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NGHI L I TANG MA CUA NGUOI DAO THANH Y a HOANH BO, QUANG NINH
NGUYEN THI THU HA
1. Quan niem ciia ngiroi Dao Thanh Y
\e su ton tai ciia Unh hon va cai chet Quan niem vi hdn
Xuat phat tir quan mem, tat ca mpi vat deu cd linh hdn, ngudi Dao Thanh Y cho rang con ngudi cd phan hdn va the xae. Linh hdn la phan nhe hon, khdng nhin thay, tdn tai ben trong the xac, giir vai trd quan trpng quyet djnh su sdng cting nhu mpi boat ddng ciia con ngudi Ngudi Dao Thanh Y coi hdn
la thupc tinh ciia con ngirdi va sdng trong mdi ngudi, khi hdn rdi CO the hay di lang thang dau dd thi con ngudi se de bj mac benh va dm dau. Khi bi nhu vay, ho thudng mdi thay ciing lam le goi hdn ve, neu ciing mai ma hdn khdng ve thi cai chet rat cd the xay ra vdi ngirdi benh.
Khi chet di, hdn den mdt the gidi mdi do td tien hay than
linh cai quan, hdn va the xac lai gap nhau hda thanh ngudi va sdng d dd cimg td tien, Ngudi am van thudng xuyen theo ddi mpi hanh vi, hoat ddng ciia con chau trong gia dinh va van phai an, d, mac, udng.,. (3). Bdi vay, con chau cSn thd cimg va cap lien, 16 vat cho ngudi am vao cac djp le, tet. Theo tap tyc, khi ciing ma cho ngirdi da mat thi phai gpi ten cap sac de hg cd ihe nghe thay va nhan biet dupe eac loai ll vat
Dan tdc Dao 6 Viet Nam co nhieu nhom dia phuong (Dao Tien, Dao Do, Dao Tuyen, Dao Ho, Dao Q u ^ Chet, Dao Thanh Y, Dao Thanh Phan, Dao Lo Gang...), cu tru chii yeu o mien nui phia Bac nlui Quang l\knh, Ka Giang, l i o Cai, Yen Bai, Tuyen Quang, B^c Can, Lang Son... (1). D mOi nhom CO nhung dac trung van hoa neng, da dang trong O'ang phuc, phong tuc tap quan, nhung lai thong nhat trong mot so nghi Id truyen thong toG nguoi. Nglu Id tang ma la mot tap tuc truyen thdng mang y nghia quan trong trong doi song oia moi thanh vien trong cgng ddng nguoi Dao va la mot hinh thuc sinh hoat tin ngudng tam linh, the hjdn su cd ket gia ffinh, dong ho, cong dong, y thiic col trot% ngudn gdc, to hen (Z).
Cling tl. Ngirdi Dao Thanh Y tin tudng rang, thd ciing to tien chu dao va thanh tam thi con chau se dupe phii hg Va, khi con ngudi chet di can phai dupe lam ma, neu khdng, thi ngudi do van chua biet minh chet, linh hdn van cir rong rudi di chai, Bdi vay, lam ma de bao rang ngudi do da chet va dan dudng cho hp trd ve the gidi ben kia.
Quan niem vc cdi chit
Ngudi Dao Thanh Y quan niem cai chet la vTnh biet mpi ngudi, rdi khdi tran gian de sdng a mot the gidi khac. Su tiec thuong va ndi nhd ciia con chau ddi vdi ngudi qua cd dirge the hien qua viec td chirc le tang va thd cimg.
Hg phan biet kha ro ret hai loai chet:
chet binh thudng (chet lanh) va chet bat dac ky tir (chet xau). Chet Idnh la chet d ludi gia, chet benh hay bet tudi sdng nghTa la da hoan thanh cudc sdng d Iran gian de ve doan tu vdi dng ba dng vai. Chet xdu bao gdm nhirng cai chet d ngoai nha dudi dang thirc cac tai nan hoac benh lat dot nggt... Theo dd, hp cung chia dam tang ra lam hai loai: dam ma cua ngudi gia (dy soong budn co) va dam ma ciia ngudi chet tre (dy .lodng hdu phen). Neu chet bat dSc ky tir thi trudc khi lam le tang, hp tien hanh ban sung dl
in
So 365 Thang 11-2014dudi nhirng cai xau, sau dd mdi lam nghi ll nhu dam tang binh thudng (4). Va, mac dii la chet binh tiiirdng hay chit bk dk ky tu thi ngirdi chet van dugc chdn ck chu dao va diing theo phong tuc tap quan.
