red)

.

Figure 9. Mean comparison effect of cycocel spraying on number of branches of azalea (Rhododendron simsii cv. Japonica Red).

9+ 6 . 7!"&856 2&34$1 @S &/> @R- =- \3& $,!.- , '& _7 + @ - +. 10$.

(Rhododendron simsii

cv. Japonica Red)

.

Figure 10. Mean comparison effect of cycocel root soaking on number of branches in azalea (Rhododendron simsii cv. Japonica Red).

KW 1 ; a7& 4 A 1 F @B R g" k- ?7 J R7

@B / A &

2000 0 + $,!.- , ? 2 ; 1

C>+ P-&9W& VE, /- 1 A 1 N >R7& &/> &

)

Hojati et al., 2008

_- R g" k- ?7 Cc .(

) F O> $1 @B

Rajyalakshmi & Rajasekhar,

3& A O?,& @B / A & J R7 KW 1 ; a7& (2014

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) 1

Barrett & Nell, 1990

P g" .(

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bc

c

abc

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0 750 1500 2000 2500

Number of branches

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Arnold, 1986

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9+ 6

Figure 11. Mean comparison effect of cycocel spraying on total chlorophyll content of azalea (Rhododendron simsii cv. Japonica Red).

b

ab ab

ab

a

20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36

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Total cholorophyll (µg/gr FW)

(12)

. 7!"&856 2&34$1 $B$ W 0BJ&9 + @R- =- \3& $,!.- , '& _7 + @ - +. 12$.

9+ 6

.

Figure 12. Mean comparison effect of cycocel root soaking on total chlorophyll content of azalea (Rhododendron simsii cv. Japonica Red).

+& &, - . '

k- ?7 [ /

@-9a e7 - &

J R7

&

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[!0l+

"

1 ) [ / 2 ( ( 3&

=- \

@R- A 1 [ / ) 3 ( '&

$,!.- , J&9 +

7 ,!?74 b E01

$1 2&34 C>+

&

) 01 / 0

P<

(

/ .

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@ - + _7 + J R7

&

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"

1 P-&9W&

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/- 1 K]0d F 3000 4000

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; 1

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29 / 16

0 +

; 1

; 1 J3 A3 - ? B J&9 + J4

_7 + 99 / 14 0 +

; 1

; 1 J3 A3 u! +

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/

!

$. ) 13 .(

@ !

@ k- ?7

& ! 7

@ - +

_7 + (

3&

=- \

@R- A 1

$. )

14 ( A/ R+

/

@B P-&9W&

K]0d

$,!.- , V !+

P-&9W&

J&9 + 7 ,!?74 b E01

KE 7

@ / /

K]0d 2500 0 +

; 1

? 2

$,!.- , _7 +

12 / 16 0 +

; 1

; 1 J3 A3 N O C>+

F &

/ .K &

P g"

' , -

$,!.

J&9 +

@7&/_7

7 ,!?74 50B

?C-3 9 7 J R7 A/C P-&9W&

J&9 + -&

|S ) *+

$,!.- , A !

K,&

)

Sayadamin & Mobli, 2009; Mortazavi et al.,

.(2017

k- ?7 R g"

@? z1 J R7

&

@B N!

_7 W A O?,&

3&

$,!.- , VE,

P-&9W&

J&9 + 7 ,!?74 /

(Thakur et al., 1991)

@B

k- ?7 f 7&!M . &

/ #0 1-2 3

4 5 6 $ $ / #0 +& 1-2 3

@ , N O% $,!.- , @i & , !]C+

A/

J!, " _? E V- f 3& P g" -&

[ / ) / A O?,&

4 _? E [ / @ @ ! .(

C>+ _? E N O% S Xi, F &

[ ? &

1 _? E - H ./ A/ R+ /%

@cCd J +3 KO% KE€+

$1 J/ 3

)

r=0.91**

KO% OC+ _? E - H (

&

) @S &/> A 1 G O

r=-0.91**

/ A/ R+ (

[ / ) 4 @B & J R7 N O% _? E V- f .(

) b &/> A 1 G O &

r=0.77**

J/ 3 J +3 (

) A 1 G O & $1

r=0.6**

J +3 b &/> ‚(

@cCd )

r=0.65**

@S &/> $B $ W 0B (

)

r=0.81**

‚(

@S &/>

) $1 &/>

r=0.85**

(

) @S &/> 7 ,!?74

r=0.81**

$1 &/> ‚(

) $B $ W 0B

r=0.76**

$1 &/> 7 ,!?74 (

)

r=0.74**

$1 J/ 3 J +3 @cCd J +3 (

)

r=0.91**

J&9 + $B $ W 0B K- 7 (

) 7 ,!?74

r=0.59**

[ ? & Xi, ( 1

/%

_? E C>+ KE€+

& F &

.

c c

bc

ab a

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

0 750 1500 2000 2500

Totalcholorophyll (µg/gr FW)