ﺳ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ و رﺎﮐ و زﺎﺳ ﯿ
ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎ ز ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ رد
ﯾ ﺘﺴ ﯽ كﺎﺧ و بآ
ﺴﺣ ﯿ ﻦ ﺧ ﯿ مﺎﻓﺮ
،1
،*
ﯽﻗدﺎﺻ ﺎﺿرﺪﯿﻤﺣ ﺪﯿﺳ 2
و1 -*
ﻣ هﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ ﺌﺴ لﻮ ، رﺎﯾدﺎﺘﺳا
، يرادﺰﯿﺨﺑآ ﯽﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ و مﻮﻠﻋ يﺮﺘﮐد -
كﺎﺧ و بآ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ هوﺮﮔ ،
ﺖﺴﯾز ﻂﯿﺤﻣ مﻮﻠﻋ ،
هﺪﮑﺸﻫوﮋﭘ
ﻪﯿﻣورا ﻪﭼﺎﯾرد تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﯿﻣورا هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،
، ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار ) [email protected]
(
-2
دﺎﺘﺳا ، كﺎﺧ و بآ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﯽﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ يﺮﺘﮐد
، هوﺮﮔ
،يرادﺰﯿﺨﺑآ ﯽﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد
،ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد
سرﺪﻣ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ ،
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار ) [email protected]
(
هﺪﯿﮑﭼ
ﻌﺳ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ رد ﯽ
رﺎﮑﻫار ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ي
ﻮﻧ ﯾ ﻦ ز و ﯾ ﺘﺴ ﯽ ﺮﺨﺗ رﺎﻬﻣ رد ﯾ
ﺐ ﻣز ﯿ ﻦ ﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﺮﺑ ي ﻘﻠﺗ ﯿ ﺢ ﺤﻄﺳ ﯽ ﺳ ﯿ ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎ
ﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﯽ ﺒﺗ ﻦﻤﺿ و هﺪﺷ ﯿﯿ
ﻦ ﺮﺸﺗ و ﯾ ﺢ ﺳ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﯿ ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎ ﺪﻣ و كﺎﺧ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ رد ﯾﺮ
ﯾ ﺖ ﺤﻄﺳ بﺎﻧاور ﯽ
، ﺷراﺰﮔ ﻪﺻﻼﺧ ﯽ
زا
ﺎﺘﻧ ﯾ ﺞ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺎﻫ ي ا رد ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﯾ ﻦ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ .دﻮﺷ ﻪﺋارا ﻪﻄﺑار ﯾﺎ
ﻪﺘﻓ ﺎﻫ ي ﻌﻤﺟ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﯿ
ﺖ ﺳ ﯿ ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎ ﺿارا رد ﯽ ﺮﺨﺗ ﯾ ﺐ
ﺴﺑ هﺪﺷ ﯿ رﺎ ﺜﮑﺗ ،جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ هدﻮﺑ ﻢﮐ ﯿ
ﺮ ﻘﻠﺗ و ﯿ ﺢ ز داﺪﻌﺗ و ﻢﺠﺣ دﺪﺠﻣ ﯾ
دﺎ ي ) ﻟ رد لﻮﻠﺳ1010 ﯿ ﺮﺘ ﺳ زا ( ﯿ ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎ ﻪﺑ
ﻨﻏ نﺎﮑﻣا ،كﺎﺧ ﯽ
زﺎﺳ ي ﻋﻮﻨﺼﻣ ﯽ ﻌﻤﺟ ﯿ ﺖ نآ ﺳ .ﺪﺷ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ كﺎﺧ رد ﺎﻫ ﯿ
ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎ ي ﻘﻠﺗ ﯿ ﺢ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻪﺑ هﺪﺷ كﺎﺧ
زا
ﺮﻃ ﯾ ﻖ ﻠﭘ تﺎﺤﺷﺮﺗ ﯽ
رﺎﮐﺎﺳ ﯾ ﺪ ي ﺻﺎﺧ ،دﻮﺧ ﯿ ﺖ مرﻮﺗ ﺬﭘ ﯾﺮ ي ﺠﺗرا و ﺎ ﻟﻮﻠﺳ ع ﯽ
، ر تارذ ﻪﺑ لﺎﺼﺗا ﯾﺰ
ﺮﻃ زا كﺎﺧ ﯾ
ﻖ ﺻﺎﺧ ﯿ ﺖ
ﮐﺎﻨﺒﺴﭼ ﯽ ﻟﻮﻠﺳ ﯽ و ﻢﻫ ﻨﭼ ﯿ ﻦ ﺜﮑﺗ ﯿ ﺮ ﻪﮑﺒﺷ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ا
ي ﺑ رد ﯿ ﻦ ﺎﻫﺎﻀﻓ ي ﺑ ﯿ ﻦ كﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ لﺎﺼﺗا و هرذ ﻪﻧاد
ﻠﻋ ،ﺎﻫ ﯽ ﻢﻏر بآ بﺬﺟ
ﺷﺎﻧ ﯽ ﮔﺪﻧرﺎﺑ زا ﯽ نﺎﻣز رد ﺎﻫ ي ﻟوا ﯿ ﻪ ا و ﯾ دﺎﺠ ﻣ ﯿ لﺎﻧﺎﮐوﺮﮑ ﺎﻫ ي ﺤﻄﺳ ﯽ اﺰﻓا ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ،كﺎﺧ ﯾ
ﺶ ﺬﭘذﻮﻔﻧ ﯾﺮ ي ﺘﻧ رد و كﺎﺧ ﯿ
ﻪﺠ
ﻟﻮﺗ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﯿ ﺪ ﺤﻄﺳ بﺎﻧاور ﯽ
، ا ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﯾ دﺎﺠ ﯾ ﮏ ﻻ ﯾﻪ ﺘﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﯽ ﺑ لﺎﺼﺗا و ﯿ ﻦ هرذ ا ي اﺮﺑ ي كﺎﺧ ﻪﻧاد ﺮﻃ زا ﻪﮐ هﺪﺷ ﺎﻫ ﯾ
ﻖ
اﺰﻓا و نارﺎﺑ تاﺮﻄﻗ نﺎﻤﺷﺎﭘ ﺮﺛا ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﯾ
ﺶ ﺘﻣوﺎﻘﻣ ﺶﻨﺗ ﯽ
نآ ﻣ كﺎﺧ و بآ ﺖﻓررﺪﻫ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﺎﻫ ﯽ
ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻊﻤﺟ . ﺪﻨﺑ ي
ﺎﺘﻧ ﯾ ﺞ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﯿ ﺰ ﮐﺎﺣ ﯽ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ زا ﺎﺗ96
ﺪﺻرد99 ي اﺮﺷ رد كﺎﺧ و بآ ﺖﻓررﺪﻫ رد ﯾ
ﻂ ﻘﻠﺗ ﯿ ﺢ ﺳ ﯿ ﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎ ﺎ ﻪﺑ
ا اﺬﻟ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ كﺎﺧ ﯾ
دﺎﺠ ﻪﺘﺳﻮﭘ ﺎﻫ ي ز ﯾ ﺘﺴ ﯽ ﻋﻮﻨﺼﻣ ﯽ ﺿارا رد ﯽ ﺮﺨﺗ ﯾ ﺐ هﺪﺷ ﺮﻃ زا ﯾ ﻖ ﻘﻠﺗ ﯿ ﺢ ﺳ ﯿ ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎ ي ﻣﻮﺑ ﯽ ﻣﺎﮔ ﯽ
ﻮﻧ ﯾ ﻦ ﺎﺘﺳار رد ي ﺘﺳد ﯿ ﺑﺎ ﯽ ﺎﻫرﺎﮑﻫار ﻪﺑ ي مﻮﺑ نﺎﮔزﺎﺳ ﺣا و ﻆﻔﺣ رﻮﺤﻣ ﯿ
ءﺎ ﻣز ﯿ ﻦ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ .
:يﺪﯿﻠﮐ نﺎﮔژاو ﺣا
ﯿ ءﺎ ز ﯾ ﺘﺴ ﯽ ز ﻪﺘﺳﻮﭘ ،كﺎﺧ ﯾ
ﺘﺴ ﯽ ﻘﻠﺗ ،كﺎﺧ ﯿ ﺢ ﻣ ﯿ ﺑوﺮﮑ ﯽ
، .كﺎﺧ و بآ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ
- 1 ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ مﻮﺑ يراﺪﯾﺎﭘ و ﯽﯾاﺬﻏ ﺖﯿﻨﻣا ﺪﯾﺪﻬﺗ نﺎﮔزﺎﺳ
ﺶﻟﺎﭼ زا ﺎﻫ ﻦﯿﻣز ﺐﯾﺮﺨﺗ زا ﯽﺷﺎﻧ ﯽﻧﺎﻬﺟ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ ) ﺪﺷﺎﺑ Kheirfam ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و
ﻪﺻﺮﻋ زا ﯽﯾاﺬﻏ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ و كﺎﺧ ،بآ ﺖﻓررﺪﻫ ،ﻦﯿﺑ ﻦﯾا رد .(ﻒﻟا2017 هﺪﯾﺪﭘ و ﺖﺳدﻻﺎﺑ ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺎﻫ
بﻮﺳر و ﻞﯿﺳ يﺎﻫ رد يراﺬﮔ
ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳد
ﻪﯾﺎﻤﻧ زا ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ نوﺮﺑ و نورد يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ ﻦﯿﻣز ﺐﯾﺮﺨﺗ يا ﺶﻫﺎﮐ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
هﺮﻬﺑ يﺪﺻرد50 رد ﯽﺿارا يرو
ررﺪﻫ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ﯽﻧﺎﻬﺟ سﺎﯿﻘﻣ ﺖﻓ
فﻼﺗا و لﺎﺳ رد كﺎﺧ ﻦﺗ درﺎﯿﻠﯿﻣ75 ﻪﻧاﺮﺳ) يرﻻد درﺎﯿﻠﯿﻣ400
(نﺎﺴﻧا ﺮﻫ يازا ﻪﺑ رﻻد70
) هدﻮﺑ ﻦﯿﻣز ﺐﯾﺮﺨﺗ سﻮﺴﺤﻣ تاﺮﺛا زا Eswaran
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﻪﮐ (2001
ﻦﺗ درﺎﯿﻠﯿﻣ ود زا ﺶﯿﺑ ﻪﻧﻻﺎﺳ ﺖﻓررﺪﻫ ﺰﯿﻧ ناﺮﯾا ياﺮﺑ
و كﺎﺧ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ شارﺰﮔ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ترﺎﺴﺧ رﻻد درﺎﯿﻠﯿﻣ32
) Sadeghi ، (.2017 ﯽﻠﻋ ،ﺎﺘﺳار ﻦﯾا رد هدﺮﺘﺴﮔ تﺎﻣاﺪﻗا مﺎﺠﻧا ﻢﻏر
ﯽﺘﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﯽﻨﻓ و ﻪﻫاﺮﺑآ ﺮﯿﺴﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ ﺎﺑ هﺪﺷ ﺐﯾﺮﺨﺗ ﯽﺿارا ءﺎﯿﺣا و ﻦﯿﻣز ﺐﯾﺮﺨﺗ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ياﺮﺑ دﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻪﻧﺎﺧدور و ﺎﻫ
،ﺎﻫ
ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﯽﻓﺎﮐﺎﻧ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ زا ﯽﺷﺎﻧ ﻪﮐ هﺪﺸﻧ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﯽﺳﻮﺴﺤﻣ يﺎﻫ و
مﺪﻋ يور ﯽﺘﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ ﻟوا ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ
ﯿ ﻪ آﺮﻓ ﯾ ﺪﻨ ﺎﺳﺮﻓ ﯾ ﺶ ﺑآ ﯽ
ﻪﻨﻣاد يور ﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ ﻟوا ناﻮﻨﻋ ﯿ ﻦ ﺮﺨﺗ مﺎﮔ ﯾ ﺐ ﺷﺎﻧ كﺎﺧ ﯽ ژﺮﻧا زا ي ﺸﺒﻨﺟ ﯽ نارﺎﺑ تاﺮﻄﻗ ﯽﻣ
) ﺪﺷﺎﺑ Lobry de Bruyn ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و
ﻪﻨﻣاد كﺎﺧ ﺐﯾﺮﺨﺗ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ و يراﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺎﺘﺳار ﻦﯾا رد .(2017 ﺖﯿﺒﺜﺗ دﺮﺑرﺎﮐ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ﺎﻫ
هﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﯽﻧدوﺰﻓا و ﺎﻫ دﺪﻌﺘﻣ يﺎﻫ
كﺎﺧ ،ﺎﻫدﻮﮐ ،ﯽﻧﺪﻌﻣ داﻮﻣ) شﻮﭘ
ﺎﻫ ﯽﻠﭘ ، هار ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا (ﯽﺘﺴﯾز لﺎﻏز و ﺎﻫﺮﻣ ﯽﻨﻓ يﺎﻫرﺎﮐ
- ) هدﻮﺑ ﯽﺘﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ Sadeghi
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و
و2015 كﺎﺧ ،ﯽﺘﻇﺎﻔﺣ يزروﺎﺸﮐ ﻞﯿﺒﻗ زا ﯽﺘﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ تﺎﻣاﺪﻗا رﺎﻨﮐ رد ﻪﮐ (2016
) قﺮﻗ و ﯽﺘﻇﺎﻔﺣ يزرو Piccoli
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و
ﺖﺳد ياﺮﺑ (2017 اﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ درﻮﻣ ﺐﯾﺮﺨﺗ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ رد راﺪﯾﺎﭘ كﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺑﺎﯾ
.ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ر ﯽﻠﻋ ،لﺎﺣ ﻦﯾا ﺎﺑ
ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ شراﺰﮔ ﻢﻏر
ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﯽﻧدوﺰﻓا دﺮﺑرﺎﮐ ياﺮﺑ ﺰﯿﻣآ ﺖﯾدوﺪﺤﻣ ﯽﺧﺮﺑ ،ﺎﻫ
زا ﯽﯾﺎﻫ ﺖﺴﯾز ،ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ،يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا تﺎﻈﺣﻼﻣ ﻞﯿﺒﻗ ،ﯽﺘﺷاﺪﻬﺑ ،ﯽﻄﯿﺤﻣ
نآ ﻊﯿﺳو دﺮﺑرﺎﮐ رد ﯽﺸﻟﺎﭼ يدوﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ يرﺎﮔﺪﻧﺎﻣ و يراﺪﯾﺎﭘ ،ﯽﺳﺮﺘﺳد ،يﺮﯾﺬﭘاﺮﺟا ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ
) ﺖﺳا هدروآ دﻮﺟو Rumpel
و ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ
ﻪﺑ .(2015 ﺖﯾدوﺪﺤﻣ ﺐﺒﺳ ًاﺮﯿﺧا ،مﻮﺳﺮﻣ يﺎﻫرﺎﮑﻫار ياﺮﺑ ﻪﺣوﺮﻄﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ناﺮﮔ دوﺪﻌﻣ رﺎﮑﻫار ي دﺮﺑرﺎﮐ
ﻦﻓ روآ ي ﺎﻫ ي
ﻢﻫ ﺎﺘﺳار ﺎﺑ دﺮﮑﯾور مﻮﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﮔزﺎﺳ ﻢﻫ نﻮﭼ ﻘﻠﺗ ﯿ ﺢ ﻢﯿﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺳ ﯿ ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻪﺑ
كﺎﺧ و ﻪﺋارا ار كﺎﺧ و بآ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ فاﺪﻫا ﺎﺑ
هدﺮﮐ نﻮﻣزآ ) ﺪﻧا
Kheirfam ﺎﮑﻤﻫ و
،نار ؛ﻒﻟا2017
Kheirfam ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و
؛ب2017 Sadeghi ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و
؛2017 Rossi و
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ ؛2017
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ وGao