Tang ma cua ngudi Dao Thanh Y duoc tiln hanh iheo hai nghi le: lam ma chdn cdt ngudi chet va lam chay dua hon ngudi chit vl vdi td lien. Hai le nay cd the tiln hanh liin nhau nhung da phan deu lam tach biet.
2. Nghi le trong tang ma Chudn bi lang li
Xua nay, khi gia dinh nao cd ngudi chet thi trudng thdn se cd mat de giiip td chirc le tang, phan viec cho nhung ngudi dan den hd trg. Cd the thay, tinh cdng ddng d ngudi Dao Thanh Y rat cao, ban be, anh em, hang xdm giiip nhau mdt each vd tu, khdng tinh toan.
Quan niem ngudi chet sang the gidi ben kia van tiep tuc cudc sdng binh thudng, vi vay, ngudi Dao Thanh Y thudng tam cho lu thi bang nudc am, Tam xong, ngudi la mac trang phuc truyen thdng mdi cho ngudi chet va dat tren giudng ke ngay tai gian cd ban thd id tien.
Thdng thudng, trong dam ma, ngudi Dao Thanh Y mdi mdt ihay ciing gpi la thay ca (dy thdy) va kem theo 13 quan quyen phu giiip (sdp thdm ddu day). Thdy cd la ngudi thdng thao chir ndm Dao, cd tri thirc ve phong tuc, tap quan, dac biet la nghi le lien quan den ma chay, da trai qua le cap sac va dugc nhieu ngudi kinh trpng. Khi dupe gia chii mdi den lam dam ma, thay ca se bao cho cac quan quyen phu giiip va mang theo cac nhac eu nhu trdng (do), chiim chpe (.sdo chdy), thanh la, chieng,.
Khi thay ca den nha, ngudi con ca rdt I it rugu vao chai va cam 1 cai gay den quy xudng bai thay ca. Thay ca chap nhan thi liic do mdi bat dau cac nghi le tilp theo.
Li nhdp quan
Trudc day, ddi vdi nhirng gia dinh cd ngudi gia, con chau thudng chuan bj sin quan tai bang each len rirng tim nhu-ng loai gd tdt ve nha lap ghep lai, khi eac cu dm dau khdng qua khdi thi san cd de diing. Ddi vdi nhtJng gia dinh chua cd dieu kien thi phai thue ngudi lam
C O TRLJYI^M gap va nhat thiet phai lam xong trong ngay hdm do.
Trong luc chuan bj cho thi hai vao ao quan, eon chau thap huang d chan va dau ngudi chit, Ao quan dugc be den va dat song song vdi thi hai. Thay ca thuc hien nghi le de con ehau mang thi hai vao trong ao quan. Khi da chuan bj diiy dii nhtrng thir cho ngudi chet mang theo, quan tai mdi duoc ddng nap lai. Ngudi ta diing cac loai giSy xanh, dd, tim, vang cat thanh cac hga liet dan xung quanh quan tai, Quan tai dugc bo tri d dpc chinh cira gian giiia, diiu quay vl phia ban thd td tien, chan quay ra cua chinh vdi y nghTa tdn trpng dng ba dng vai (5).
Li Cling bdt hon (chdm .sdn vd mimg cu) Le vat gdm cd: 1 chen giing tuoi, 1 chen rupu, 1 chen nudc la va 3 nen huong. Trong ll cimg gdm ed thay ea, 13 quan linh. Trong khi ngudi thay ea ciing thi 13 quan cam cd thanh (chdy phdn), ngudi thay ca lam nhu thi nao thi quan linh lam theo nhu vay. Dau tien, thay ca gpi td tien, su id ciia minh va nhtrng ngudi giiip do, lay mdt dai vai trang, phii phep rdi budc ngang bung minh, tay cam con dao go vao quan tai va dpc nhCrng cau than chii de bat hdn ngudi chet ve nhap vao
Le mdi than ihdnh chirng gidm (dn ty phd) Khi lam le bat hdn xong, ihay ca tien hanh le mdi than thanh, su td ciia thay cung den chung giam cho viec thay lam ma, Le vat gdm huong, giay, 1 chen girng, I chen rugu, 1 chen nude la.
