KHUNG THE CHE PHAT TRIEN BEN VCNG QUOC GIA VA VAI TRO CUA NO TRONG THUC HIEN CHUONG TRINH
NGHI Sir 21
Liru BACH DUNG'
r> ai viet dua ra nhiing khdi niem vd dinh nghia v&i mot so thuqt ngii chinh nhir: The che,
^ cdc the che, thechePTBV, Khung the che PTBV, Khung the che PTBV cap quoc gia theo thong le chung vd theo cdch sii dung chiing trong cdc vdn bdn LHQ ve moi trifdng vd PTBV. TCr do, bdi vie't ldm ro cd'u tnic khung the che PTBV cap cjudc gia gom cdc to chiic, cdc quy tac vd sir hop tdc (lien ke't) giira chiing trong qudn tri cdc ca cpian, to chi'rc, nhom xd hgi chinh, cgng dong vd cong ddn trong thifc hien cdc nguyen tdc, muc tieu vd gid tri PTBV. Bdi viet cung ldm r5 nhiing dieu kien chinh de mgt khung the che PTBV qudc gia co hieu qud; vai trd ciia no trong thuc hien CTNS2I quoc gia. De ldm sdng to phdn ndo ngi dung dd neu bdi viet dua ra cd'u triic vd hogt dgng mgt khung the che sir dung ben viing tdi nguyen nudc cua Singapore (mgt bg phdn ciia khung the che PTBV Singapore) dd gop phdn ldm nen suPTBV ciia qud'c ddo
'Ttr' hang 6 nam 1992 tai, Hoi nghi Lien
^tl/ hiep quoc ve Moi truong va Phat trien tai Rio de Janneiro (Brazin), 179 nuoc tham gia Hoi nghi da thong qua nhieu van kien quan trong, trong do dac biet la: "Chuang trinh Nghi su 21 - Agenda21" toan cau va
"Tuyen bo Rio ve moi trudng va phat trien", vdi 27 nguyen tSc. Hoi nghi Rio cung khuyen cao tirng nudc can cii vao di6u kien va dac diem cu the xay dung Chuang trinh Nghi su 21 (CTNS21) cap quoc gia, cap Bo, nganh va dia phuang. Nam 2002 tai Johannesburg (CH Nam Phi), Hoi nghi Thuang dinh ve Phat trien ben vOng, 166 nuac tham gia da thong qua ban "Tuyen bo Johannesburg ve phat trien ben vung" va "Ke hoach thuc hien Johannesburg" ve Phat trien ben viJng. Cho den nay da co hon 120 quoc gia xay dirng va thuc hien CTNS21. Muc 100 trong Ke hoach thuc hien Johannesburg da dinh ro: "Khung the che hieu qua vi sir phat trien ben vung (PTBV) a tat ca cac cap la yeu to chu chot do'i vdi viec thilc hien day du CTNS21 va dap lai cac thach thuc ve phat trien ben vung dang noi len".
Vay khung the che' phat trien ben viing la gl? va no CO vai tro nhQ the nao doi vai viec thiic hien CTNS21 ciia toan cau hay cua mot quo'c gia?
I. MOT SO KHAI NI$M vfi THE CHE vA KHUNG THE CHE PHAT TRIEN B^N YUNG
- The che (Institution). Theo Tir dien Anh - Viet (Vien Ngon ngu, Nxb. TP Ho Chf Minh,
1998), "The che" (tiSng Anh la "Institution") CO y nhia la: (1)- viec xay dirng, hay thanh lap: viec xay dung nhiing quy tdc (rules) nen ne'p (customs); (2) - to chiic de giiip da ngudi cd nhu cau dac biet: trai mo cdi, nha dudng lao; (3)- tuc le, thdi quen hoac nhdm da duoc thie't lap tir lau; the che; (4)- nhan vat rat quen thuoc trong mot hoat ddng hoac mot nai nao dd; ngudi quen thudc.
