Evaluation of Factors Affecting Tourism Development Case Study: Bojnourd City

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Evaluation of Factors Affecting Tourism Development Case Study: Bojnourd City

Saeed Shorakaâ, Katayoun Alizadeh â, Hamid Jafari â

a. Department of Geography, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

The development of tourism in each region depends on the conditions and characteristics of that region, so identifying the factors affecting the development of tourism in each region is the first step for the development of tourism there. The current research tries to evaluate the influencing factors on the tourism development of Bojnord city, considering the natural and human background of the region. This research is applied in terms of purpose and is a part of descriptive-analytical research. The statistical population in the current research consisted of two groups, the first group included the hosts and custodians of tourism units, after identifying and determining the most important places and tourist attractions in Bojnord city, which were 75, a total of 300 people were selected as a statistical sample, and the second group included experts related to the affairs Tourism, a total of 50 people were selected as a statistical sample for this group. The findings of the research showed that among the factors affecting the development of tourism from the point of view of the trustees, among the 4 main indicators, the highest average was related to the environmental index with an average of 4.1 and the lowest average was related to the socio-cultural index with an average of 3.08. Also, according to experts, among the factors affecting the development of tourism, the highest average is related to "infrastructural factors" with 3.8 and the lowest average is related to "social-cultural factors"

and equal to 1.3. The final results obtained in the current research were determined, the key strategic factors obtained from the current research can be placed in the focus of attention of managers and planners in Bojnord, it has created a suitable possibility for the sustainable development of the region based on tourism, causing the region to achieve a favorable position in the field of tourism in the field domestic and even international and transform North Khorasan and Bojnord city into a stable and competitive international tourism destination, which will lead to economic prosperity and ultimately lead to job creation, productivity of local industries, increasing the economic power of the city and consequently increasing the income of the region's governing organizations .

Keywords: Tourism, Tourism Development, Bojnourd City

. Corresponding author (E-mail: [email protected]) http://doi.org/10.22059/JUT.2022.340958.1025

Received: 9 April 2022; Received in revised form: 15 June 2022; Accepted: 9 August 2022

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Journal of Urban Tourism, 9(2), 2022

Extended Abstract Introduction

Identifying key and effective factors in the field of tourism is the first step in planning this field; because until these factors are identified, achieving sustainable tourism development will not be easy. Also, one of the main factors in developing the tourism sector is the regional view and its comprehensive development. It must be planned in a systemic process for its development and prosperity; because in planned development, tourism can create direct and indirect economic, social, cultural, environmental, and political benefits and a significant share of national and regional development. Bojnourd city in North Khorasan province is one of the tourist destinations of Iran due to its geographical location and having more than 75 tourist attractions, which is a golden opportunity for tourism development.

However, there are problems in the tourism sector in the city, including: poor planning and management, lack of a plan and strategy for tourism in the above plans, weakness in infrastructure facilities and tourism services, weak culture of tourist reception, weak education and Advertising in the field of tourism has challenged the development of this sector. Therefore, it is clear that the mere existence of tourist attractions and potentials in a region cannot bring economic development and growth to society. In this direction, countless factors are involved concerning the host community, the guest community, management policies, the quality of tourism spaces, and so on. According to the issues raised, the most important purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the components and factors affecting the development of tourism industry in Bojnourd to provide a roadmap to clarify the issues facing the tourism industry and identify bottlenecks and priorities, and also, helped planners and politicians in enhancing development plans. In the following, it seeks to answer the question:

-What factors have the greatest impact on the development of tourism in Bojnourd city?

Methodology

The present study is applied and

descriptive-analytical research in terms of purpose and nature, respectively. The method of data collection is also library and field. The statistical population in the present study consisted of two groups. The first group includes the hosts and trustees of tourism units. According to Cochran's formula, a total of 300 people as a statistical sample. The second group includes experts related to tourism in Bojnourd, a total of 50 people were selected as a statistical sample for this group. The analysis was presented using the Friedman test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and simple linear regression to model and examine the correlation between variables.

Results and discussion

According to the respondents, among the factors affecting tourism development in Bojnourd city, the highest average is related to "environmental factors," equal to 4.163.

Also, the lowest average is related to

"economic-infrastructural factors," equal to 2.837. The coefficients of skewness and elongation for all research indicators are in the range (2 and 2-), so according to the coefficients of skewness and elongation, the assumption of normal data for the indicators is confirmed. According to experts, among the factors affecting the development of tourism in Bojnourd city, the highest average is related to

"environmental factors" and equal to 3.849 and the lowest average is related to

"economic-infrastructural factors" and is equal to 2.697. The correlation coefficient between economic-infrastructural factors with cultural-social factors (r = 0.704), institutional-managerial factors (r = 0.522) and environmental factors (r = 0.508) is positive and significant. The correlation coefficient between socio-cultural factors with institutional-managerial factors (r = 0.395) and environmental factors (r = 0.401) is positive and significant. The correlation coefficient between institutional-managerial and environmental factors (r = 0.768) is positive and significant. The correlation coefficient between economic-infrastructural factors with cultural-social factors (r = 0.500) and institutional-managerial factors (r = 0.435) is positive and significant. The correlation coefficient between institutional-managerial

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and environmental factors (r = 0.641) is positive and significant. In addition, from the point of view of the trustees, the result of t-test is a sample of the average of environmental, economic-infrastructure, institutional-managerial, and cultural-social factors, and from the point of view of the host group, economic-infrastructural, environmental, socio-cultural, and institutional-managerial are effective in the development of tourism in Bojnourd. Also, in the study of this group questionnaire, it was found that the average of environmental factors is 4.163, the average of economic-infrastructural factors is 3.837, the average of institutional-managerial factors is 3.576, the average socio-cultural factors is 3.086, so from the point of view of this group, environmental factors have the greatest role in attracting tourists to Bojnourd.

Conclusion

The results obtained from the study indicators' description from the perspective of both trustees and experts among the

factors affecting tourism development in Bojnourd, the highest average was related to "infrastructure and environmental factors," and the lowest average was related to "socio-cultural factors." In the study of the relationship between the research variables, which was done using the correlation coefficient, it was found that there was a positive and significant relationship between the studied factors.

Funding

There is no funding support.

Authors’ Contribution

All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.

Conflict of Interest

Authors declared no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

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ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ

ﻣ ﺆ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ

يدرﻮﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ :

ﺮﻬﺷ درﻮﻨﺠﺑ

ﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﺪﻴﻌﺳ

- هوﺮﮔ ناﺮﻳا ،ﺪﻬﺸﻣ ،ﺪﻬﺸﻣ ﺪﺣاو ،ﻲﻣﻼﺳا دازآ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﺎﻴﻓاﺮﻐﺟ

هداﺰﻴﻠﻋ نﻮﻳﺎﺘﻛ -1

هوﺮﮔ ناﺮﻳا ،ﺪﻬﺸﻣ ،ﺪﻬﺸﻣ ﺪﺣاو ،ﻲﻣﻼﺳا دازآ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﺎﻴﻓاﺮﻐﺟ

يﺮﻔﻌﺟ ﺪﻴﻤﺣ -

هوﺮﮔ ﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﺎﻴﻓاﺮﻐﺟ ناﺮﻳا ،ﺪﻬﺸﻣ ،ﺪﻬﺸﻣ ﺪﺣاو ،ﻲﻣﻼﺳا دازآ هﺎ

هﺪﻴﻜﭼ

ر ﻂﻳاﺮﺷ ﻊﺑﺎﺗ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺮﻫ رد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻖﻧو و

و ﻳ ﮔﮋ ﻲ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ نآ ي ﻣ

ﻲ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺮـﺑ ﺮﺛﻮـﻣ ﻞـﻣاﻮﻋ ﻲﻳﺎـﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻦﻳاﺮﺑﺎـﻨﺑ

ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ

ﺖﺳا ﺎﺠﻧآ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ياﺮﺑ مﺎﮔ ﻦﻴﺘﺴﺨﻧ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺮﻫ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ .

ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻲﻌﺳ

،دراد ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا ﻪﺑ

ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ راﺬﮔﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺮﻬﺷ

دزادﺮﭙﺑ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧا و ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺮﺘﺴﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ درﻮﻨﺠﺑ .

زا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﻳا

ﻲﻔﻴﺻﻮﺗ تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ وﺰﺟ و يدﺮﺑرﺎﻛ فﺪﻫ ﺮﻈﻧ -

ﻲﻠﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ،ﺪـﻧدﻮﺑ هوﺮـﮔ ود ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد يرﺎﻣآ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ

ﻣ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ و ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ زا ﺪﻌﺑ ﻪﻛ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ يﺎﻫﺪﺣاو نﺎﻴﻟﻮﺘﻣ و نﺎﻧﺎﺑﺰﻴﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ لوا هوﺮﮔ ﻢﻬ

ﻪﺑذﺎﺟ و ﻦﻛﺎﻣا ﻦﻳﺮﺗ

يﺎﻫ

ﻪﻛ درﻮﻨﺠﺑ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ 75

عﻮﻤﺠﻣرد ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ درﻮﻣ 300

ﻪﺑ ﺮﻔﻧ هوﺮـﮔ و ﺪﻧﺪـﺷ بﺎـﺨﺘﻧا يرﺎﻣآ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ناﻮﻨﻋ

عﻮﻤﺠﻣرد ﻪﻛ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ رﻮﻣا ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ نﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ مود 50

ﻪﺑ ﺮﻔﻧ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا هوﺮﮔ ﻦﻳا ياﺮﺑ يرﺎﻣآ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ناﻮﻨﻋ

ﺪﻧﺪﺷ . ﻳ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ رد داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ي ﻦﻴـﺑ زا ،نﺎـﻴﻟﻮﺘﻣ ﺮـﻈﻧ زا يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ نﺎﻴﻣ

4 ﺺﺧﺎـﺷ

ﺖﺴﻳز ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ،ﻲﻠﺻا ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ

1 / 4 ﺺﺧﺎـﺷ ﻪـﺑ طﻮـﺑﺮﻣ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻤﻛ و

ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا - ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ 08

/ 3

ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ .

ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﺮـﺑ ﺮﺛﻮـﻣ ﻞـﻣاﻮﻋ نﺎـﻴﻣ رد ،نﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ ﺮﻈﻧ زا ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ

دﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ،يﺮﮕﺷ

"

ﻲﺘﺧﺎـﺳﺮﻳز ﻞـﻣاﻮﻋ

"

ﺎـﺑ 8 / 3 ﻪـﺑ طﻮـﺑﺮﻣ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎـﻴﻣ ﻦﻳﺮـﺘﻤﻛ و

"

ﻞـﻣاﻮﻋ

ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا - ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ

"

ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ و 1 / 3 ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳد ﺖﺳا هﺪﻣآ .

ﻪﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ

ﺖﺳد ،ﺪـﺷ ﺺﺨﺸـﻣ ﺮـﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋـﭘ رد هﺪﻣآ

ﻲﻣ ﺮــﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ زا ﻞــﺻﺎﺣ ﻚﻳﮋﺗاﺮﺘــﺳا يﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ

ﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ نﻮﻧﺎﻛ رد ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ و نا

ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ رﻳ ناﺰ رد درﻮﻨﺠﺑ

،ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔراﺮﻗ راﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﻜﻣا

ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺐـﺟﻮﻣ ،هدروآ ﺪـﻳﺪﭘ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ د

ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘـﺳ

رد بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ

و ﻲﻠﺧاد ﻪﺻﺮﻋ رد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻨﻴﻣز ﻲﺘﺣ

ﺑﻴ ﻦ ـﻠﻠﻤﻟا ﻲ

ﻞﻳﺪـﺒﺗ و

و ﻲﻟﺎﻤـﺷ نﺎـﺳاﺮﺧ ﺮﻬﺷ

نﺎﺘـﺳ

درﻮﻨﺠﺑ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺪﺼﻘﻣ ﻚﻳ ﻪﺑ ﺑﻴ

ﻦ ﻠﻠﻤﻟا ﻲ ﭘ

ﻲﺘﺑﺎﻗر و راﺪﻳﺎ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ

ﻪـﻛ رد و هﺪـﻳدﺮﮔ يدﺎﺼـﺘﻗا ﻲﻳﺎﻓﻮﻜـﺷ ﺐـﺟﻮﻣ ،

ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ لﺎﻐﺘﺷا

از ﻲﻳ ، هﺮﻬﺑ رو ي

،ﻲﻠﺤﻣ ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ناﻮﺗ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا

نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ

ﻪﺑ و ﺪـﻣآرد ﺶﻳاﺰـﻓا نآ ﻊﺒﺗ

نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ هرادا يﺎﻫ هﺪﻨﻨﻛ ددﺮﮔ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ .

يﺪﻴﻠﻛ نﺎﮔژاو :

درﻮﻨﺠﺑ ﺮﻬﺷ ،يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ،يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ .

1 . لﻮﺌﺴﻣ هﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ Email: [email protected]

ﺖﻓﺎﻳرد ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ :

20 / 01 / 1401 يﺮﮕﻧزﺎﺑ ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ :

25 / 03 / 1401 شﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ :

18 / 05 / 1401

http://doi.org/10.22059/JUT.2022.340958.1025

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ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ

دﺮﮔ

ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا نﺎﻬﺟ ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ ﻦﻳﺮﺗﺎﻳﻮﭘ زا ﻲﻜﻳ يﺮﮕﺷ

ﺖﺳا ﺪﺷر لﺎﺣ رد ﺖﻋﺮﺳ .

ﻪﺑ ار ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻦﻳا ﺪﺤﺘﻣ ﻞﻠﻣ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ

ﻪﻟﺰﻨﻣ

ﺖـﺳا ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨـﺷ ﺖﻴﻤـﺳر ﻪـﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺪﻣآرد ﺐﺴﻛ ياﺮﺑ ﻲﻌﺒﻨﻣ و لﺎﻐﺘﺷا ،يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻲﻠﺻا يﺎﻫراﺰﺑا زا ﻲﻜﻳ )

و ﻲﺋﻮـﻠﭘ

،نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ 1398

: 2 .(

ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ر ناﺰﻳ و ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳ ناراﺬﮔ ﻴﻧ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺰ زا ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ يﺎﻫ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ

ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻦﻛر ﻲﻠﺻا ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ

دﺎﻳ ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ) ،ﻲﺒﻴﻃ و ﻲﻤﻴﻫاﺮﺑا 1398

: 140 .(

دﻮـﺧ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ رد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺐﻟﺎﻏ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻞﻴﻟد ﻪﺑ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ يﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ ؛ﻪﻛاﺮﭼ

ﻪﺑﺮﺼﺤﻨﻣ ًﺎﺒﻟﺎﻏ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد دﺮﻓ

ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ

Wu et al, 2015: 138) .(

زا ﻲـﻜﻳ ﻪـﺑ يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ هزوﺮـﻣا سﺎـﺳا ﻦـﻳا ﺮـﺑ

ﻞﻳﺪﺒﺗ نآ يزﺎﺳزﺎﺑ و يﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻛﺮﺤﻣ يﺎﻫرﻮﺗﻮﻣ

ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ )

،نارﺎـﻜﻤﻫ و ﻲﻟﺎﺒﻗا 1400

: 2 .(

ﺎـﻣا ـﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻌ يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ

ﺪﻨﻳاﺮﻓ ﭘ هﺪﻴﭽﻴ يا ﺖﺳا ﻪﻛ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺑ ﻦﻴ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟا و ﻲﻠﻣ و هوﺮﮔ يﺎﻫ ﺮﻴﮔرد ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳﺎﺑ ، ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ،ﺖﻟود

ر يﺰﻳ

نﻮﻧﺎﻗ و راﺬـﮔ ي

ﻲﻣﺮﺑ رد ار

دﺮﻴﮔ ) ،نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و يﻮﺳﻮﻣ 1396

: 50 .(

ﺪـﻳﺎﺑ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﺐـﻧاﻮﺟ ﻂﺑاور ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ،يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ياﺮﺑ

ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮕﺑ راﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗدرﻮﻣ

Chris,2012: 341) .(

،اﺮﻳز ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ رد

لﺎﺳ يﺎﻫ ﺮﻴﺧا ﻪﺑ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﺮﻴﺸﻤﺷ ود ﻪﺒﻟ ﻞﻤﻋ هدﺮـﻛ

ﺖﺳا ﻪﻛ رد ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ رﺎﻨﻛ

،نآ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ار ﻢﻫ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻲﻠﺤﻣ ﻞﻴﻤﺤﺗ هدﺮﻛ ﺖﺳا . ﻦﻳا ﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎﻴﭘ ﺮﺑ سﺎﺳا عﻮﻧ و ناﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺳ

ﻪﺘﺳد ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا

،ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ-

يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا و ز ﺖﺴﻳ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ يﺪﻨﺑ هﺪﺷ ﺪﻧا

Qin et al, 2019: 1) .(

زا ﻲﻜﻳ ﻠﺻا ﻲ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﻨﻋ ﺎ

ﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ بﺬﺟ ﺮﺻ

ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺮﻫ رد ي ﻪﺑذﺎﺟ ،

ﺎﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ي ﻢﻬﻣ

ﻢﺘﺴـﻴﺳ زا ﺶـﺨﺑ ﻦﻳﺮـﺗ

ﻪﺑ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻣ رﺎﻤﺷ

ﻲ ﺪﻳآ

ﻚﻳ ﺎﻳ نﺎﻜﻣ ﻚﻳ ،ﻦﻳادﻮﺟوﺎﺑ ، ﺑ داﺪﻳور

ﻪ ﻪـﻜﻠﺑ ،دراﺪـﻧ ﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ بﺬﺟ ياﺮﺑ يدﺎﻳز ترﺪﻗ ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻨﺗ

ياراد نﺎﻜﻣ رد ﻢﻫ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ياﺰﺟا ﺮﮕﻳد ﺪﻳﺎﺑ

ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﺎﻴﻬﻣ ﻪﺑذﺎﺟ )

،ﻲﻧﺎﻫاﺮﻓ ﻲﻧﺎﻘﺷاو و ﻲﻤﺳﺎﻗ 1397

: 22 .(

ﻦﻳا رد

ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻲﺑ يﺎﻫ

ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ،تﺎﺒﺛ

شور و ﺎﻫدﺮﻜﻳور ﻦﻳﺮﺗﺎﻜﺗا

ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ياﺮﺑ ار ﺎﻫ

ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻨﻨﻳﺰﮔﺮﺑ يﺰﻳر

ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻠﻛ ﻪﻛ يا

ﻪـﺒﻨﺟ ﻪـﻴ يﺎـﻫ

نآ ﺮﺑ فاﺮﺷا ﺎﺑ ناﻮﺘﺑ ﺎﺗ دﺮﻴﮔاﺮﻓ ار ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻦﻳا راﺬﮔﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻪﻴﻬﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ

دﺮﻛ ماﺪﻗا ﻊﻣﺎﺟ يا )

،نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ﻲﺋﻮﻠﭘ 1398

: 4 .(

ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ رد مﺎﮔ ﻦﻴﻟوا يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ هزﻮﺣ رد ﺮﺛﻮﻣ و يﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ

ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻦﻳا ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﻣز ﺎﺗ اﺮﻳز ؛ﺖﺳا هزﻮﺣ ﻦﻳا يﺰﻳر

ﻧﻮﺸﻧ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ دﻮﺑ ﺪﻫاﻮﺨﻧ نﺎﺳآ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ راﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘﺳد ،ﺪ

. ﻲﻜﻳ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ زا

ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺎﻫ ي ﻲﺳﺎﺳا رد ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ

ﺶﺨﺑ

،يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ هﺎﮕﻧ

ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ا ﻪﻤﻫ و ي ﻪﺒﻧﺎﺟ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ نآ

؛ﺖﺳا ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ رد يﺪﻨﻳاﺮﻓ ﻲﻤﺘﺴﻴﺳ ياﺮـﺑ

ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖـﻧور نآ

ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ر يﺰﻳ رد ﻪﻛ اﺮﭼ دﺮﻛ ترﻮﺻ

ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ر يﺰﻳ و ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﻪـﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ يﺰـﻳر ـﺷ

،هﺪ يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ ردﺎـﻗ

ﻊﻓﺎـﻨﻣ ﺖـﺳا ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴـﻣ

و

ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣﺮﻴﻏ

،يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا

،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا

،ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ

و ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ار دﺎﺠﻳا و ﻢﻬﺳ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻲﻬﺟﻮﺗ زا ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻲﻠﻣ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ و يا ار ﻪـﺑ

دﻮﺧ صﺎﺼﺘﺧا ﺪـﻫﺪﺑ

) ،نارﺎـﻜﻤﻫ و يﻮـﺳﻮﻣ 1398

: 62 .(

رد ﻊـﻗاورد ﻪـﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ

ر ﻪـﻧﻮﮔﺮﻫ ،راﺪـﻳﺎﭘ يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ يﺰـﻳ

ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ر ياﺮﺑ يﺰﻳ ﺗ

ﻪﻌﺳﻮ ﻆـﻔﺣ ﻪـﺑ نآ ﻲـﺳﺎﺳا ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ و دﻮـﺷ مﺎـﺠﻧا ﺪـﻳﺎﺑ راﺪـﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ دﺮـﻜﻳور ﺎﺑ هﺪﻨﻳآ رد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ

ﻂﻴﺤﻣ

ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟا ﻂﻴـﺤﻣ ﻆـﻔﺣ و يدﺎﺼـﺘﻗا دﻮﺳ رﺎﻨﻛ رد ﺖﺴﻳز -

ﺖـﺳا ﻲـﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ

Tao & Wall, 2009: 93) .(

ًﻻﻮـﻤﻌﻣ

يﺎـﺟ ﺮﺑ ﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮕﻤﺸﭼ و توﺎﻔﺘﻣ رﺎﺛآ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ـﻣ

ﻲ

ﻴﭘ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﺎـﺑ دراﺬـﮔ ﻲﮔدﺮﺘﺴـﮔ و ﻲﮔﺪـﻴﭽ

ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ دﺎﻌﺑا ﺮﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ نآ زا ﻲﺷﺎﻧ رﺎﺛآ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ يﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ

ﻢﻫ ﭘ ﻪﺘﺳﻮﻴ

نآ ﻪـﺑ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ رﺎﺛآ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ رد ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ دراد يرﺎﻴﺴﺑ

ﺎـﻫ

دﻮﺷ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ

Mason, 2015: 26) .(

ﻪـﺑذﺎﺟ دﻮﺟوﺎﺑ ﺎﻣ رﻮﺸﻛ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا هداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ تﺎﻴﺑدا و تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ

ا ﻲﻀـﻌﺑ ﻞـﺑﺎﻘﻣ رد دﺎـﻳز رﺎﻴﺴـﺑ يﺎـﻫ ز

ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳا ﻪﻫد ﻚﻳ زا ﺶﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺎﻫرﻮﺸﻛ

ﻞـﺑﺎﻗ عﻮـﺿﻮﻣ ،ﺪﻧا

هزﺎـﺗ و ﻞـﻣﺄﺗ

ﺖـﺳا يروﺮـﺿ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳا يا

ﻪﺑ

هﺮﻬﺑ و هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ زا ﺖﻋﺮﺳ

دﺮﻴﮔ راﺮﻗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣدرﻮﻣ و دﻮﺷ يرادﺮﺑ .

نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ،نﺎﻴﻣ ﻦﻳا رد نﺎـﺳاﺮﺧ نﺎﺘـﺳا رد درﻮﻨﺠﺑ

ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ و ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻓاﺮﻐﺟ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺷ ﺎﺑ

اراد ندﻮﺑ ﺶﻴﺑ زا 75

،يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﺑذﺎﺟ ﻲـﻜﻳ

زا يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ ﺪـﺻﺎﻘﻣ

ناﺮﻳا ﻪﻛ هدﻮﺑ ﻚﻳ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﻲﻳﻼﻃ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ

رﺎﻤﺷ ﻣ ﻲ دور . دﻮﺟو ﺎﻣا

تﻼﻜﺸﻣ و ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ

رد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺶـﺨﺑ

رد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ

ﻪﻠﻤﺟزا نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﻳا :

ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻒﻌﺿ

ر يﺰﻳ

يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ ياﺮـﺑ نوﺪـﻣ دﺮـﺒﻫار و ﻪـﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ناﺪﻘﻓ ،ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ و رد

حﺮﻃ ﺖﺳداﺮﻓ يﺎﻫ

تﺎﻣﺪﺧ و ﻲﻳﺎﻨﺑﺮﻳز تﺎﻧﺎﻜﻣا رد ﻒﻌﺿ ، ،يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ

ﻒﻌﺿ و شزﻮـﻣآ ﻒﻌـﺿ ،ﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ شﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ

يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻨﻴﻣز رد تﺎﻐﻴﻠﺒﺗ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ

ﻳا

ﺎﺑ ار ﺶﺨﺑ ﻦ وﺮﺑور ﺶﻟﺎﭼ

ﺖﺳا هدﺮﻛ .

ﺖﺳا ﺢﺿاو ؛ﻦﻳاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﺎـﻬﻨﺗ

دﻮـﺟو

ﻪـﺑذﺎﺟ ﺎـﻫ و

ﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘ ﻞﻴ يﺎﻫ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ رد

ﻚﻳ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻤﻧ ﻲ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﺪﺷر ﺘﻗا يدﺎﺼ ار ياﺮﺑ

ﻪـﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ هاﺮـﻤﻫ

ﻪﺘـﺷاد ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ . رد ﻦـﻳا

(6)

نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ﺎﻛﺮﺷ /

يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا ...

133

ﺮﻴﺴﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺑ ﻲ يرﺎﻤﺷ رد ﻪﻄﺑار ﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ

،نﺎﺑﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ

،نﺎﻤﻬﻴﻣ ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳ

،ﻲﺘﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ يﺎﻫ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ

يﺎﻫﺎﻀﻓ يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ و

...

ﺶﻘﻧ ﺪﻧراد .

حﺮﻄﻣ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ

ﻢﻬﻣ هﺪﺷ

ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ و ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﻳا زا فﺪﻫ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ

ﺎﻫ و ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ اﺬﮔﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺮﺑ ر

فﺎﻔﺷ رد يﺰﻴﭼﺎﻧ ﻢﻬﺳ هار ﻪﺸﻘﻧ ﻪﺋارا ﺎﺑ ﺎﺗ ﺖﺳا درﻮﻨﺠﺑ ﺮﻬﺷ رد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ

ﺖﻌﻨﺻ يور ﺶﻴﭘ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ يزﺎﺳ

هﺎﮔﻮﻠﮔ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ و يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ

و ﺎﻫ ﻮﻟوا ﺖﻳ

ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳ و ناﺰﻳر ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ و ﻪﺘﺷاد ﺎﻫ

ﻪـﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻦﻳوﺪـﺗ رد هزﻮـﺣ ﻦـﻳا ناراﺪﻣ يﺎـﻫ

ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ

ﺪﻧﺎﺳر يرﺎﻳ يا .

ﺳﺎﭘ لﺎﺒﻧد ﻪﺑ ﻪﻣادا رد

ﻲﻣ لاﺆﺳ ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ يﻮﮕﺨ

ﻪﭼ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻠﻣاﻮﻋ

ﺮﺑ ار يراﺬﮔﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ

يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ

درﻮﻨﺠﺑ

؟دراد

ﻪﻨﻴﻣز رد ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ رد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ

جرﺎﺧ و ﻞﺧاد

ًﺎﺘﺒﺴﻧ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ هدﺮﺘﺴﮔ

ا ي مﺎﺠﻧا هﺪـﺷ ﻲﻌـﺳ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻦﻳا رد ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ

ﻪﺑ

درﻮﻣ رد ﻲﻠﻛرﻮﻃ

ﻪﻨﻴﻣز رد تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ

ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ

يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ دﻮﺷ ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ

. ﺖﻤﻜﺣ ﺎﻴﻧ ) 1399 ( ﺎـﺑ ﻲﺸـﻫوﮋﭘ رد

ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ

ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺮﻬﺷ

ﺖـﺳا ﻪـﺘﺧادﺮﭘ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﻳا ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺪﺒﻴﻣ .

ﺞﻳﺎـﺘﻧ ﺶﻫوﮋـﭘ نﺎﺸـﻧ

ﻲﻣ ﺪﻫد 30 ﺮﮔﺎﻤﻧ رد ﺐﻟﺎﻗ 5 ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ) ﻲﺒﺴﻧ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ تﺎﻧﺎﻜﻣا ،ﻲﺨﻳرﺎﺗ –

–

ﺖﺧﺎـﺳﺮﻳز و تﺎﻣﺪﺧ

ﻲﺘﻳﺮﻳﺪـﻣ ،ﺎـﻫ ،يدﺎـﻬﻧ –

ﺘﺟا ﻲﻋﺎﻤ - ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ،ﻲﺘﻴﻨﻣا ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻗا –

( رد ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣدرﻮﻣ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ

ﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻲﺨﻳرﺎﺗ

- ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ هدﻮﺑ ﺖﺳا ﻪـﻛ زا

نﺎﻴﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺎﻫ ي يراﺬﮔرﺎﺑ

،هﺪﺷ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻲﺒﺴﻧ و ﻲﺨﻳرﺎﺗ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺪﺒﻴﻣ ﺎﺑ 5 ﺮﮔﺎﻤﻧ و راﺪﻘﻣ هﮋﻳو 7,65 ﺪﺻرد ﻢـﻬﻣ ﻦﻳﺮـﺗ

ﻞﻣﺎﻋ و ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ و ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻗا ﺎﺑ 3 ﺮﮔﺎﻤﻧ و راﺪﻘﻣ ﻳو هﮋ 1,93 ﻢﻛ ﺖﻴﻤﻫا ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ ﻲﺨﻳرﺎـﺗ

-

ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ رد ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ هدﻮﺑ ﺖﺳا . نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ﻲﺋﻮﻠﭘ )

1398 (

ﺖﻳﻮﻟوا ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رد

ﺖﻌﻨـﺻ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ يﺪﻨﺑ

ﻖﻓا رد ناﺮﻳا ﺖﻣﻼﺳ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ 1414

ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ و ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ تﺎﻴﺑدا زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ و ﺪﻧا 28

ﺎﻨﺷ رﺎﻴﻌﻣ ﻲﻳﺎـﺳ

هﺪـﺷ ﺪـﻧا .

ﻪﻠﻤﺟزا : يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ ﺪﺼﻘﻣ ﻲﻨﻫذ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ،يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻪﺋارا رد عﻮﻨﺗ ،يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ هزﻮﺣ رد ﻲﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺖﻛرﺎﺸﻣ

)

ﺖﻣﻼﺳ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ و يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻪﺋارا زا يﺪﻨﻤﺘﻳﺎﺿر (

ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ، ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ،يراﺬﮔ

ﺖﺧﺎﺳﺮﻳز ،تﺎﻣﺪﺧ نﺪﺷ

ﺖﺨﺳ يﺎﻫ

ﺖﺧﺎﺳﺮﻳز ،يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ

ﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ و يروﺎﻨﻓ ،يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ مﺮﻧ يﺎﻫ

ﺲﻧاژآ ،ﺎﻴﻧد زور يژﻮ

ﺖﺑﺎﻗر ﺢﻄﺳ ،ﻲﺗﺮﻓﺎﺴﻣ يﺎﻫ

،رﻮﺸﻛ يﺮﻳﺬﭘ

شﻮـﻫ ،يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ ﺖﻣﺪـﺧ ﻪـﺑ ﻲـﺳﺮﺘﺳد ،يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ،ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﻲﺑﺎﻳرازﺎﺑ و تﺎﻐﻴﻠﺒﺗ ،ﺺﺼﺨﺘﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧا يوﺮﻴﻧ دﺮـﻜﻳور ،يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا و ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ تﺎﺒﺛ ،يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ هﺮﻴﺠﻧز ياﺰﺟا نﺎﻴﻣ ﻲﮕﺘﺳﻮﻴﭘ ،يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ رد يروآﻮﻧ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا و ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ،ناﺮﻳا صﻮﺼﺧ رد نﺎﻬﺟ ﻪﺟرﺎﺧ ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳ دﺮﻜﻳور ،نﺎﻬﺟ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﻛ ﻪﺟرﺎﺧ ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳ لﺎﺒﻗ رد ناﺮﻳا ﻲﺟرﺎﺧ

ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻲﻳﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ،ناﺮﻳا ﻚﻴﺘﻴﻠﭘﻮﺋژ

ﻦﻴﺑ ﻦﻴﻧاﻮﻗ ،ﻲﻠﻣ ﻦﻴﻧاﻮﻗ ،نﺎﻬﺟ رد ﺖﻣﻼﺳ هزﻮﺣ يﺎﺿﺎﻘﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻳﻮﮔ

دراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا و ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ ،ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟا

ﻪﻤﻴﺑ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ ،يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ

ﻦﻴﺑ يا

ﺑذﺎﺟ دﻮﺟو ،ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟا ﻪ

نﺎﺴـﻧا و ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﺖـﻳﺎﻋر ،يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ هزﻮـﺣ رد ﺖﺧﺎـﺳ

ﺖﺴﻳز ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ

.

ﺖﻔﻋ و نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ )

1398 (

ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رد ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ

يﺪﻴﻠﻛ راﺬﮔﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺮﺑ

ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ راﺪﻳﺎﭘ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ

ﻪﻌﻣﻮﺻ اﺮﺳ

ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﺪﻧا ﻪﺑ و ﻦﻳا ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺪﻧﺪﻴﺳر ﻪﻛ 27

ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا راﺬﮔﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﻳا يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ رد ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ

ﺖـﻴﻨﻣا ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸـﻴﺑ

يراﺬﮔﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ار

ﻪﺘﺷاد و ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻳ ﻪ راﺬﮔ

نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ و ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ هﻮﻴﺷ و ﻲﺘﻟود ﺶﺨﺑ ي

ﻞـﻣاﻮﻋ و مود ﻪـﺒﺗر رد ﺎـﻫ

ﻞﻤﺣ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ

ﻞﻘﻧو ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ا

دراد راﺮـﻗ يﺪـﻌﺑ ﺐـﺗاﺮﻣ رد ﻲـﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺮﻇﺎـﻨﻣ و ﺖﻣﺎﻗا ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ،نﺎﺑﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ،ي .

ﻦﻳﺮـﺘﻤﻛ

يراﺬﮔﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺰﻴﻧ

ﻪﺑ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻴ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي مﺮﮔﺮﺳ هﺪﻨﻨﻛ و يﺎﻫرازﺎﺑ ﻲﻠﺤﻣ صﺎﺼﺘﺧا ﻪﺘﺷاد

ﺖﺳا . ﻲﺘﻗاﺪﺻ و ﻲﻳﺎﻀﻴﺑ )

1398 ( رد

ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ا

ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ ي ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ

رﻳ ﺰ ي ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ي ﺎﭘ ﻳ راﺪ ، ﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﻲﻳ ﺎﭘ

ﻳ ﻪ و ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا ﻌﺿو ﻴ ﺖ

يدرﻮﻣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ :

نﺎﺘـﺳﺮﻬﺷ

درﻮﻨﺠﺑ ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﺪﻧا

ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺪﻴﺳر ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ و رد

ﻪﺘﺳد ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ كرﺎﭘ ﺎﺑﺎﺑ نﺎﻣا و يﺎﺘﺳور ناﺪﻨﻔﺳا و رد ﻪﺘﺳد ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ

ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺤﻳﺮﻔﺗ ﺶﺑ

،شادرﺎﻗ ﻪﻨﻴﻳآ ﻪﻧﺎﺧ

،ﻢﺨﻔﻣ ﻪﻴﻨﻴﺴﺣ ﻲﻣﺮﺟﺎﺟ و ﻲﻘﻴﺳﻮﻣ ﻲﻠﺤﻣ ﻪـﺑ ناﻮـﻨﻋ ﺮـﺻﺎﻨﻋ

ﻪﻳﺎﭘ رد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ

حﺮﻄﻣ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ ﻪﻨﻴﻣز زﺎﺳ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ راﺪـﻳﺎﭘ

ﺪﻨـﺷﺎﺑ . ﻲﻳﺎـﺿر و نارﺎـﻜﻤﻫ

) 1397 ( وﮋﭘ رد

ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺸﻫ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ

ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺮﻬﺷ

جﻮﺳﺎﻳ ﺖﺨﺘﻳﺎﭘ ﺖﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻦـﻳا ﻪـﺑ و ﺪـﻨﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ناﺮـﻳا

دﻮﺟو ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺪﻴﺳر ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻪﺑذﺎﺟ

ﺎﻫ دﻮـﺟو و يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﻳا مدﺮﻣ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻞﻳﺎﻤﺗ ،ﺎﺒﻳز و ﺮﻜﺑ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ي

ﻪﺑذﺎﺟ

ﻢﻬﻣ ﻲﺒﻫﺬﻣ يﺎﻫ

بآ ﻂﻳاﺮﺷ و تﻮﻗ طﺎﻘﻧ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ

ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ،بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻲﻳاﻮﻫو

ﻢـﻫ و ﻲـﻫار نﺎﻴﻣ

ﺎـﺑ يراﻮـﺟ نﺎﺘـﺳا

ﺎـﻫ ي

(7)

حﺮﻃ رد ﻲﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺖﻛرﺎﺸﻣ ،ﺮﮕﻳد ﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ

ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ و ﺎﻫ

ﻢﻬﻣ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ يﺎﻫ

و ﺖـﺻﺮﻓ طﺎـﻘﻧ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ دﻮـﺒﻤﻛ

ﺖﺧﺎﺳﺮﻳز يﺎﻫ

،يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ

ﻢﻛ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﻞﻤﺣ ﻞﻘﻧو و دﻮﺒﻤﻛ تﺎﻧﺎﻜﻣا ﻲﺘﻣﺎﻗا بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ار ﻢﻬﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﻊـﻧاﻮﻣ ﻦـﻳا هزﻮـﺣ

دﺮﻤﺷﺮﺑ .