؛2017 ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و مﺎﻓﺮﯿﺧ و1393
ﺶﻘﻧ ﻞﻣﺎﮐ ﻦﯿﯿﺒﺗ فﺪﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ اﺬﻟ .(1395
ﻪﺑ كﺎﺧ و بآ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ رد ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ،ﯽﺘﺴﯾز و ﻦﯾﻮﻧ رﺎﮑﻫار ﮏﯾ ناﻮﻨﻋ
شور ﻊﻤﺟ ،ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻊﻣﺎﺟ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ و يﺪﻨﺑ
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﯾﺎﻬﻧ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻪﻨﯿﻣز ﻦﯾا رد يﺪﯿﻠﮐ يﺎﻫ
.ﺪﺷ يﺰﯾر
- 2 ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ بآ و كﺎﺧ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺪﻨﯾآﺮﻓ
ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ هداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺎﻫ تﺎﺤﺷﺮﺗ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﯽﺤﻄﺳ ﺢﯿﻘﻠﺗ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا كﺎﺧ رد ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧا
ﯽﻠﭘ يﺪﯾرﺎﮐﺎﺳ ﯽﻠﭘ ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ هﺪﺷ
كﺎﺧ تادﻮﺟﻮﻣﺰﯾر ﺮﯾﺎﺳ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﯾاﺬﻏ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ ﻦﻤﺿ ﺎﻫﺪﯾرﺎﮐﺎﺳ نآ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا و يز
،ﺎﻫ
كﺎﺧ ﯽﮔﺪﯿﺒﺴﭼ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻪﻧاد
ﯽﻣ كﺎﺧ زا ﯽﯾﺎﻫرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ گرﺰﺑ و تارذ ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ و ﺮﮕﯾﺪﮑﯾ ﻪﺑ كﺎﺧ ﺰﯾر يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ و ﺎﻫ ) دﻮﺷ
Dorioz
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و يراﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﻦﻤﺿ رﻮﮐﺬﻣ ﺪﻨﯾآﺮﻓ .(1993
كﺎﺧ ﻪﻧاد ﺶﯾﺎﺳﺮﻓ ﻪﻧﺎﺘﺳآ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا و ﺎﻫ ) كﺎﺧ يﺮﯾﺬﭘ
Strauss و
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ فﺎﮑﺷ ﺰﯾر ،(2012
ﻪﺑ ار كﺎﺧ ﺢﻄﺳ رد يدﻮﻤﻋ يﺎﻫ ﻢﺠﺣ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ و كﺎﺧ رد يﺮﯾﺬﭘذﻮﻔﻧ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ هدروآ دﻮﺟو
ﯽﻣ نآ زا ﯽﺷﺎﻧ ﯽﺷﺮﺑ ﺶﻨﺗ و ﯽﺤﻄﺳ بﺎﻧاور ) دﻮﺷ
Miralles ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و
؛2011 Sadeghi ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و .(2017
ﺮﮕﯾد ﯽﯾﻮﺳ زا
كﺎﺧ لﺎﺼﺗا رد ﺮﺛﺆﻣ يﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ﻪﻧاد
ﮏﯾ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺐﻠﻏا ﺮﮕﯾد كﺎﺧ فاﺮﻃا رد هﺪﯿﺒﺴﭼ ترﻮﺻ
ﻪﻧاد ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ و ﺮﯿﺜﮑﺗ ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﺎﻫ
ﯽﻧﻮﻠﮐ يدﺎﻌﺑا شﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﺎﺑ و ﻪﺘﺷاد ار ﯽﻧﻮﻠﮐ هﺮﯿﺠﻧز ،ﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ دﺎﺠﯾا ار ﯽﻠﺼﺘﻣ ﻢﻫ هﺮﯿﺠﻧز .ﺪﻨﯾﺎﻤﻧ
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ شﺮﺘﺴﮔ و ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ يﺎﻫ
كﺎﺧ ﺰﯿﻧ ﻧاد ﻪ ﻪﺑ دﻮﺧ ﯽﮔﺪﻨﺒﺴﭼ ﺖﯿﺻﺎﺧ ﺎﺑ ار دﻮﺧ فاﺮﻃا يﺎﻫ كﺎﺧ و هدﺮﮐ ﻞﺼﺘﻣ ﻢﻫ
ﻪﻧاد درﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﺮﺛا رد ﯽﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ يراﺪﯾﺎﭘ ﺎﻫ
) ﺖﺷاد ﺪﻨﻫاﻮﺧ ﯽﺤﻄﺳ بﺎﻧاور ﯽﺷﺮﺑ ﺶﻨﺗ ﺎﯾ نارﺎﺑ تاﺮﻄﻗ Kheirfam
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﻢﻫ .(ب2017
ﺮﺑ هوﻼﻋ ﺎﺘﺳار ﻦﯾا رد ﻦﯿﻨﭼ
ﺷﺬﮔ ﺎﺑ كﺎﺧ ﻂﯿﺤﻣ رد ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ،ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺢﯿﻘﻠﺗ ندﺮﮐ ﯽﯾاﺮﺟا و دﺮﺑرﺎﮐ ﺖﯿﻠﺑﺎﻗ اﺬﻟ و هدﻮﺑ رﺎﮔﺪﻧﺎﻣ نﺎﻣز ﺖ
.دﺮﮐ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ فﺮﻃﺮﺑ ار ﺎﻫرﺎﮑﻫار ﺮﯾﺎﺳ يراﺪﯾﺎﭘﺎﻧ ﺖﯾدوﺪﺤﻣ ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﯽﻓﺮﻃ زا
ﺖﺴﯾز و يدﺎﯿﻨﺑ يﺎﻫ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﺑ و ﻪﺘﺷاد ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣﺎﻧ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد ﺖﺴﯾز ياﺮﺑ ﯽﯾﻻﺎﺑ ﺖﯿﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫد ﻪﻧﻮﮔ
يا رد ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﻪﮐ ﻦﯿﺑpH
ﺎﺗ رﺎﻬﭼ يﺎﻣد و 11
ﺎﺗ 10 ﻪﺟرد 55 ﯽﺘﻧﺎﺳ ي ﻢﻫ .ﺪﻧراد ار داﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ يﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ﻦﯿﻨﭼ
ﻪﻧﺎﻣﺎﺳ ﻦﺘﺷاد ﺐﺒﺳ ﻪﯾﺬﻐﺗ ي
ﯽﯾا
ﯽﻣ ﯽﻟآ داﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻧﺪﻌﻣ داﻮﻣ ﻞﯾﺪﺒﺗ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ،يﺰﺘﻨﺳﻮﺘﻓ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ كﺎﺧ تادﻮﺟﻮﻣﺰﯾر ﯽﯾاﺬﻏ داﻮﻣ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻋﻮﻧ ،ﻪﯾﺬﻐﺗﺮﮔد يز
ﺗ ﺮﺘﺴﺑ ﺶﯿﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ و ﺮﯿﺜﮑ نآ ﺮﺗ