- Cdc the che (Institutions): "la nhiing cau triic (structures) va nhiing ca che' (mechanism) theo trat tu xa hoi va su hap tac (cooperation) quan tri (governing) iing xu ciia mot nhdm cac ca the. Cac the che' cung cd nghia nhu mot quye't tam va su kien dinh ciia xa hdi, toat len tir ddi sd'ng va nhiing y dinh nhan van de rdi cd the dinh ra va tuan thu cac quy tac dieu hanh ling xir con ngudi ma cd tinh hap tac.
Thuat ngu the che' thudng diing chi nhirng tap tuc va ca nhung khudn mlu iing xu trong ye'u
* Liru Bach Diang. TS., Vien Nghien cQu Mdi trudng va Phat trien ben virng.
B
Lifu Bach Dung - Khung the che phat trien ben vOng quo'c gia dd'i vdi mdt xa hdi, cung nhu la dd'i vdi cac to
chiic chinh, dac trung ciia cac bo, nganh thudc chinh phii, thudc dan chiing. Trong khi vdi cac cau triic va nhimg co che' ciia trat tu xa hdi giiia nhirng con ngudi, cac the che' la mot trong nhiing muc tieu chii ye'u ciia nghien ciiu trong cac khoa hoc xa hoi. Cac the che la khai niem trung tam ciia luat phap, va la khudn miu chi'nh cua cac nguyen tdc chinh tri dua ra va tuan thu. Su thie't lap va tie'n trien cua cac the che la chu de trudc tien ciia Sir hoc" (from Wikipedia free encyclopedia).
Theo cac chuyen gia cua Ngan hang The' gidi, "the che"" "gdm cac to chiic va quy tdc chinh thiic va phi chinh thiic thuc hien chiic nang thu nhan cac tin hieu (thdng tin phan hdi, du doan), dieu hda Icri ich va thuc hien cac quye't dinh da nha't trf'.
Tir cac khai niem va dinh nghia da neu, cd the di de'n dinh nghia "The che" nhu sau: The che' la cac quy tdc va cac to chiic chinh thiic va phi chinh thiic va su hop tac giira chiing de quan tri (dieu hanh, to chiic, hudng ddn, giam sat va che' tai) cac to chiic, cac nhdm xa hoi, cdng ddng va cdng dan thuc hien cac nguyen tdc, muc tieu va cac gia tri da dugc nha't tri.
- The che phdt trien ben vitng (Institutions for sustainable development). Tii nhiing dinh
nghia neu tren cd the di de'n nhan thiic mot each Id gic rang: the che phat trien ben viing la cac quy tdc va td chiic chinh thiic va ngoai chinh thiic, va viec hop tac giiia chiing de quan tri cac to chiic, cac nhdm xa hdi, cdng ddng va cdng dan (nhdm cac dd'i tuang) dam bao rdng: the he hien tai dap ling cac nhu cau ciia minh ma khdng phucmg hai den kha nang dap ling cac nhu cau cua cac the' he tuang lai hay la phat trien kinh te, xa hoi gdn ket vdi viec bao ve mdi trudng.
- Khung the che phdt trien ben vimg (Institutional framework for sustainable development). Tir cac khai niem "The che",
"The che' phat trien ben virng" va y nghia cua khai niem "Institutional framework for sustainable development) trong cac van ban LHQ, cd the di den dinh nghia: Khung the che phat trien ben viing la he thd'ng to chiic va quy tdc chinh thiic va ngoai chinh thiic d cac
cap, d cac linh vuc va su hop tac giira chiing de quan tri cac ca quan, cac to chiic, cac nhdm xa hoi, cac cdng ddng va cdng dan thuc hien cac nguyen tdc, muc tieu va gia tri phat trien ben viing da dugc thdng nha't.
- Khung the che phdt triin bin vChtg cdp quoc gia (Institutional framework for sustainable development at national level). Dd la he thd'ng to chiic va quy tdc chinh thiic va ngoai chinh thiic, va su phdi hgp giiia chiing tir cap trung uang de'n cap dia phuang va ca sd cd chiic nang quan tri cac ca quan, cac to chiic, cac nhdm xa hdi, cac cdng ddng va cdng dan thuc hien CTNS21 (Agenda21) ciia qud'c gia de'n cfNS21 ciia cac bd, nganh (SA21) va dia phuang (LA21), ke ca cac dieu udc qudc te (cdng udc, hiep udc, nghi dinh,...) lien quan de'n PTBV ma qud'c gia da ky ke't.