Khi nhan ldi di den lam ma cho gia chu, thay ca mang theo mdt bd tranh thd eac vi than, bdi lam ma ma khdng cd bd tranh nay thi hdn ngudi chet se khdng thanh than doan ty vdi td tien. Cae birc tranh duac treo chinh gitra ngdi nha, Tren ban thd, ngudi ta dat mdt cai bat to dyng mdt dng gao de mdi td tien ve chirng kien dam tang. Dudi ban thd td tien, thay ca bay hai ban thd de ciing su td cua minh. Trudc het, thay ca vira khan mdi cac vj than tren trdi xudng, vira lac chudng va vai 3 lan,
Trong liic cimg, cac quan linh cam cd bang giay ban di xung quanh va nhay miia theo hinh sd 8 va ngugc chieu kim ddng hd (zang chiu) Ltic dau di 7 ngudi, sau dd 9 ngudi rdi 11 ngudi.
Thang 11-2014 So 365 | r i
cdn 1 ngudi danh trdng, 1 ngudi c4m thanh la.
Viec nhiin nhay ctia cac thay la de chao td tien, cac su td va cac vj th^n thanh xudng chiing giam cho viec tang. Khi cac quan quyln nhay miia va Uc chudng thi thay ca dimg trudc ban thd, ggi ten tirng vj than trong tranh ra dua tien ngudi chet va mdi su td ciing td tien gia dinh ngudi qua cd den du dam tang.
Le phdt tang
Sau le mdi than thanh chung giam, thay ca ciing cac quan quyln nghi ngai, rdi tien hanh lam le phat tang. Thay ca ddt tien am phii bao con chau da din chju tang, ke lir gid phiil nay con chau mdi dugc khde ngudi chet, Trong dam tang khdng thay xuat hien ngudi khde thue nhu d mdt sd dan tdc khac.
Trong tang il, ngudi Dao Thanh Y cd nhung kieng ky cy the, chang ban nhu: con chau phai an chay, kieng an thjt va dd an ed md vi lien quan den quan niem sat sinh. Khi khach den vieng an udng xong xudi, con chau trong gia dinh mdi dugc phep an. Trong thdi gian de tang, con chau ludn ludn phai td ra dau budn, khdng dugc cudi diia, hd hat, tham du cac hdi he. Phu nil phai thao het dd trang sue. Trong vai thang dau, con cai chua duge lay vg, lay chdng, lam nha mdi, ban gia sue. Nhti'ng kieng ky nay bieu hien su tdn kinh ddi vdi ngudi da khuat va tranh sy dam tieu ciia cdng ddng.
Le mdi ngudi chit ve nhd dn cam (khdi ai) Ngirdi ta lam le eiing nay de cho hdn ngudi chet dugc no dii va khdng cdn phai di lang thang nua. Le vat gdm cd: mdt mam cam, 1 con vit va 1 con Ipn nhd. Con Ion coi la con ngua, con vit coi la con phugng de ciing eho ngirdi chet an dii va CUOI ve vdi td tien. Thay ca dirng trudc mam com, cam ba nen huong quay hai vdng ngugc chieu rdi vai ba lan, sau dd bat dau bai nhay, cac quan quyen cung nhay miia,
Nhay xong, thay ea dgc bai ciing mdi hdn ngudi chet ve an com cimg gia dinh, tugng irung cho cudc chia tay cua ngudi chet vdi nhirng ngudi than, Trong liic nay, con chau quay quan trong nha ddt tien giay eho ngudi chet. Thinh thoang thay ca dai mdt nam gao vao cho ngudi
than dang ddt tiln. Hp tin ring con chau cang ddt nhilu tiln thi sau nay ngudi chit mdi co nhilu tien tieu, cimg vdi hanh ddng vai gao vdi ngy y ngudi chit sang thi gidi ben kia se no dii quanh nam. Khi ddt tiln, khung canh trong nha lam ngudi ta lin rang, hdn ngudi chet da nghe thay tieng gpi va trd ve nha.
Le chia cua cho ngirdi chet
Khi chuan bi den gid dua ngudi chet ra ddng, gia dinh se lam le chia ciia vdi ngu y de ngudi chit cd du nhung dd thilt yeu sir dung hang ngay. Neu khdng dugc chia ciia, linh hdn ngudi chet ludn trong tinh trang thieu thdn, lai quay trd ve vdi vTnh con ehau.