ﯽﻣ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ ار ﺎﻫ .ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﻪﺧﺮﭼ ﺪﻨﯾآﺮﻓ ﻪﻘﻠﺣ ءﺎﯿﺣا و رﻮﻬﻇ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ًﺎﺘﯾﺎﻬﻧ رﻮﮐﺬﻣ يا
يﺪﻌﺑ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ تادﻮﺟﻮﻣ .ﺪﺷ ﺪﻨﻫاﻮﺧ نﺎﻫﺎﯿﮔ هﮋﯾو
- 3 شور كﺎﺧ و بآ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ رد ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا و ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ هﺮﻬﺑ تروﺮﺿ ﺐﺒﺳ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا و ﯽﺘﺴﯾز لدﺎﻌﺗ ظﺎﻔﺣ يﺎﺘﺳار رد ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺮﻫ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﺎﺑ رﺎﮔزﺎﺳ و ﯽﻣﻮﺑ يﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ زا يﺮﯿﮔ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ زا ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ،ﯽﺤﯿﻘﻠﺗ ﯽﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ راﺮﻘﺘﺳا نﺎﮑﻣا ﯽﻣ جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا ﺮﻈﻧﺪﻣ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ زا هﺪﺷ ﺖﺷادﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ
ﻦﯾا ياﺮﺑ .ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﺑ يرادﺮﺑ و ﯽﻓدﺎﺼﺗ ترﻮﺻ ﯽﺘﻧﺎﺳ ود ﺎﺗ ﺮﻔﺻ ﻖﻤﻋ زا
ﯽﻣ ﺖﺷادﺮﺑ يﺮﺘﻣ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻓﺮﻃ زا .دﻮﺷ
تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ،ﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ﮏﻧﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺶﻨﺗ و ﯽﺘﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﻪﺴﯿﮐ رد هﺪﺷ ﺖﺷادﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻠﭘ يﺎﻫ ) هﺪﺷ ﻞﯾﺮﺘﺳا ﻦﻠﯿﺗا Chamizo
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و
ﺶﯾﺎﻣزآ مﺎﺠﻧا زا ﻞﺒﻗ ﺎﺗ و ﻞﻘﺘﻨﻣ هﺎﮕﺸﯾﺎﻣزآ ﻪﺑ (2012 ﺟرد رﺎﻬﭼ يﺎﻣد رد ﺎﻫ
ﯽﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﻪ ﻪﮕﻧ داﺮﮔ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺲﭙﺳ .ﺪﻧﻮﺷ يراد يﺎﻫ
ﻢﮐ ﺮﻄﻗ ﺎﺑ تارذ ﻪﺑ ،ﻞﯾﺮﺘﺳا ًﻼﻣﺎﮐ دﻮﻫ ﺮﯾز رد كﺎﺧ ﯽﻠﯿﻣ ود زا ﺮﺗ
و يزﺎﺳاﺪﺟ ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ رد ﺎﻄﺧ و فاﺮﺤﻧا ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ياﺮﺑ و ﻞﯾﺪﺒﺗ ﺮﺘﻣ
ﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ مﺎﻤﺗ ،ﺎﻫ
ناﺰﯿﻣ ﻪﺑ كﺎﺧ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ طﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻢﻫ ﺎﺑ مﺮﮔ100
) ﺪﻧﻮﺷ Lecomte
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و .(2011
ياﺮﺑ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ يﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا و ﺖﺸﮐ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻂﯿﺤﻣ زا ﺎﻫ
ﻤﻋ ﯽﻣ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ﯽﻣﻮ .دﻮﺷ
ﻂﯿﺤﻣ ،رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﯾا ياﺮﺑ
ﺖﺸﮐ ﯽﻣﻮﻤﻋ يﺎﻫ Bold Basal
، ﻪﺑ وBG11 هﮋﯾو Chu10 ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻢﮐ ﺎﺑ و ﯽﯾارﺎﮐ
ﯽﻣ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ ) ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
Andersen ،
ﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺪﻨﯾآﺮﻓ .(2005 راﺮﻘﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ و كﺎﺧ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ زا مﺮﮔ ﮏﯾ يوﺎﺣ يﺮﺘﭘ فوﺮﻇ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻂﯿﺤﻣ ندﺮﮐ ﻪﻓﺎﺿا ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫﺮ
ﻞﻣﻻ يﺎﻫ رد20 ﯽﻠﯿﻣ 20 ﻞﻣﻻ يور ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ و ﺪﺷر زا ﺲﭘ و هﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا كﺎﺧ يور ﺮﺘﻣ ﺮﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﺑ ماﺪﻗا ﺎﻫ
ﺖﺨﯾر يﺎﻨﺒﻣ نآ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﺲﻨﺟ لﺎﻘﺘﻧا ﺲﭙﺳ و يرﻮﻧ پﻮﮑﺳوﺮﮑﯿﻣ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ﺎﻫ يﺎﻫ
ﺖﺸﮐ ﻂﯿﺤﻣ ﻪﺑ هﺪﺷ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﻊﯾﺎﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ ) Kheirfam ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و
.(ﻒﻟا2017 ﺲﻨﺟ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﺶﯿﺑ ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ﺪﯿﻔﻣ يﺎﻫ
هﺪﻧز ناﻮﺗ يﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺗ ﺢﺷﺮﺗ ناﻮﺗ ،ﯽﻧﺎﻣ
ﯽﻠﭘ هﺪﻨﺒﺴﭼ داﻮﻣ ﻪﮑﺒﺷ ﺪﺷر ،يﺪﯾرﺎﮐﺎﺳ
ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻪﺑ ﯽﯾاﺬﻏ داﻮﻣ ﻞﯾﺪﺒﺗ ،يا هﺮﺘﺴﮔ ،تادﻮﺟﻮﻣﺰﯾر ﺮﯾﺎﺳ ياﺮﺑ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻞﺑﺎﻗ يﺎﻫ
ﻀﺣ ﻢﻫ و ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ رد دﺎﯾز رﻮ يرﺎﻤﯿﺑ مﺪﻋ ﻦﯿﻨﭼ
ﯽﻣ تادﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺮﯾﺎﺳ و نﺎﺴﻧا ياﺮﺑ ندﻮﺑ از شراﺰﮔ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
ﻪﺳ ،ﺎﻫ
ﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ﺲﻨﺟ Nostoc sp.