ﺎﻫاﺮﻓ و ﻲﻧﺎﺟﺎﻗآ دﺮﻓ ﻲﻧ

) 1394 ( نآ ﺮـﺑ ﺮﺛﻮـﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ و ﻲﺒﻫﺬﻣ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رد )

يدرﻮـﻣ ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ

ناﺮﻳا ( ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ

هﺪﻴﺳر ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ و ﺪﻧا ﻲﻣ و دراد يرﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺖﻴﻤﻫا مﻼﺳا هﺎﮕﻧ زا يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧا

يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ هﺪـﻨﻳآ ناﻮﺗ

دﺮﻛ ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ار ناﺮﻳا رد ﻲﺒﻫﺬﻣ .

يدﺎﺑآرز و رﺎﻬﺑ ) 1392 ( زرا ﻪﺑ ، ﻲﺑﺎﻳ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ رد ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ

دازآ رﺎﻬﺑﺎﭼ ﺎﺑ هﺮﻬﺑ يﺮﻴﮔ زا شور ﺪﻨﻳاﺮﻓ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ يا

ANP) ( ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ

ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳا هﺪﻴـﺳر ﻪـﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦـﻳا ﻪﺑ و ﺪﻧا زا

نﺎـﻴﻣ

ﺺﺧﺎﺷ يﺎﻫ

،ﻲﺳرﺮﺑدرﻮﻣ

» ﺖﺧﺎﺳﺮﻳز يﺎﻫ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ

« و

» ناﻮﺗ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا

« ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻢﻬﺳ

ار رد ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ اﻳ ﺎﻔ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ

و و ﺖﺻﺮﻓ دﻮﺟ

ﻪﺑذﺎﺟ ،ﻲﻠﻐﺷ يﺎﻫ

ﻲﺷزرو يﺎﻫ –

ﺖﻴﺑاﺬﺟ زا يرادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ و ﻲﺤﻳﺮﻔﺗ رﺎـﻨﻛ رد بذﺎﺟ و تﻮﻗ طﺎﻘﻧ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ

ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ يراﺬﮔ

ﻢﻬﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻨﺑﺮﻳز يﺎﻫ

ﺖﻓﺎﻴﻫر ﻦﻳﺮﺗ

دﻮـﺒﻤﻛ ﺮـﮕﻳد ﻲـﻓﺮﻃ زا و ﺪﻨﺘﺴـﻫ ﻪـﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻦـﻳا يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ يﺎـﻫ

زﻳ ﺖﺧﺎﺳﺮ ﺎﻫ تﺎﻐﻴﻠﺒﺗ ﻒﻌﺿ و ﻪﺑ

ناﻮﻨﻋ نﺪﻴـﺳر هار رد ﻲﺳﺎﺳا ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ

ﺪﻨﺘﺴـﻫ يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﻪـﺑ .

ﺎـﻴﻛزا و ﻲﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟاﺪـﺒﻋ

) 1390 ( هداد راﺮﻗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣدرﻮﻣ ار ﺖﺷدرﻼﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﺘﺳور ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رد ﻪﺑ و ﺪﻧا

هﺪﻴﺳر ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳا

ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﺮﻣا رد رﻮﺸﻛ ﻪﻃﻮﺑﺮﻣ نﺎﻳﺪﺼﺘﻣ و مدﺮﻣ ﺖﻛرﺎﺸﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧا و ﻲـﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ثاﺮـﻴﻣ ،ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﺖﺴﻳز

ﻴﺒﻃ ﻪﺑ ،ﺖﻌ

ﻲﻣ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻚﻳ ناﻮﻨﻋ

ﺶﻴﭘ و ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻚﻤﻛ رﻮﺸﻛ يدﺮﮕﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ

طﺮﺷ شزﻮﻣآ نﻮﭼ يﺎﻫ

عﻼﻃا و

نﺎﻣزﺎـﺳ و ﺎﻫدﺎﻬﻧ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ زا يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ و ﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺎﺑ درﻮﺧﺮﺑ هﻮﺤﻧ رد مدﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﺳر

ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ،ﻂﺒﺗﺮـﻣ يﺎـﻫ

ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ

ﻪﺑذﺎﺟ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﻲﺗﺎﻐﻴﻠﺒﺗ يﺎﻫ

ﺨﻳرﺎﺗ و ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ

ﻲﻣ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ياﺮﺑ زﺎﻴﻧدرﻮﻣ ﻲ

ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ . ﺮﻜﻴﺘﺳا و ﻦﻤﺗرﺎﻫ

) 2019 (

ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا ﻪﺑ ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رد ، ﺖﻴﻌﺿو

يراﺪﻳﺎﭘ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ار

رد ﺮﻬﺷ ﺎﺑ ﻚﻴﻧوﺮﺑود هدﺎﻔﺘـﺳا

زا 29 رﺎـﻴﻌﻣ و 59 ﺺﺧﺎـﺷ

ﺖﻴﻌﺿو يراﺪﻳﺎﭘ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ار

رد ﺮﻬﺷ ﻚﻴﻧوﺮﺑود يﺎﻨﺒﻣ

ﻲـﺳرﺮﺑ دﻮـﺧ راﺮـﻗ ﺪـﻧداد ﺞﻳﺎـﺘﻧ نﺎﺸـﻧ زا ﺐـﺳﺎﻨﺗ و ﺖـﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ

ﺺﺧﺎﺷ

،ﺎﻫ ياﺮﺑ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ يراﺪﻳﺎﭘ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺎﺑ

ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ نﺎﻜﻣ و نﺎﻣز رد رﺎﻴﺘﺧا دراد ﺎﻣا ﺖﻴﻌﺿو يراﺪﻳﺎﭘ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺮﻬـﺷ

ار راﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا ﺪﻧدﺮﻜﻧ . ﺰﻳاﻮﭙﻴﻠﻛ و اودرز ) 2012 (

ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا ﻪﺑ ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رد ، يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ

رد ﻚﻳ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ رد لﺎـﺣ ﺮـﻴﻴﻐﺗ

ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ و ﺪﻧا ﻪﺑ ﻦﻳا ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺪﻧﺪﻴﺳر ﻪﻛ ﺷدﺮﮔ يﺮﮕ راﺪﻳﺎﭘ و ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ هﮋﻳﻮﺑ يراﺪﻳﺎﭘ رد

يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﻛ لﺎﺣرد

ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ترﻮـﺻ

هﮋﻳو ﻪﺟﻮﺗدرﻮﻣ راﺮﻗ

دﺮﻴﮔ . ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﻲﻫﺎﮔآ و ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺖﺴﻳز ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ رد ﺖﻌﻨﺻ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻚﻳ

مﺎﮔ ﻢﻬﻣ رد ﻦﻴﻤﻀﺗ ياﺮـﺟا

ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳ يﺎﻫ ﺖﺴﻳز ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ و ﻦﻴﻧاﻮﻗ رﺎﻛ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺖﺳا

.

ﻪﺘﻔﮔ ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ

ترﻮﺻ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ و هﺪﺷ هﺪﻫﺎﺸـﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ

ﻣ ﻲ دﻮﺷ رد ﻲﻀـﻴﻘﻧوﺪﺿ ﺞﻳﺎـﺘﻧ ﺎﻣا ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ترﻮﺻ نآ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ و يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻨﻴﻣز رد يدﺪﻌﺘﻣ تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﻜﻨﻳاﺎﺑ

هدوﺪﺤﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ نﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ ﻲﺗﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺖﺳد

ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد ﻲﺗوﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻞﻳﻻد ﺖﺳا ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﻪﻛ هﺪﻣآ .

ﺮـﺑ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﻳا رد

ﺤﺗ درﻮﻣ درﻮﻨﺠﺑ ﺮﻬﺷ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ راﺮﻗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ و ﻞﻴﻠ

ﻣ ﻲ ﮔ ﻴ دﺮ . ﻲﻳﺎﺠﻧآزا ﺎﻣا

هداد دﻮـﺒﻤﻛ ﺎﺑ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳا زا يرﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻪﻛ

ﻪﺑور تﺎﻋﻼﻃا و

ور هدﻮﺑ ﺪﻧا ﻪﺑ ، مﺎﺠﻧا ار دﻮﺧ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻲﻔﻴﺻﻮﺗ ترﻮﺻ هداد

ﺪﻧا رﺎﻴﺴﺑ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ و ﻲﻛﺪﻧا

زا شور ﺎﻫ ي ﻲـﻤﻛ -

ﻲﻔﻴﻛ هﺮﻬﺑ هدﺮﺑ ﺪﻧا .

مﺎﺠﻧا تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺐﻠﻏا ﺰﻴﻧ رﻮﺸﻛ ﻞﺧاد

هﺪﺷ

ﻌﺗ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻢﺴﻳرﻮﺗﻮﻛا و يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ تاﺮﺛا ،يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻒﻳﺮ

هدﻮﺑ ﺪﻧا .

يﺮﻈﻧ ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻣ

ﻦﻳﺮﺗﺎﻳﻮﭘ زا ﻲﻜﻳ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﺶﺨﺑ

ﺎﻫ لﺎﺣرد ي يدﺎﺼـﺘﻗا و ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ رد ﻲﻤﻬﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ و نﺎﻬﺟ دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ

ﺖﺳا ﺎﻫرﻮﺸﻛ و ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ

Kozhokulov et al, 2019: 1) .(

ـﻣ يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ ﻲ

ﺪـﻧاﻮﺗ

نﺎـﻜﻣ و ﺖـﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺮـﺑ ﺰـﻛﺮﻤﺗ ﺎـﺑ ﺎـﻫ

ي

ﮔ ﻪﺑذﺎﺟ ﺖﻳرﻮﺤﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻳ و ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮ ﺎﻫ

ي نﺎﺴﻧا رد ﺖﺧﺎﺳ دﻮﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ

Timothy, 2005: 13)) .

ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ هﺎـﮔﺮﻫ

يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ )

ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ،ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ -

و ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا (...

تﺎﻧﺎﻜﻣا ﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻳﺪﺒﺗ ﻪﺑذﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ هاﺮﻤﻫ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ

ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ) ،مﺎﻏﺮﺿ 1381 :

15 .(

ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ و ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ و

ﻲﮔﮋﻳ ﺎﻫ ، ﺑاﺬﺟ ﺖﻴ ﺎﻫ و ﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﻳ ﻲ يﺎﻫ

ﻪﺑذﺎﺟ ﻞﻌﻔﻟﺎﺑ و هﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ و يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ ﺖﻌﻨـﺻ ﻲﺳﺎﺳا نﺎﻛرا زا ﺎﻫ

شﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺖﻴﻓﺮﻇ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ياﺮﺑ يرﺎﻴﻌﻣ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ،ﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ

ر يﺰﻳ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺖﺳا

) يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ و ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ثاﺮﻴﻣ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ

،ناﺮﻬﺗ نﺎﺘﺳا 1385

، 112 .(

ﻣز ﺎﻳ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻲﮔﮋﻳو ﻪﻨﻴ

يا ﻞﺑﺎﻗﺮﻴﻏ

ﺖﺳا نآ ندﻮﺑ لﺮﺘﻨﻛ .

ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺎـﻫ ي ﻲـﻄﻴﺤﻣ رد ﻪـﻛ

(8)

135

ـﺤﻣ ﻞﻣﺎـﺷ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻓاﺮﻐﺟ ظﺎﺤﻟزا ﺪﻧراد راﺮﻗ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻳا ﻂﻴ

يﺎـﻫ ـﺑ ﻦﻴ ﻲـﻠﻠﻤﻟا ) رود ( ﻲـﻠﻣ و ) ﻚـﻳدﺰﻧ ( ﻞﻣﺎـﺷ ﺖـﻴﻫﺎﻣ ظﺎـﺤﻟزا و

ﺤﻣ ﻂﻴ يﺎﻫ

،يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا

ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا و ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ -

ﻲﻣ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ

ﺪﻧﻮﺷ .

ﺎﻣﺮـﺳ خﺮـﻧ ﻪﻳ

يراﺬـﮔ ﺪـﻨﻳاﺮﻓ ،ﻲـﺘﻴﻌﻤﺟ تاﺮـﻴﻴﻐﺗ ،لﺎﻐﺘـﺷا ،

نﻮﻧﺎﻗ راﺬﮔ ي و ...

ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ،ﻪﻠﻤﺟزا

ﺎﻫ ﻲﻳ ا ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ نآ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳ

ﻂﻳاﺮـﺷ و ﺖﻴﻌـﺿو ﻲﺑﺎـﻳزرا ﺖـﻬﺟ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﺎﻫ

ﻪﺑ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﺳد

ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻳآ .

ﻲﻣ يﺮﻬﺷ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ

ﺖـﺻﺮﻓ ﻲـﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﻂﻳاﺮـﺷ ﻲـﺳرﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ

رد و ﻲﻳﺎـﺳﺎﻨﺷ ار ﺎﻫﺪـﻳﺪﻬﺗ و ﺎـﻫ

ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ر يﺰﻳ ﺎﻫ ﺪﻫد راﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗدرﻮﻣ )

،نﺎﮕﺟرﺎﻛ ﻲﺳﺎﺒﻋ 1395

: 147 (.

ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺮﻫ رد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺖﻌﻴﺒﻃ

ﻣاﻮﻋ زا ﺮﺛﺄﺘﻣ يا ﻦﻴـﻨﭽﻤﻫ و يدﺎﺼـﺘﻗا و ﻲـﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻪـﺘﻓﺎﺑ ﻢﻫرد و هﺪﻴﭽﻴﭘ ﻞ

و ﻲـﮔﮋﻳ يﺎـﻫ

ﻲﻣ دﻮﺧ بوﺬﺠﻣ ار ناﺮﮕﻳد ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻓاﺮﻐﺟ

ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ رد و ﺪﻨﻛ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ

ﺎﻫ

ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ دراﻮﻣ ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ

ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ )

،ﺰﻨﻴﻜﻨﺟ و لﺎﻫ

1392 : 11 .(

ﻂﺧ ،ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ يﺪﻨﻤﻧاﻮﺗ ﻲﻠﺻا ﻞﻣﺎﻋ رﺎﻬﭼ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ يارﻮﺷ

ﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ ﺖـﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ يﺪـﻨﻤﻧاﻮﺗ ،ﻲﺸـﻣ ،يﺮ

ز ﺖﺧﺎﺳﺮﻳ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ياﺮﺑ ﺪﺼﻘﻣ ﻚﻳ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﺐﺒﺳ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻠﺻا نﺎﻛرا زا ار ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ و ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ و ﺎﻫ ـﻣ

ﻲ ﻲـﻓﺮﻌﻣ ،دﻮـﺷ

ﺖﺳا هدﺮﻛ )

،نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ﻲﻧﺎﺧ ﻲﻠﻌﻏاﺮﭼ 1399

: 1073 .(

ﺶـﺷ ﻪـﻛ ﺪﻧﺪﻴـﺳر ﻪـﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رد ﺰﻴﻧ ﮓﻨﭘ و ﮓﻧﺎﻴﻫ

ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻪﺑذﺎﺟ ﺎﻫ ﻞﻤﺣ ، ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ،ﻞﻘﻧو

ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ رازﺎﺑ ،ﺖﻴﻨﻣا ،ﺎﻫ

ﻢـﻬﻣ ﻲـﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻞـﻣاﻮﻋ و

يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ هزﻮـﺣ رد ﻞـﻣاﻮﻋ ﻦﻳﺮـﺗ

ﺪـﻧا

Huang. & Peng, 2012: 458) .(

ﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺪﻨﭼﺮﻫ ﻲ

يرﺎﻤﺷ

نآ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ و ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ و ﺪﻧراد ﺶﻘﻧ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ رد

يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ،ﺎﻫ ﻞﻜـﺷ ار

ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻫد

ترﺎﺒﻋ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ رد ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻪﺳ ﻲﻟو ،

زا ﺪﻧا :

ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ مدﺮﻣ ،ناﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ

و و ﻲﮔﮋﻳ يﺎﻫ ﺪﺼﻘﻣ ) و ﻲﻧاﻮـﻟا

،ﺖﺨﺑزوﺮﻴﭘ 1385

، 112 (

ﺖـﺳا هدﺮـﻛ ﻢﻴﺴـﻘﺗ ﻲـﻠﻛ هوﺮـﮔ ﻪـﺳ رد ار يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺶﻧارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و سﺮﻄﻓ زا ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رد :

ﻒـﻟا (

ﺎﺿﺎﻘﺗ ﺖﻤﺳ يﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ :

ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻪﺑ

ﻲﻣ قﻼﻃا أﺪﺒﻣ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ و ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ،يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا يﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ زا يا

دﻮـﺷ . يﺎـﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ

ا نﻮﭽﻤﻫ هﺰﻴﮕﻧ تارﺎـﻈﺘﻧا ،ﺖـﻏاﺮﻓ ناﺰﻴﻣ و ﺪﻣآرد ناﺰﻴﻣ و ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻓاﺮﻐﺟ ﻂﻳاﺮﺷ و مدﺮﻣ ﻦﻨﺳ و ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ،ناﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺮﻔﺳ يﺎﻫ

فﺮﺼﻣ و نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺳ

ﺖﺳﺎﻴ

ﻲﻣ نادﺮﮔ نﺎﻬﺟ جرﺎﺨﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻲﺗرﺎﻈﻧ و ﻲﻟﺎﻣ يﺎﻫ

ب ؛دﺮﻤـﺷﺮﺑ ناﻮﺗ (

ﻪـﺿﺮﻋ ﺖﻤـﺳ ﻞـﻣاﻮﻋ :

ﻪـﺑ

ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ

ﺬﭘ ﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ و ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ،يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا يﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ زا يا

ﻲﻣ قﻼﻃا ﺮﻳ

هﺰﻴﮕﻧا و تﺎﺤﻴﺟﺮﺗ رد ﻪﻛ دﻮﺷ

يﺎﻫ

ﺮﻳﺬـﭘ ﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪـﻘﻄﻨﻣ رد يدﺎﺼـﺘﻗا يﺎـﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ،ﻪـﻠﻤﺟزا ﺪﻨﺘﺴـﻫ راﺬﮔﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ دورو رد ناﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ .

ﻲﻣ

ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ناﺰﻴﻣ ،مدﺮﻣ ﻲﻌﻗاو ﺪﻣآرد ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﺗ

ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺢﻄﺳ ،ﻲﺟرﺎﺧ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ يراﺬﮔ

ﺖﺧﺎﺳﺮﻳز ،ﻲﮕﺘﻓﺎﻳ

يروﺎـﻨﻓ يﺎﻫ

تﺎﻋﻼﻃا

ﻞﻤﺣ ﺖﺧﺎﺳﺮﻳز ﺢﻄﺳ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ و تﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗرا و

تارﺮﻘﻣ و يدﺮﮕﻧﺎﻬﺟ لﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﻪﺿﺮﻋ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ و ﺖﺑﺎﻗر ناﺰﻴﻣ ،ﻞﻘﻧو

نﺎﺑﺰﻴﻣ رﻮﺸﻛ رد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا )

،نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و سﺮﻄﻓ 1400

: 4 .(

ج ( ﻲﻃﺎﺒﺗرا ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ :

زا ﻪﺘﺳد نآ ﻪﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲﻃﺎﺒﺗرا يﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ

ﻲﻣ قﻼﻃا يﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ

ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﺎﺑ رﻮﺸﻛ ود رد ﻪﻛ دﻮﺷ

ﺪﻧا . ،ﺮﻳﺬـﭘ ﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ رد ﺖﺳﺮﻓ ﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ تﺎﻐﻴﻠﺒﺗ ﻪﻠﻤﺟزا

تﺪﻣ ،زرا خﺮﻧ ﺮﻔﺳ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ و نﺎﻣز

) هﺎﺷ ،حﺎﻴﺳ و يدﺎﺑآ 1392

:(

.

ﻪﺑ

ﻲﺑ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻲﻠﻛرﻮﻃ

نآ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ و طﺎﺒﺗرا و ﺪﻧراد ﺶﻘﻧ رﻮﺸﻛ ﻚﻳ رد يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ رد يرﺎﻤﺷ

ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ،ﺎـﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﻞﻜﺷ ار يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ

ﺪﻫد .

دﺮﮔ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ رد ﻲﻠﺻا ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻪﺳ ترﺎﺒﻋ يﺮﮕﺷ

زا ﺪﻧا :

ﻲـﮔﮋﻳو ﻪـﻘﻄﻨﻣ مدﺮـﻣ ،ناﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ

يﺎـﻫ

ﺪﺼﻘﻣ . ترﺎﺒﻋ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ،ﻲﻠﻛ هﺎﮕﻧ ﻚﻳ رد زا ﺪﻧا

:

- ناﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ياﺮﺑ ﻲﺘﻣﺎﻗا و ﻲﻫﺎﻓر تﺎﻧﺎﻜﻣا دﻮﺟو

- ناﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ياﺮﺑ ﻲﻓﺎﻛ ﺖﻴﻨﻣا

- هدﺎﺟ دﻮﺟو دراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا و ﻊﻴﺳو يﺎﻫ

- ﻛاﺮﻣ رد ﻲﺘﺷاﺪﻬﺑ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ دﻮﺟو هدﺎﺟ ﻦﻴﺑ و ﻲﺘﻣﺎﻗا ﺰ

يا

ناﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ جوﺮﺧ و دورو ياﺮﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﻴﻧاﻮﻗ دﻮﺟو

ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ تﺎﻐﻴﻠﺒﺗ

ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻢﻴﻠﻗا و ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻂﻳاﺮﺷ

(9)

ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر درﻮﺧﺮﺑ )

،ﺖﺨﺑ زوﺮﻴﭘ و ﻲﻧاﻮﻟا 1385

: 21 .(

ﻚﻳ رد ﻊﻤﺟ ﺪﻨﺑ

ﻲﻣ ﻲﻠﻛ ي

ﺖﺧﺎـﺳﺮﻳز دﻮـﺟو ،ﻪـﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺮـﻫ يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ رد ﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ طﺮﺷ ﻦﻴﺘﺴﺨﻧ ﺖﻔﮔ ناﻮﺗ

يﺎـﻫ

رد ﻪﻧاﺮﺑﺪﻣ و ﻪﻧﻼﻗﺎﻋ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ و ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﺻﺮﻋ

ﺎﻫ

ﻦﻳا ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ و ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا و ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ،ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ي

ﺖﺳﺎﻫ . ياﺮـﺑ ﻂﻳاﺮـﺷ ﻦﻴﻣود

ﺶﻳﺎﻣآ ،يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻦﻴﻤﻀﺗ ﻪﺑذﺎﺟ

ﺎﻫ ﻪـﺑ ﻲـﺳﺮﺘﺳد ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳا ﻲﺗﺎـﻧﺎﻜﻣا و تﻼﻴﻬﺴـﺗ دﺎـﺠﻳا و ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ي

ﻪﺑذﺎﺟ ﺎﻫ ﺶﻴﺑ ار ﺪﻨﻛ نﺎﺳآ ﺶﻴﭘزا .

شور ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ

ﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻲﻔﻴـﺻﻮﺗ تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ هﺮﻣز رد ،ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺖﻴﻫﺎﻣ ظﺎﺤﻟزا و ﺖﺳا يدﺮﺑرﺎﻛ فﺪﻫ ﺮﻈﻧ زا ،ﺮ

-

ﺖـﺳا ﻲـﻠﻴﻠﺤﺗ .

شور

ﺰﻴﻧ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا يروآدﺮﮔ ﻪﻧﺎﺨﺑﺎﺘﻛ

ا

ﺖﺳا ﻲﻧاﺪﻴﻣ و ي .

ﻪﻧﺎﺨﺑﺎﺘﻛ شور رد

رد دﻮـﺟﻮﻣ كراﺪﻣ و دﺎﻨﺳا ﻪﺑ ﻪﻌﺟاﺮﻣ ﺎﺑ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ،يا

ﻪﻧﺎﺨﺑﺎﺘﻛ شور رد و ﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻨﻳا رد ﺮﺒﺘﻌﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ،ﺎﻫ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ هﺮﻬﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻞﻴﻤﻜﺗ و هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ زا ﻲﻧاﺪﻴﻣ

. ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ

ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ هوﺮﮔ ود زا ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد يرﺎﻣآ .

مود هوﺮـﮔ و يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ يﺎﻫﺪﺣاو نﺎﻴﻟﻮﺘﻣ و نﺎﻧﺎﺑﺰﻴﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ لوا هوﺮﮔ

ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ درﻮﻨﺠﺑ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ رﻮﻣا ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ نﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ .

ﻊﻳﺎﻨـﺻ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻞﻛ هرادا تﺎﻋﻼﻃا سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ د

و ﻲﺘـﺳ

داﺪﻌﺗ ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺷ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ نﺎﺘﺳا يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ 75

ﺎـﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧراد دﻮﺟو درﻮﻨﺠﺑ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﺢﻄﺳ رد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﺑذﺎﺟ و ﺰﻛﺮﻣ

دﻮﺟو بﺎﺴﺘﺣا 2

داﺪـﻌﺗ عﻮـﻤﺠﻣرد ناﺮﻛﻮﻛ لﻮﻣﺮﻓ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ و يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﺮﻫ رد لﻮﺌﺴﻣ و ﻲﻟﻮﺘﻣ ﺮﻔﻧ 300

ﻪﺑ ﺮﻔﻧ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ يرﺎﻣآ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ناﻮﻨﻋ

ﺐﺣﺎﺻ و نﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ مود هوﺮﮔ ياﺮﺑ يرﺎﻣآ

ﺎـﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ناﺮﻈﻧ

ﻲﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺮﻫ زا ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ رﻮﻣا )

ثاﺮﻴﻣ ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ ،ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ و ﻲﺘﺳد

،درﻮـﻨﺠﺑ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ و ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺷ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ

ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ و درﻮﻨﺠﺑ يراﺪﻧﺎﻣﺮﻓ ،ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺷ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ يراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا

ﻪﺟدﻮﺑو ( 10 ﻪﺑ ﺮﻔﻧ

ﺘﻧا يرﺎـﻣآ ﻪـﻧﻮﻤﻧ ناﻮـﻨﻋ و ﺪﻧﺪـﺷ بﺎـﺨ

عﻮﻤﺠﻣرد داﺪﻌﺗ 50 ﻪﺑ ﺮﻔﻧ

ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ شور زا ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ رد و ﺪﻧﺪﺷ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا هوﺮﮔ ﻦﻳا ياﺮﺑ يرﺎﻣآ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ناﻮﻨﻋ

ﻲﻟﺎـﻤﺘﺣا ﺮﻴﻏ يﺮﻴﮔ

ﻪﻴﻤﻬﺳ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ داﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﻛ يا ﺪﺷ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ،ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ ﻦﻴﺼﺼﺨﺘﻣ زا و ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻞﺒﻗ زا ﺎﻫ

. ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ رد

ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﻒﻴﻃ تﺮﻜﻴﻟ ﻲﺣاﺮﻃ

ﺪﺷ و ﻲﻳاور ﺮﻈﻧدرﻮﻣ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﺑ

ور ش ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ا ي ﻂﺳﻮﺗ 15 ﺮـﻔﻧ زا ﺪﻴﺗﺎـﺳا و نﺎـﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ ﻪـﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ

ر يﺰـﻳ يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ و

ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ر يﺰﻳ مﺎﺠﻧا يﺮﻬﺷ ﺪﺷ

و ﻲﻳﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸـﺳﺮﭘ ﺎـﻫ

ﺰـﻴﻧ ﺎـﺑ يﺎـﻔﻟآ خﺎـﺒﻧوﺮﻛ )

934 / 0 و ناﺪﻧوﺮﻬـﺷ ياﺮـﺑ 849

/ 0 ياﺮـﺑ

نﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ (

ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷ ﺮﻫ يﺎﻫ

2 راﺮـﻗ ﻲﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ًﻼﻣﺎﻛ ﺢﻄﺳ رد ﻲﻳﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﻈﻧ زا ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ دﺎـﻤﺘﻋا ﺖـﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ و دراد

) ﻲﻳﺎﻳﺎﭘ ( ﻞﻣﺎﻋ

ﻲـﻣ ﺪـﻴﺋﺎﺗ درﻮـﻣ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸـﺳﺮﭘ تﻻاﺆـﺳ ﻞـﻛ و ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ يﺎﻫ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ

. ﻪـﺑ

ﻪـﻳﺰﺠﺗ رﻮـﻈﻨﻣ هداد ﻞـﻴﻠﺤﺗو

يﺎـﻫ

ﻊﻤﺟ يروآ

مﺮـﻧ زا يﺮﻬـﺷ يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﺮـﺑ ﺮﺛﻮـﻣ ﻞـﻣاﻮﻋ ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ و ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ زا هﺪﺷ

راﺰـﻓا هﺮـﻬﺑ SPSS

ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ .

ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗو ﻪﺋارا يﺎﻫ ﻚﻴﻨﻜﺗ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ هﺪﺷ ،نﻮـﺳﺮﻴﭘ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ،ﻦﻣﺪﻳﺮﻓ نﻮﻣزآ يرﺎﻣآ يﺎﻫ

هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ نﺎﻴﻣ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ و يﺪﻨﺑ لﺪﻣ ﺖﻬﺟ هدﺎﺳ ﻲﻄﺧ نﻮﻴﺳﺮﮔر

ﺖـﺳا هﺪﺷ .

ﺺﺧﺎـﺷ رد ﺶﻫوﮋـﭘ يﺎـﻫ

لوﺪﺟ 1 ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هدروآ .

(10)

137

لوﺪﺟ 1 . ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ

ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻪﻳﻮﮔ

ﻊﺒﻨﻣ

يدﺎﺼـﺘﻗا ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ - ﻲﺘﺧﺎﺳﺮﻳز ﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﺖ

ﺖﻴﻓﺮﻇ و ﺎﻫ

ﺐﺴﻛ دﺎﺠﻳا ،يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ يﺎﻫ

،ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﻲﻠﻐﺷ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ و رﺎﻛو

،يﺮﻬـﺷ يرﺎـﻤﻌﻣ ﺖـﻴﻔﻴﻛ و ﻲﻳﺎـﺒﻳز ،يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ يﺎﻫداﺪﻳور تﻼﻴﻬﺴﺗ و تاﺰﻴﻬﺠﺗ ﺖﺧﺎﺳﺮﻳز ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ

هدﺎﺟ يﺎﻫ ندﻮﺑ ﺎﻴﻬﻣ ،ناﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ يﺎﺿﺎﻘﺗ ﺎﺑ تﺎﻧﺎﻜﻣا يﺎﻫﺮﮔﺎﻤﻧ ،يا

ﺖﺧﺎﺳﺮﻳز

،يزرا و ﻲﻜﻧﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ

،يﺪــﺳا و ﺪــﻳوﺎﺟ 1396

- ﺪــﻳوﺎﺟ ،نارﺎــﻜﻤﻫ و

1394 - ،يداﻮﺟ و رﻮﭘ ﻲﺑاﺮﻬﺳ 1393

- و ﻲﺒﻟﺎﻃ

،نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ 1396 - ،نارﺎـﻜﻤﻫ و توﺮﻣ 1397

-

،ﺎﻴﻧ ﺖﻤﻜﺣ 1399 -

ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ -

ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا

نﺎﻤﻬﻣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ،ﺖﻴﻨﻣا ،ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧا يوﺮﻴﻧ شزﻮﻣآ

،ﻪـﻘﻄﻨﻣ مﻮﺳر بادآ و ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ،يزاﻮﻧ

عﻼﻃا

ﻲﻳﺎﻧاﻮﺗ درﻮﻣ رد تﺎﻐﻴﻠﺒﺗ و ﻲﻧﺎﺳر

ﻪﺑذﺎﺟ و ﺎﻫ ﺷدﺮﮔ يﺎﻫ ندﻮـﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ،ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ يﺮﮕ

،ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻲﻠﺤﻣ مدﺮﻣ ﻲﻫﺎﮔآ ﺢﻄﺳ

،يﺪـــﺳا و ﺪـــﻳوﺎﺟ 1396

- ،دﺎﺸـــﻟد 1396 -

،ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺎــﺳ و نﺎﺸــﻓارﺬﺑ 1399

- ،ﺎــﻴﻧ ﺖــﻤﻜﺣ

1399 -

يدﺎـﻬﻧ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ -

ﻲﺘﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ

ﻪـﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ زا ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ،ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ و ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ

ﻪـﺑ ﺖـﻟود ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ناﺰـﻴﻣ ،يﺮﮕـﺷدﺮﮔ يﺎـﻫ

ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ

ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ و يﺰﻳر

ﻤﺣ ،يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺶﺨﺑ رد يراﺬﮔ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺖﻳﺎ

و ﻲـﺘﻟودﺮﻴﻏ يﺎﻫ

يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ و يﺮﻬﺷ ناﺮﻳﺪﻣ و نﻻﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻊﻳﺮﺳ و ﺢﻳﺮﺻ ﻲﻳﻮﮕﺑاﻮﺟ ،ﻪﻃﻮﺑﺮﻣ يﺎﻫدﺎﻴﻨﺑ

،صﺎﺧ قﺎﻔﺗا زوﺮﺑ و ناﺮﺤﺑ ترﻮﺻ رد

،يﺪــﺳا و ﺪــﻳوﺎﺟ 1396

- ،نارﺎــﻜﻤﻫ و ﺪــﻳوﺎﺟ

1394 - ،ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺎـﺳ و نﺎﺸﻓارﺬﺑ 1399

- ﺖـﻤﻜﺣ

،ﺎﻴﻧ 1399 -

ﻞـــــــــــﻣاﻮﻋ ﺖﺴﻳز ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﺴﻳز تارﺮﻘﻣ

ﺖﻴﻓﺎﻔﺷ ،ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ

ﺖﺴـﻳز تارﺮـﻘﻣ يراﺪﻳﺎﭘ و

ﺪـﻴﻛﺄﺗ ناﺰـﻴﻣ ،ﻲـﻄﻴﺤﻣ

ﻪـﺑ ﻲـﻠﺤﻣ مدﺮـﻣ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ،ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ،راﺪﻳﺎﭘ تﺮﻓﺎﺴﻣ و يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ ﺮﺑ ﺖﻟود ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻆﻔﺣ و راﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ بآ و ﻢﻴﻠﻗا تاﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ،ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ و ﺖﺴﻳز

،اﻮﻫو ،نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و توﺮﻣ

1397 - ،ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺎﺳ و نﺎﺸﻓارﺬﺑ

1399 - ،ﺎﻴﻧ ﺖﻤﻜﺣ 1399

-

ﻣدرﻮﻣ هدوﺪﺤﻣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄ

ظﺎﺤﻟزا ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻓاﺮﻐﺟ درﻮﻨﺠﺑ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ

رد هﺮﺘﺴﮔ لﺎﻤﺷ ﻲﻗﺮﺷ ناﺮﻳا ﻦﻴﺑ 57 ﻪﺟرد و 17 ﻪـﻘﻴﻗد ﺎـﺗ 57 ﻪـﺟرد و 28

ﻪﻘﻴﻗد لﻮﻃ ﻲﻗﺮﺷ و 37 ﻪﺟرد و 13 ﻪﻘﻴﻗد ﺎﺗ 37 ﻪﺟرد و 50 ﻪﻘﻴﻗد ضﺮﻋ ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺷ ﻊﻗاو هﺪـﺷ ﺖـﺳا . ﻪـﺑ درﻮـﻨﺠﺑ نﺎﺘـﺳﺮﻬﺷ

،درﻮﻨﺠﺑ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺖﻳﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﺶﺨﺑ

ﺎﻫ نﺎﺘﺳا ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺷ و يﺰﻛﺮﻣ ي رﻮﺸـﻛ ﺎـﺑ لﺎﻤـﺷ زا و هداد صﺎﺼﺘﺧا دﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ار ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺷ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ

ﻪﺑ بﻮﻨﺟ زا و نﺎﻘﻠﻤﺳ و ﻪﻧﺎﻣ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﺑ بﺮﻏ زا ،ناوﺮﻴﺷ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﺑ قﺮﺷ زا ،نﺎﺘﺴﻨﻤﻛﺮﺗ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ

ﺎـﻫ و ﻦﻳاﺮﻔـﺳا ي

دوﺪﺤﻣ مﺮﺟﺎﺟ ﻣ

ﻲ دﻮﺷ . دوﺪﺣ ﺖﺣﺎﺴﻣ ﺎﺑ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﻳا 6563

ﻊﺑﺮﻣﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﻴﻛ 2

،ﺮﻬﺷ 2 ،ﺶـﺨﺑ 8 و نﺎﺘﺴـﻫد 153

يدﺎـﺑآ

د درا . نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﻳا رد

لﺎﺣ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ياراد 2 ﺶﺨﺑ ) يﺰﻛﺮﻣ و نﺎﺨﻣﺮﮔ ( و 5 نﺎﺘﺴﻫد )

،نﺎﺨﻣﺮﮔ

،نﺎﻔﻴﮔ

،ﻮﻠﻧارﺪﺑ

،نﺎـﻣا ﺎـﺑﺎﺑ

غادﻻآ ( ﺖﺳا و ﻦﻳﺮﺧآ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ يرﺎﻤﺷﺮﺳ

ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ سﻮﻔﻧ و ﻦﻜﺴﻣ لﺎﺳ 1395 ياراد 324083 ﺮﻔﻧ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ

.ﺖﺳا

ﻞﻜﺷ 1 . ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣدرﻮﻣ هدوﺪﺤﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻓاﺮﻐﺟ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ

(11)

لوﺪﺟ 2 . ذﺎﺟ عاﻮﻧا ﻪﺑ نﺎﺴﻧا و ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ يﺮﮕﺷدﺮﮔ يﺎﻫ درﻮﻨﺠﺑ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ رد �