Liic tien hanh le chia ciia, quan tai van duoc dat d vi tri eii, Thay ca cam sd, tien hanh nghi ihuc chia com cho ngudi chet, ngudi sdng. Nlu ngudi chet cdn vg hoac chdng thi thay ca cam 2 chiec dua tugng trung cho 2 vg chdng va che ddi de ngan each am duong. Che dua xong, thay ca virt ra hai ben vdi ngu y ngudi sdng khdng dupe luu luyen ngudi chet nQ-a va ngudi chet khdng dugc phep quay trd ve nha quay ray ngudi sdng.
Ndi com dugc thay ea chia lam 2 phan, ngudi chet dugc phan com nhieu hon. Tiep theo, thay ca lay rugu rdt cho ngudi chet udng, va lay vai td lien giay ddt cho ngudi chet de tieu. Trong khi thay ca lien hanh le nay, 13 quan cam cd di xung quanh, thay ca cam sd dpc xin dat dai, thdc Ilia, miia mang cho ngudi chet de hp cd cupc sdng nhu d tran gian
Le quat hdn nguai chet (mdt sdn vd ngdy dai) Ddng bao Dao Thanh Y cho rang, khi con ngudi chet di, linh hdn ciia hp cd the van tru ngii d mot ngdc ngach nao do. Dua tien ngudi chet ra ddng nghTa la tien dua ca linh hdn va the xac, khdng cho ma dd d nha ntra, Bdi vay, Irudc khi lien hanh le dua lang, thay ca se lam le quat hdn ngudi chet hay ndi each khac la le dudi ma,
Thay ca chuan bj mdt chiec ghe dat tir giiira nha ra den cua, tucmg trung cho viec bac cau de cho ma ra ngoai, Phia tren ghe dat mdt tep tien am phii, dudi dat mdt dng dyng com, sau do thay ca trai mpt sai vai trang lam eSu dl ngudi chet di. Thay ea cam mdt thanh kilm iam phep
I
Sd 365 Thang 11-2014roi cam mdt bat nudc udng mpt ngym va phun vao dai vai irang dl lao dudng di cho ngudi chet. Sau dd, thay ca dirng trudc ban thd gpi su phu ciia minh vl giup lam le dudi ma. Trong khi thay ca lam cac thii tuc ll cimg thi cac quan quyen di theo sau lac chudng. Doan ngudi go nhac cy va lac chudng, di din cac ngd ngach trong nha thi go manh, tao ra am thanh to dl hdn ma phai sp hai ma ra di. Thay ca cham lira vao mdi ngpn den va dpc Idi khan di chia cit ngudi chet va ngudi sdng. Sau dd, thay ea vung kiem vao den, nhirng manh vd ciia den dupe ngudi ta nhat het vao dng dung com eho ngudi chet. Ciing xong, thay ca lai lam phep dimg ed thanh quat xung quanh, dpc Idi khdn dl hdn ngudi chet ra di. Ket thiie nghi ll, con chau ciing chuan bj mdt vai dd diing thudng ngay gin bd vdi ngudi chet, nhirng mdn an ngudi chit vdn thich mang de len md. Hp mong mudn ngudi chet se dugc yen dn va khdng quay vl quay nhieu con ehau trong gia dinh.
Le duafang
Le dua tang duoc chpn gid cu the, tdt nhit la kieng triing vdi gid sinh ciia nhung ngirdi cdn sdng trong gia dinh. Vi the, trudc day, d ngudi Dao Thanh Y, gid dua ma khdng cd quy djnh cu the ma cd the dua dam vao ban ngay hay ban dem. Ngay gid dira tang do thay ca ban bac vdi gia chii, Khi da chgn dugc gid tdt, 6 hoac 8 ngudi khdng phai con chau khieng quan tai ra ngoai, ehan ra trudc, dau ra sau. Luc nay ngudi d ngudi di chia tay nhau quyen luyen, the hien sy thuong tiec. Thay ca den ben quan tai vTnh biet vdi figudi chet, diing kiem vung nhe vai lugt phia tren quan tai de yem biia. Sau do ngudi ta bupc day vao ddn khieng, theo chieu dpc, cd ba lugt day budc neo (phia dau, d giua va phia cudi), chir khdng lam cang de khieng.