، Oscillatoria sp.
و Lyngbya sp.
ﺶﯿﺑ ﻪﻨﯾﺰﮔ ﻦﯿﺑ رد ﺖﯿﺒﻟﺎﻏ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ ﺢﯿﻘﻠﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻬﻧ و ﻢﻬﻣ يﺎﻫ
) ﺪﻧراد ار Kheirfam ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و
؛ﻒﻟا2017 Kheirfam ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و
؛ب2017 Sadeghi ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و مﺎﻓﺮﯿﺧ ؛2017
و1393 .(1395 ﻪﺑ ﻘﻠﺗ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﯿ ﺢ ﺳ ﯿ ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎ ي ﺢﻄﺳ رد هﺪﺷ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا كﺎﺧ
ﺜﮑﺗ ﻪﺑ ماﺪﻗا ، ﯿﺮ
ﺳ ﯿ ﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎ ﺎﻫ داﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﺑ 1010 لﻮﻠﺳ
ﻟ رد ﯿ ﺮﺘ ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ ) Lutton ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و (2013
. ﻣ ﺖﯾﺎﻬﻧ رد ﻪﺑ ماﺪﻗا ﺢﯿﻘﻠﺗ ﻞﺤﻣ ﺖﺣﺎﺴﻣ و سﺎﯿﻘﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺘ
زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا
بآ نﺎﺸﻓ ﻢﺳ يﺎﻫﺎﻤﯿﭘاﻮﻫ ﺎﺗ دراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا يﺎﻫ ﯽﺷﺎﭘ
ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ﺢﯿﻘﻠﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﻢﺠﺣ ﺎﺑ
/5 و ﻊﺑﺮﻣﺮﺘﻣ ﺮﻫ رد ﺮﺘﯿﻟ0 ﯽﻣ
دﻮﺷ ) Sears و
Prithiviraj ،
؛2012 Kheirfam ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و
ب و ﻒﻟا2017 .(
- 4 رد ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ﺢﯿﻘﻠﺗ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ بﺎﻧاور ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ و كﺎﺧ ﺖﻓررﺪﻫ رﺎﻬﻣ
ﺺﺧﺎﺷ زا بﺎﻧاور ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ و كﺎﺧ ﺖﻓررﺪﻫ رﺎﻬﻣ ﺶﯾﺎﻣزآ رد ﻪﮐ هدﻮﺑ ﻦﯿﻣز ﺐﯾﺮﺨﺗ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ رد ﯽﻠﺻا يﺎﻫ
ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ دوﺪﺤﻣ يﺎﻫ
شراﺰﮔ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ شراﺰﮔ (ﺮﺿﺎﺣ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ًاﺮﺜﮐا) ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ﺢﯿﻘﻠﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ﺢﯿﻘﻠﺗ ،هﺪﺷ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ ﻣ ترﻮﺻ ﯽﻨﻌ ﻢﻫ و ﯽﺤﻄﺳ بﺎﻧاور ،بﻮﺳر ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ ،كﺎﺧ ﺖﻓررﺪﻫ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ رد هرﻮﺼﺘﻣ فاﺪﻫا سﻮﺴﺤﻣ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ و راد دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﻦﯿﻨﭼ
ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﯽﺧﺮﺑ ﻞﮑﺷ رد .ﺖﺳا هﺪﯿﺸﺨﺑ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ار جوا ﺎﺗ نﺎﻣز و جوا راﺪﻘﻣ ،بﺎﻧاور عوﺮﺷ نﺎﻣز ﻞﯿﺒﻗ زا بﺎﻧاور ﻢﻬﻣ يﺎﻫ
1
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد هﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ هﺪﯿﮑﭼ زا ﯽﯾﺎﻫرادﻮﻤﻧ رﻮﮐﺬﻣ يﺎﻫ
.ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا و جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا ﻞﮑﺷ رد هﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا رادﻮﻤﻧ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ
،1
ﻪﺑ ﯽﺤﯿﻘﻠﺗ يﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ﺎﺗ ار بﺎﻧاور جوا ﺎﺗ نﺎﻣز و عوﺮﺷ نﺎﻣز ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺖﯿﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ
و168 ﻢﻫ و ﺪﺻرد 32 ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻦﯿﻨﭼ
ﺎﺗ ار بﺎﻧاور جوا راﺪﻘﻣ و ﻢﺠﺣ و 96
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ .ﺪﻧراد ﺪﺻرد 83 ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﻃﻮﺑﺮﻣ يﺎﻫ ﯿﻧ ﻦﯿﺸﯿﭘ ي
ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﺰ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫد
هراﻮﯾد ﻂﺳﻮﺗ بآ بﺬﺟ رد ﯽﯾﻻﺎﺑ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ﯽﻋﺎﺠﺗرا ﺖﯿﻠﺑﺎﻗ و ﻪﺘﺷاد ﯽﻟﻮﻠﺳ يﺎﻫ
هراﻮﯾد ندﻮﺑ نآ ﯽﻟﻮﻠﺳ ي
ﺎﻫ
هﺮﯿﺧذ و ﻆﻔﺣ نﺎﮑﻣا لﻮﻠﺳ رد بآ ي
ﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ ﻦﯾﺪﻨﭼ ﺎﺗ ار ﺎﻫ
) ﺪﻫد Rossi ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﻢﻫ .(2015
ﻦﯿﻨﭼ
ﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ كﺎﺧ يﺎﻫ
كﺎﺧ فاﺮﻃا ﻪﺑ نﺪﯿﺒﺴﭼ ﻪﺑ يدﺎﯾز ﻞﯾﺎﻤﺗ و ﻪﺘﺷاﺪﻧ رﻮﻀﺣ كﺎﺧ دازآ يﺎﻀﻓ رد يز ﻪﻧاد
تﺎﺤﺷﺮﺗ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ﺎﻫ
ﯽﻠﭘ ﺪﻧراد دﻮﺧ يﺪﯾرﺎﮐﺎﺳ )
Rossi ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و كﺎﺧ حﻮﻄﺳ ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ اﺬﻟ .(2015
ﻪﻧاد تﺎﺤﺷﺮﺗ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا و هﺪﻧﺎﺷﻮﭘ ار ﺎﻫ
ﯽﻠﭘ كﺎﺧ ﺰﯾر تارذ فاﺮﻃا ﻪﺑ نﺪﯿﺒﺴﭼ ﻦﻤﺿ يﺪﯾرﺎﮐﺎﺳ ﻪﮑﺒﺷ ﺪﺷر ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ،
ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ يا ﻪﺑ ار كﺎﺧ ﺰﯾر تارذ زا يا
