Aizada I. Zinullina Master of Economics
1.2. Pesticide Residues in Food Problem in Kazakhstan
Zhanat A. Iskakova
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associated Professor of Kazakh National Agrarian University (Almaty, Kazakhstan)
Sholpan Satypaldieva
Master Student in Kazakh National Agrarian University (Almaty, Kazakhstan)
According to the results of the research, it is revealed that out of all pesticides from the external environment, more than 90% of the food stuffs enter the human body, with the rest coming with atmospheric air and water.
Therefore, the need to increase the efficiency and improve state control and supervision of the content of residual pesticide quantities in environmental objects will always be relevant for developing new food control strategies, updating the legislative and material technical base, developing policies and methods for controlling food.
In connection with the fact that in the Republic of Kazakhstan, as one of the countries with a developed agro-industrial complex, various pesticide preparations are widely used as fertilizers. The following regulations are designed to prevent pollution of environmental objects and food products:
- Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan № 301-III ZRK of July 21, 2007
"On food safety", on the basis of this law, citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan have the right to safe provision of food products for Protection of life and health, taking into account the legitimate interests of consumers and the protection of the environment in their country;
- Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated November 29, 2000, No. 1783 "Instruction on the quality and safety of food raw materials and food products", specifies the requirements for food raw materials and foodstuffs for the content of chemical and biological substances and their compounds.
- In 2008, the Technical Regulations were created: "On the safety of pesticides", "On the quality and safety of grain and grain products", "On the requirements for the safety of technical means and processes of application of fertilizers", "On Environmental Safety".
At present, Kazakhstan is one of the countries that tries to use international rules for safety from the chemical nature, in this case pesticides, therefore all conditions for this have been met in our country [1]. To effectively carry out sanitary and epidemiological expertise, it is required to continue monitoring of laboratory tests for analytical control. Laboratory control over the residual content of pesticides in food and food raw materials is carried out within the framework of state sanitary and epidemiological surveillance in accordance with the current orders of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the RK: Order No. 183 of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 05.04.93. "On Strengthening the Effectiveness of Conducting Laboratory Control for Residual Content of Pesticides and Nitrates" [2], the number of samples under study with the name of the pesticide being investigated is recorded, as well as the number of positive findings; Order of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 185 of 17.04.1995 "On strengthening the State Sanitary Inspection for the state of storage, transportation and use of pesticides and mineral fertilizers"; Order No. 258 of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 27.05.2005 "On approval of the standard nomenclature of laboratory research at various levels of the state sanitary and epidemiological expertise in accordance with international standards".
Control of pesticide content in food is an obligatory aspect of the
"Pesticides" program, which has been operating in the country since 1993,
is carried out through information links with all organs of the state sanitary and epidemiological service.
In all types of food raw materials and food products, pesticides are controlled - global pollutants: hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha, beta, gamma isomers), DDT and its metabolites, hexachloran. In the grain and products of processing, mercury-organic pesticides, 2,4-D acid, its salts and esters are also monitored. 2,4-D acid, its salts and esters are also monitored in fish and processed products. For example, maximum permissible levels of pesticides content recognized as global pollutants in food and raw materials for their production are described in the table 1.
Table 1 - Maximum acceptable levels of pesticides content in food and raw materials for their production
Pesticide Food MPL mg/kg
DDT and its metabolites Products on base of ready to eat dry milk
0,005
Dry milk 0,100
Natural milk 0,050
Grain:
- Maize, wheat
- Buckwheat, rice, oats
0,020 0,010 Groats, flour from
- Maize, wheat
- Buckwheat, rice, oats
0,020 0,010
Vegetable oil 0,100 (not more 0.02 mg of per isomer and metabolites)
Tinned goods - Meat - Fish
- Vegetable, fruit-berry
0,020 0,200 0,100 Juice without flesh 0,050 Hexachlorocyclohexane
(lindan) and
hexachlorane (sum of isomers)
Products on base of ready to eat dry milk
0,005
Dry milk 0,100
Natural milk 0,050
Grain:
- Corn, wheat
- Buckwheat, rice, oats
0,200 0,010 Groats, flour from
- Corn, wheat
- Buckwheat, rice, oats
0,200 0,010 Tinned goods
- Meat - Fish
- Vegetable, fruit-berry
0,150 0,200 0,030 Juice without flesh 0,050 Hexachlorocyclohexane
(lindan)
Vegetable oil 0,010
Hexachlorane Vegetable oil 0,050
Special conditions are established for baby food. Thus, in particular, for producing meat products using food raw materials obtained using global pollutants such kind of hexachlorocyclohexane and DDT are prohibited.
Their levels are controlled depending on the age of the children. According to the technical regulation of the Custom Union "On Food Safety" (TR CU 021/2011) there is a list of pesticides banned for use in producing of raw food intended for producing baby food:
1. Disulphoton (in sum - disulfoton, disulfoton sulfoxide and sulfon of disulfonate, expressed by disulfoton)
2. Fensulfoton (in sum - fensulfoton, its oxygen analogue and their sulfones, expressed by fensulfoton)
3. Fentin, expressed by the triphenyltin cation
4. Haloxyfop (in total - haloxyfop, its salts and esters, including conjugates expressed by haloxyfop)
5. Heptachlor and trans-heptachlor epoxide expressed by heptachlor 6. Hexachlorobenzene
7. Nitrofen 8. Omethoate
9. Terbofos (in sum - terboufos, its sulfoxide and sulfone, expressed by terbufos)
10. Aldrin and dieldrin expressed by dieldrin 11. Andrin
Plant protection products and other persistent organic pollutants that are prohibited for importation into the territory of the country members of the Eurasian Economic Union: aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, camphorchlor (toxaphene), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDT (1-1-1 trichloro- 2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethane).
The analysis of the Unified Requirements showed that, on the whole, they correspond to the structure of the International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides (Codex). Like the Code, Uniform requirements are binding for all citizens and legal entities involved in the circulation of pesticides, while these requirements are developed on the basis of the legislation of the country-members of the Eurasian Economic Union and existing international law instruments and are aimed at ensuring maximum safety of pesticides for human and environment
References:
1. Kireeva, I., & Black, R. (2011). Chemical Safety of Food: Setting of maximum residue levels (MRLs) for pesticides and other contaminants in the Russian Federation and in the EU. European Food and Feed law review, 6(3), 174-186.
2. Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan from July 21, 2007 № 301-III (On food security), art. 4.
3. Lozowicka, B., Kaczynski, P., Paritova, A. E., Kuzembekova, G. B., Abzhalieva, A. B., Sarsembayeva, N. B., & Alihan, K. (2014). Pesticide residues in grain from Kazakhstan and potential health risks associated with exposure to detected pesticides. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 64, 238- 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct. 2013.11.038.
1.3. Об информационном обеспечении «Стратегии устойчивой