Tren dudng di, dan lang cung tham gia vao cugc dua tien ngudi chet. Trong sudt chang dudng dua tang, ngudi eon trai ea di trudc, dang di ciii khom, ddi liic dirng lai vai lay, ke tilp la nhirng ngudi khieng quan tai, theo sau la cac con chau trong gia dinh, sau dd den dan lang va cudi ciing la thay ca vira di vira cam
C O T R t l V I ^ N kiem vung xua dudi ma ta Ddi vdi ngudi Dao Thanh Y, khi dua tang ngudi [a khieng ngudi chet di thang tir nha den nai chdn c5t chir khdng nghi dpc dudng.
Le hg huyet
Ngudi Dao Thanh Y trudc nay diu dja tang, nghia la chdn cat ngudi chet. Thi hai ngudi qua cd nhu vay la da dupe yen nghi dudi ngdi nha mdi, tu lam an va lo cho cugc sdng rieng ciia minh d mdt thi gidi khac. Ngirdi Dao Thanh Y khdng chdn theo ddng hg ma chdn rai rac, huyet dupe chpn a noi ddi gd cao, khdng bi dpng nudc. Con ca se la ngudi chpn cho dao huyet, hudng huyet duoc xem xet ky ludng, diu huyet bao gid cung quay ve phia niii, chan hoi nghieng ve ddc va hudng huyet tranh cae day nin eao chan ngang. Khi khieng quan tai din trudc md, thay ca dpc bai tiln biet lin cudi rdi cim cd thanh quat trong mg xua hit nhimg cai md am de ngudi chet khdng dupe lam hai din ngudi sdng. Sau dd, cho quan tai xudng, ngudi con trai ca phai nem hdn dat dau tien xudng huyet, Eilp dd la nhirng ngudi con trai thii, con gai, cac chau rdi lap huyet thanh nam eao. Bat ky ai tham du le tang neu mudn lay Idc thi phai tu tay minh nem hdn dat xudng huyet,
Li nem trirng lai huyet (tip keo) Lap huyet xong, con chau dirng dang sau md va xep theo hang ngang, hang dau tien quy xudng, hang sau dirng de thay ciing lien hanh nghi thirc le nem trirng. Thay ca cam I qua trimg sdng, de I hdn da phia trudc chd con chau dang xep thanh hang, nem qua trirng xudng hdn da, qua trimg vd ra ban vao ai thi ngudi dd duge Ide.
Ai dugc ban trirng nhieu vao ngudi thi dugc nhieu Idc. Con chau khdng dupe rira ngay nhirng mang trimg bj ban len ngudi, den khi ve nha mdi dugc rira.
Sau khi chdn cat, doan ngudi bat dau tra ve nha, van di theo mdt con dudng nhu liic dua ma, Ngudi ta di thang ve nha tang ehii, kieng ngoai lai phia sau vi sg hdn ciia ngudi sdng se di theo ngirdi chet ve the gidi ben kia, Khi ve den nha, nhirng ngudi dua tang phai rira tay sach se bang nudc sdi.
Thang 11-2014 Sd 365 K J l
Li irinh hdo id lien (keo hu)
Khi vl din nha, thay lam le irinh bao td tien, Ll vat gdm: 3 con ga, 3 mieng thjt Ign, giay ban, rugu, hirong, nudc la. Liie nay thay ca thuc hien ll mdt minh, khdng can su trg giiip ciia i 3 de tir niia, Y nghTa ctia le eiing nay nham trinh bao vdi td tien: dng A nay da mat va td tien; thd cdng, thd dia khdng dugc quan ly ntra. Ngudi nay di dau la do thay ca chi djnh, thay ca cho ngudi chit din mdt cai chg Idn de khi ddi khat thi tim kilm cai an va tim chd ngii. Chg nay tieng Dao gpi la ddng shdu chdu, ddng shdu cdi, la chg gidi, cd nhieu hang hda va rat ddng ngudi da chet den do, tat ca nhiing ngudi nay deu den day an chyc d da Khi nao con chau thinh vuang se Cling mdi ngudi chet ve thd ciing tren ban thd td tien. Khi cdn khd khan, chua cd dieu kien thi ngudi chet phai d tam cai chp do da.
Den 10 gid dem hdm sau, thay ciing lam te cho con chau cat het tang. Nhu vay, dam tang ciia ngudi Dao da ket thiie Tuy nhien giai doan nay mdi chi la budc tien dua linh hdn ngudi chet ve nai d mdi, cdn de lam thda long ngudi qua cd thi phai cd le lam chay (6).