ترﻮﺻ
هﺮﯿﺠﻧز ﻪﺑ يا ) هدﺮﮐ ﻞﺼﺘﻣ ﻢﻫ Maqubela
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﺗرﻮﺻ رد و (2012
ﻢﻫ و ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﻪﮐ هﺮﯿﺠﻧز ترﺪﻗ ﻦﯿﻨﭼ
ﺎﻫ
كﺎﺧ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ دﺎﯾز ﻪﻧاد
گرﺰﺑ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ ار يﺮﺗ
ﻞﮑﺷ) ﺪﻨﻫد ﺎﯿﺳ يدﺎﻌﺑا شﺮﺘﺴﮔ ،ًﺎﺘﯾﺎﻬﻧ .(2
ﻪﮑﺒﺷ لﺎﺼﺗا و ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧ يﺎﻫ
ﮏﯾ ﻪﺑ راوﺮﯿﺠﻧز لﺎﻧﺎﮐ دﺎﺠﯾا ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺮﮕﯾد
ﯽﻠﯿﻣ ﺪﻨﭼ حﻮﻄﺳ رد ﻞﺨﻠﺨﺘﻣ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ كﺎﺧ يﺮﺘﻣ
) ﺪﻧﻮﺷ Belnap ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و .(2013
ﻪﯾﻮﻬﺗ و ﻞﺨﻠﺨﺗ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا يﺪﻨﯾآﺮﻓ ﻦﯿﻨﭼ ﻪﺑ ار كﺎﺧ ي
) دراد لﺎﺒﻧد Miralles
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و .(2011
ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋﻪﺑ بﻮﺳر ﺖﻈﻠﻏو كﺎﺧ ﺖﻓررﺪﻫ ناﺰﯿﻣ تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ- 1 ﻞﮑﺷ بﺎﻧاور جوا و جوا ﺎﺗ نﺎﻣز ،ﻢﺠﺣ ،عوﺮﺷ نﺎﻣز و كﺎﺧ ﺶﯾﺎﺳﺮﻓ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ شراﺰﮔ زا جﺮﺨﺘﺴﻣ) ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ﺢﯿﻘﻠﺗ نوﺪﺑ و ﺎﺑ ﻂﯾاﺮﺸﺳ رد ﯽﺤﻄﺳ بﺎﻧاور يﺎﻫ
) يﺎﻫ Kheirfam ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و
؛ب2017
Sadeghi ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و (2017
ﮐاﺪﺣ بﺬﺟ ﺖﯿﻠﺑﺎﻗ ،ﺖﯾﺎﻬﻧ رد هراﻮﯾد ﻂﺳﻮﺗ بآ يﺮﺜ
ﻢﻫ و ﯽﻟﻮﻠﺳ يا ﺰﯾر تارذ ﻊﯿﻤﺠﺗ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا كﺎﺧ ﻞﺨﻠﺨﺗ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﻦﯿﻨﭼ
ﺖﺷرد تارذ ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ و كﺎﺧ ﻢﻫ و كﺎﺧ ﺮﺗ
لﺎﻧﺎﮐ ﻦﯿﻨﭼ ﻢﮐ ،شرﺎﺑ عﻮﻗو نﺎﻣز رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻞﺨﻠﺨﺘﻣ يﺎﻫ
ناﺰﯿﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ
ﻪﺑ نارﺎﺑ بآ ﻪﺑ ذﻮﻔﻧ و ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻢﯿﻘﺘﺴﻣ هﺮﯿﺧذ و بﺬﺟ ﻪﻄﺳاو
ﻓا ﺐﺒﺳ ﻪﺑ ،ﻞﺨﻠﺨﺗ ﺶﯾاﺰ دﺎﺠﯾا ﯽﺤﻄﺳ بﺎﻧاور ترﻮﺻ
) ﺪﺑﺎﯾ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﺰﯿﻧ نآ جوا راﺪﻘﻣ ،بﺎﻧاور عوﺮﺷ نﺎﻣز ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﻦﻤﺿ و هﺪﺷ Belnap
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و .(2013
ﺎﺘﺳار ﻦﯾا رد ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ
Powell ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ (2015
ﺎﺗ12 ﺪﻨﭼ ﺮﻫ .ﺪﻧراد ار بآ بﺬﺟ ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ دﻮﺧ ﮏﺸﺧ نزو ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ20
Rodriguez-Caballero ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و
(2013 بﺎﻧاور ذﻮﻔﻧ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺮﺑ ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ﻢﯿﻘﺘﺴﻣﺮﯿﻏ و ﻢﯿﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ ﻦﻤﺿ
،ﯽﺤﻄﺳ هﺮﯿﺧذ و بﺬﺟ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ كﺎﺧ ﻞﺨﻠﺨﺗ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ هراﻮﯾد رد بآ ي
ﺶﻘﻧ ﯽﻟﻮﻠﺳ يﺎﻫ
ﺶﯿﺑ رد ،ﺖﺳا ﺮﮐذ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻪﺘﺒﻟا .دراد بﺎﻧاور ﺶﻫﺎﮐ رد يﺮﺗ ﯽﺗرﻮﺻ
ﺶﯿﺑ ﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﻪﮐ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ بﺬﺟ ﺖﺳا ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﺗ
هراﻮﯾد .ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد بﺎﻧاور ﻢﺠﺣ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ رد يﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺰﯿﻧ ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ﯽﻟﻮﻠﺳ يﺎﻫ ﻢﻫ
ﻨﭼ ﯿ ﻦ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺎﻫ ي ﭘ ﯿ ﺸ ﯿ ﻦ داد نﺎﺸﻧ
ﺳ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻪﮐ ﯿ
ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎ ﻪﺑ و
و ﯾ هﮋ ﻠﭘ تﺎﺤﺷﺮﺗ ﯽ
رﺎﮐﺎﺳ ﯾ ﺪ ي كﺎﺧ رد ﺎﻫ ي ﮕﻨﺳ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺎﺑ ﯿ
ﻦ ﻪﺑ اﺰﻓا و بآ بﺬﺟ ﺐﺒﺳ ﯾ
ﺶ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻞﺨﻠﺨﺗ
اﺰﻓا ﯾ ﺶ ﻟو هﺪﺷ بﺎﻧاور ﺶﻫﺎﮐ و ذﻮﻔﻧ ﯽ
ﻋ رد ﯿ ﻦ كﺎﺧ رد لﺎﺣ ﺎﻫ
ي ﺎﻀﻓ ندﺮﮐ ﻢﮐ ﺎﺑ ﮏﺒﺳ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺎﺑ ي
ذﻮﻔﻧ راﺪﻘﻣ ،دﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺬﻓﺎﻨﻣ
ار بآ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ اﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ ﯾ ﻂ ﺳ رﻮﻀﺣ نوﺪﺑ ﯿ
ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎ ﻢﮐ
ﺘﻧ رد و هدﺮﮐ ﺮﺗ ﯿ
ﻪﺠ اﺰﻓا ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﯾ ﺶ ) ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ بﺎﻧاور ﻢﺠﺣ Rodriguez-
Caballero ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و
.(2013