Le lam chay (sip man ddu)
De ma ciia ngudi chet, dupe tu do sdng vdi td tien thi nhat thiet phai lam chay Le lam chay nhieu muc dich dua ma ciia ngudi chet len ban thd va tien dua ve que cha dat td. Sau nghi thuc nay, ma eiia ngudi chet mdi dupe ve ciing vdi ma td tien va dugc ngdi tren ban thd an udng
Khi chuan hi lam le chay, gia chii cir mdt ngudi den mdi thay ca Gia dinh chuan bi 3 con ga, tien, giay ban, huong, rugu Thay ea den ben ban thd thap huong, sau dd cam thanh kiem va cimg gpi mdi cac vj than thanh chirng giam cho ll lam chay, Ke tiep, thay ca tien hanh nghi ll giai tpi, minh oan cho ma ciia ngudi chet vi hp cho rang, ngudi chet chua cd le nay nghTa la chua dupe rira tdi nen khdng the thoat kiep sang the gidi ben kia. Muc dich eiia nghi le nay nhim giai quyet tdt mdi quan he giiia ngirdi sdng va ngudi chet, de ngudi chet dugc thda nguyen va thudng xuyen phii hd cho ngudi sdng. Tilp dd, thay ca lam ll bao ma td tien, giao nop tat ca cac
le vat ciia con ehau cho ma ciia ngudi chet, ddng thdi mdi ma eiia ngudi chit len ban thd rieng de dugc thudng thirc cac bira cam ciing thudng ngay trong vdng mdt thang. Khi ket thiic ie chay, thay cimg phai tiln am va huang cho con chau den du le de hp dem ddt vdi ngy y ta on ma to tien, cac than linh va ma cua ngudi chet da den dy ll chay. Sau ll chay, bat huong ciing ma ciia ngudi chet se dugc nhap vao ban thd td tien va duac thd ciing chung trong gia dinh.
Ddng bao Dao Thanh Y khdng cd tuc lam gid nhu ngudi Viet ma chi den nhiing ngay dac biet trong nam nhu mdng I - 3 (Thanh minh), mdng 5 - 5 , ram thang 7, mdng 5 - 1 1 (Ddng chi), 30 tet thi lam mam com ciing eho ngudi mat (7).
Tir gia coi ddi la mdt hien tugng mang tinh chat bi kjch trong cudc ddi ciia mdt con ngudi, mdt gia dinh, mdt cdng ddng. Nhung ngudi Dao Thanh Y quan niem chet la sang mpt the gidi khac, neu dugc din di dimg dudng se den mdt the gidi mdi hanh phiic, Thdng qua cac budc nghi le mieu ta nhCfng viec hieu thao ma con chau da lam de den dap cdng on sinh thanh, nudi dudng ciia dng ba, cha me; qua viec dan dat linh hdn ngudi chet ve vdi td tien, cau mong eho Unh hdn ngudi chet duoc thanh than d the gidi ben kia, ddng bao Dao Thanh Y da dan day, giao due con chau ve thai dp dimg dan ddi vdi cudc sdng, ve luan ly, dao diic, dao ly lam ngudi cho ngudi dang sdng j
N.TTH
I Be Viet Dang, Nguyen K.hac Tung, Nong Trung, Nam Ti^n, Ngiroi Dao ff Vifl Nam. Nxb KIma hoc Xii HQI, HaNoi, 1971
2, 3, 4, 5. Vi Van An, Tuc If lang ma cua ngirifi Dao Thanli Phdn & Qudng Ninh. trong Su phdt irien van hoa xa hoi ciia ngirdi Dao Hien lai va iirang lai, Ky yen Hoi tliaoqu6c te to chiic t^i Thai Nguyen, 1995, tr 100.
6. Chu Quang Cuong, Cdc nghi te, lin ngitSng lien quan den nhd cira ciia ngir&i Dao H{> (Qua khao sat tai thon Khe My, xa Son Ha, huyen Bao ThSng, luih Lao Cai), Khoa luan l6t nghiep, Dai hoc KHXH&NV-TP HCM, 2004.
7, Vuong Duy Quang, Tin nguong ion gido cua nguM Dao & Vift Nam, Nghien cihi ion giao, 3-2009, tr 34-39,