هوﻼﻋ ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ﺢﯿﻘﻠﺗ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد بﻮﺳر ﺖﻈﻠﻏ و كﺎﺧ ﺖﻓررﺪﻫ ناﺰﯿﻣ ،ﯽﺤﻄﺳ بﺎﻧاور يﺎﻫ
ﺎﺗ ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ
و 99 ﯽﻠﭘ داﻮﻣ زا يدﺎﯾز ﻢﺠﺣ ﺢﺷﺮﺗ ﺖﯿﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﯽﺤﯿﻘﻠﺗ يﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ .دراد ﺶﻫﺎﮐ نﺎﮑﻣا ﺪﺻرد 72 ﻪﮐ ﻪﺘﺷاد ار يﺪﯾرﺎﮐﺎﺳ
ﻪﺑ بﺬﺟ ﺎﺑ ﻢﯿﻘﺘﺴﻣ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﯾﻻ ﮏﯾ دﺎﺠﯾا و بآ
ار نارﺎﺑ تاﺮﻄﻗ نﺎﻤﺷﺎﭘ تاﺮﺛا يدوﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ كﺎﺧ ﺰﯾر تارذ فاﺮﻃا رد ﻆﻓﺎﺤﻣ ي
ﯽﻣ ﻞﯿﻠﻘﺗ ﺪﻨﻫد
) Kheirfam
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ب2017
ﻪﺑ .(
ﯽﻠﭘ ﻪﻧ) ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ دﻮﺧ ﺰﯿﻧ ﻢﯿﻘﺘﺴﻣﺮﯿﻏ ترﻮﺻ ﯽﺤﺷﺮﺗ يﺎﻫﺪﯾرﺎﮐﺎﺳ
نآ ﻪﮑﺒﺷ شﺮﺘﺴﮔ و كﺎﺧ تارذ فاﺮﻃا ﻪﺑ نﺪﯿﺒﺴﭼ ﺎﺑ (ﺎﻫ ﺠﻣ ﻦﯿﺑ رد يا
ﻪﻋﻮﻤ كﺎﺧ و تارذ يا ﻪﻧاد
ذﻮﻔﻧ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﻦﻤﺿ يﺎﻫ
كﺎﺧ و ﺮﺗﺰﯾر ﯽﻠﯿﺧ تارذ ﺖﻣوﺎﻘﻣ ،ﯽﺘﻇﺎﻔﺣ حﻮﻄﺳ دﺎﺠﯾا و بﺎﻧاور ﻪﻧاد
بﺎﻧاور ﯽﺷﺮﺑ ﺶﻨﺗ و نارﺎﺑ تاﺮﻄﻗ يوﺮﯿﻧ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ رد ﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ار ﯽﺤﻄﺳ ﺪﻨﻫد
) Rodriguez-Caballero ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و
.(2013
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رﺎﻨﮐ رد ﺮﺘﺴﮔ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ،ﻪﺣوﺮﻄﻣ يﺎﻫ
هد هﺮﻬﺑ ﻪﻨﯿﻣز رد ﯽﻧﺎﻬﺟ سﺎﯿﻘﻣ رد يا يﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ﺢﯿﻘﻠﺗ ﺖﯿﻠﺑﺎﻗ زا يﺪﻨﻣ
رد
ﻦﯿﻣز ءﺎﯿﺣا ﺮﯾﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ
و رﻮﺷ ) Nisha ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و (،2018
نﺎﺑﺎﯿﺑ ﺎﻫ ) Perera ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و (2018
ﮏﺸﺧ ﯽﺿارا و )
Muñoz-
Rojas ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و (2018
كﺎﺧ ﺖﯿﻔﯿﮐ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ، نﺎﺑﺎﯿﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ و
ﯽﯾاز ) Rossi ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ( 2017
و ﺖﯿﺒﺜﺗ و ﻦﺑﺮﮐ ﺐﯿﺳﺮﺗ
نژوﺮﺘﯿﻧ ) Muñoz-Rojas ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و
( 2018 ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﻪﮐ هﺪﺷ عوﺮﺷ زا ﯽﮐﺎﺣ ﺎﻫ
ﯽﺑﺎﯿﺘﺳد رد ﯽﺤﯿﻘﻠﺗ يﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ يﻻﺎﺑ ﺖﯿﻠﺑﺎﻗ
0 4 8 12 16
ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ﺢﯿﻘﻠﺗ نوﺪﺑ ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ﺢﯿﻘﻠﺗﺎﺑ بﺎﻧور و كﺎﺧ ﺖﻓررﺪﻫ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ رﺎﺘﻓر ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ﺢﯿﻘﻠﺗ نوﺪﺑ و ﺎﺑ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد
بﻮﺳر ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ) ﺮﺘﯿﻟ رد مﺮﮔ
( (مﺮﮔ) كﺎﺧ ﺖﻓررﺪﻫ 10 ﺮﺑ ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ (ﻪﯿﻧﺎﺛ) بﺎﻧاور عوﺮﺷ نﺎﻣز
بﺎﻧاور ﻢﺠﺣ ) ﺮﺘﯿﻟ ﯽﻠﯿﻣ ( ﺮﺑ ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ
1000 10 ﺮﺑ ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ (ﺮﺘﯿﻟ ﯽﻠﯿﻣ) بﺎﻧاور جوا 10 ﺮﺑ ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ (ﻪﻘﯿﻗد) بﺎﻧاور جوا ﺎﺗ نﺎﻣز
b
a
.ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ هرﻮﺼﺘﻣ فاﺪﻫا ﻪﺑ ﻞﮑﺷ رد
ﮑﺒﺷ شﺮﺘﺴﮔ و ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ﻪﺑ كﺎﺧ ﺰﯾر تارذ لﺎﺼﺗا هﻮﺤﻧ زا ﯽﭘﻮﮑﺳوﺮﮑﯿﻣ يﺎﻤﻧ2 ﻪ
يا
نآ كﺎﺧ لﺎﺼﺗا و ﺎﻫ ﻪﻧاد
ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ هﺮﯿﺠﻧز ﻪﮑﺒﺷ ﮏﯾ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ﺮﮕﯾﺪﮑﯾ هدﺮﺘﺴﮔ يا
ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ار .ﺪﻫد
هﺪﻨﺒﺴﭼ يﺎﻫهراﻮﯾد ﻪﺑ كﺎﺧ تارذ لﺎﺼﺗا يهﻮﺤﻧ و ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ زا يرﻮﻧ پﻮﮑﺳوﺮﮑﯿﻣ ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ2 ﻞﮑﺷ كﺎﺧ لﺎﺼﺗا و ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ي
ﻪﻧاد ﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ ﮏﯾ ﻪﺘﺷر ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ﺮﮕﯾد ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ يﺎﻫ
ﺶﯾﺎﻣزآ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ زا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔﺮﺑ) (نﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ يﺎﻫ
- 4 ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ يﺮﯿﮔ
راﺬﮔﺮﺛا ي ﺮﺳ ﯾ ﻊ رﺎﮔزﺎﺳ و ي مﻮﺑ ﺎﺑ اﺮﺟا رد ﺮﻈﻧ درﻮﻣ فاﺪﻫا ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا نﺎﮔزﺎﺳ ي
ﺪﻣ تﺎﻣاﺪﻗا ﯾﺮ
ﯾﺘ ﯽ اﺮﺑ مﺮﻧ ي و كﺎﺧ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ
بآ ﻦﯿﻣز ﺐﯾﺮﺨﺗ رﺎﻬﻣ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ رد و ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﯾ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ ي ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻣﻮﺑ يﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ﺢﯿﻘﻠﺗ ، ﺻ
حﻮﻄﺳ ﻪﺑ هدﺮﺘﺴﮔ ترﻮ
فﺪﻫ ﺎﺑ هﺪﺷ ﺐﯾﺮﺨﺗ ﯽﺿارا ﻪﺘﺳﻮﭘ ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ رد ﻊﯾﺮﺴﺗ
مﻮﺑ و ﺎﭘﻮﻧ ،ﻦﯾﻮﻧ يرﺎﮑﻫار ،ﯽﺘﺴﯾز ﯽﻋﻮﻨﺼﻣ يﺎﻫ ﺎﺘﺳار ﻦﯾا رد رﻮﺤﻣ نﺎﮔزﺎﺳ
ﯽﻣ ﯽﻠﭘ تﺎﺤﺷﺮﺗ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا كﺎﺧ ﺢﻄﺳ رد ﻊﺳﻮﺗ و راﺮﻘﺘﺳا زا ﺲﭘ ﯽﺤﯿﻘﻠﺗ يﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ تارذ فاﺮﻃا ﻪﺑ لﺎﺼﺗا ،يﺪﯾرﺎﮐﺎﺳ
ﺎﺧ لﺎﺼﺗا و كﺎﺧ ك
ﻪﻧاد ﮏﯾ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻪﮑﺒﺷ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ﺮﮕﯾد ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ،دﻮﺧ يا
اﺰﻓا ﯾ ﺶ ﺎﭘ و كﺎﺧ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻞﺨﻠﺨﺗ ﯾ
راﺪ ي ﻪﻧاﺪﮐﺎﺧ ﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ رﻮﮐﺬﻣ ﺪﻨﯾآﺮﻓ .ﺪﻧﻮﺷ و كﺎﺧ ﺖﻓررﺪﻫ
ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ يﺎﻫ
ﺤﻄﺳ بﺎﻧاور ﯽ
ﯽﮔﺪﻧرﺎﺑ ﯽﻃ رد هﺪﻨﯾﺎﺳﺮﻓ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ .ﺪﻧﻮﺷ اﺬﻟ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘﺳﻮﭘ يرﺎﮔﺪﻧﺎﻣ ﺐﺒﺳ ﺎﺑ هﺪﺷ دﺎﺠﯾا ﯽﺘﺴﯾز يﺎﻫ
رد هﺪﺷ ﺐﯾﺮﺨﺗ ﯽﺿارا ءﺎﯿﺣا نﺎﮑﻣا ،ﺎﻫﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑﻮﻧﺎﯿﺳ ﺖﯿﺒﻟﺎﻏ
هزﺎﺑ نﺎﯿﻣ ﯽﻧﺎﻣز يﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ تﺪﻣ
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺪﻨﭼﺮﻫ .دﻮﺷ سﺎﯿﻘﻣ رد دﺪﻌﺘﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ يروﺮﺿ ﺰﯿﺨﺑآ و ﻪﻨﻣاد يﺎﻫ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
- 5 ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ
(1 ﺧ ﯿ مﺎﻓﺮ
، ﻗدﺎﺻ ،.ح ﯽ
، .ح.س ﺎﻤﻫ ،.ر ﯽﯾ .م ، ﻋراز ﯽ ﮐراد ﯽ
، .ب كﺎﺧ تادﻮﺟﻮﻣﺰﯾر ﺶﻘﻧ .1393 رد يز
وﺮﺗ .كﺎﺧ ﺖﻓررﺪﻫ و بﺎﻧاور رﺎﻬﻣ ﯾ
ﺞ
ﺨﺑآ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﯿ
رادﺰ ي
، )2 (: 5 -19 . 25
(2 ﺧ ﯿ
،مﺎﻓﺮ ﻋراز ،.ح ﯽ ﮐراد ﯽ
، ﻗدﺎﺻ ،.ب ﯽ
، ﺎﻤﻫ ،.ر.ح.س ﯽﯾ
، .م كﺎـﺧ تادﻮـﺟﻮﻣﺰﯾر ﺮـﯿﺜﮑﺗ و ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ .1395 ز
ي رد هدﺎﻔﺘـﺳا ﺖـﯿﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﺎـﺑ
زروﺎﺸﮐ .بآ و كﺎﺧ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ ي
ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ مﻮﺑ ﯽ
، )6 :(1 -213 .226
(3 ﺧ ﯿ
،مﺎﻓﺮ ،.ح ﺎﻤﻫ ﯽﯾ
، ،.م ﻗدﺎﺻ ﯽ ،.ر.ح.س ﻋراز ﯽ ﮐراد ﯽ
، .ب . 1396 ﻨﻏ ﺶﻘﻧ ﯽ زﺎﺳ ي ز ﯾ ﺘﺴ ﯽ ﺮﻃ زا كﺎـﺧ ﻪﺘﺳﻮﭘ ـﯾ
ﻖ ـﻘﻠﺗ ﯿ ﺢ ﺮﺤﺗ و ـﯾ ﮏ
ﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑ ي ﺎﻫ اﺰﻓا رد ﯾ ﺶ ﻧ ﯿ نژوﺮﺘ ﺎﺳﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ سﺎﺴﺣ كﺎﺧ ﯾ
ﺶ ﺮﺸﻧ . ﯾﻪ ،كﺎﺧ و بآ )31
:(2 -545 . 556
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Machanisms and Functionality of Cyanobacdteria in Bio- conservation of Soil and Water
Hossein Kheirfam1, *, Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi
1, * - Assistant Professor (Corresponding Author), Department of Environmental Science, Urmia Lake Research Institute, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]
2- Professor, Department of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
This study aimed to introduce a cyanobacdteria inoculation based novel and biological technique for controlling land degradation. To this end, we first described the funcution of cyanobacteria in soil conservation and surface runoff management. Afterward, there is presented an absract of related privious reported researches. We concluded that the cyanobacteria population is low in the degraded lands. However, it is possible that the artificial enrichment of cyanobacteria populations in the soil through extraction, proliferation and inoculation of them into the soil in large valume and number (1010 cfu). The inoculated cyanobacteria can increase infiltration and consequently reduce runoff yield through their abiliies viz. exoplysacarides,cellular elasticity, connecting to soil fine particles via cell adhesivity, and developing filament networks of them in the aoil aggragates. Despite of the above-mentioned abilities, the inoculated cyanobacteria can tackle the effects of raindrop splash through water absorption and creation a protective layer around soil particles and then reduce soil loss. By and large, according to the reference researches, the cyanobacteria inoculation could be reduce soil and water loss by 96 to 99%, respectively. Thus, in the degaraded lands, creating artificial biological soil crusts by cyanobacteria inoculation is novel step in achieving ecobased techniques in land conservesion and reclamation.
Keywords: Biological soil crust, Microbial inoculation, Soil bio-reclamation, Soil and water conservation.