II. KHUNG TH^ CHfi PHAT TRIEN Bf N VUNG QUOC GIA
Nhu da neu trong dinh nghia, Khung the che' PTBV qud'c gia bao gdm ba hgp phan: cac to chiic, cac quy tdc, va su hgp tac giiia cac td chiic va cac quy tdc b cac cap trong quan tri cac nhdm dd'i tugng trong thuc hien CTNS21 qud'c gia (vdi cac nguyen tdc, muc tieu va gia tri PTBV).
1. Cac td churc
Cac td chiic thudc khung the che' phat trien ben vung bao gdm cac td chiic chinh thiic va cac td chiic phi chinh thiic (hay chua chinh thiic). Cac td chiic chinh thiic la nhiing ca quan, td chiic cd chiic nang, muc dfch, tdn chi la thuc hien cac muc tieu va gia tri PTBV theo nguyen tdc dap iing cac nhu cau ciia the' he hien tai nhung khdng phuang hai den kha nang cua cac the' he tuang lai dap iing cac nhu cau cua minh hay la gdn ke't su phat trien kinh te, xa hdi gdn ke't vdi bao ve mdi trudng. Cac td chiic phi chinh thiic ve PTBV cd chiic nang, nhiem vu thuc hien phat trien tirng hgp phan cua muc tieu, tao thanh tirng gia tri cho PTBV nhung theo cac nguyen tdc khac:
khdng hay chua nhu PTBV.
2. Cac quy t5c
Cac quy tdc ciia khung the che PTBV cung dugc phan chia thanh cac quy tdc chfnh thirc
NQhien ciru Phai trien hen vCmq. so 1 (30) - Thana 3/20li
LLnj Bach Dung - Khung the che phat trien ben vOng quoc gia va cac quy tdc phi chinh thiic.
Cac quy tdc chinh thiic ve PTBV la nhirng quy tdc, cac van ban phap quy... the hien
"viec dap iing cac nhu cau ciia the he hien tai nhung khdng phucmg hai de'n kha nang dap ling cac nhu cau cua cac the' he tucmg lai" hay
"su phat trien kinh te, xa hdi gdn vdi viec bao ve mdi trudng", ciing cd the la su phat trien xa hdi gdn vdi kinh te' va bao ve mdi trudng.
Cac quy tdc phi chfnh thirc ve PTBV la nhirng quy tdc the hien cac nguyen tdc, quy luat ciia titng hgp phan, tiing linh vuc rieng biet ciia su phat trien nhu nhiing nguyen tdc va quy luat trong kinh te, xa hdi hay mdi trudng ma chua nhu nguyen tdc PTBV.
3. Su hgp tac giiia cac td chiic, cac quy tac trong khung the che phat trien ben virng Su hoat ddng cua Khung the che' PTBV the hien thdng qua su hgp tac giiia cac td chiic, giiia cac quy tdc, giira td chiic vdi quy tdc tir trung uong den dia phuang va ca sd trong quan tri cac co quan, cac td chiic, cac nhdm xa hdi, cdng ddng va cdng dan thuc hien CTNS21 vdi cac muc tieu va gia tri PTBV da thd'ng nha't.
Su hgp tac nay the hien trong 2 mat chfnh la: su phdi hgp giira cac ca quan va td chiic chirc nang vdi cac ca quan va td chiic lien quan, va su van dung cac quy tdc ciia cac ca quan, td chiic, cac nhdm xa hdi, cac cdng ddng va cdng dan trong thuc hien CTNS21 vdi nhiing muc tieu va gia tri PTBV; bao gdm:
- Su hgp tac giiia cac td chiic ciing cap (lien ke't theo chieu ngang) va su lien ket giiia cac td chiic d cac cap khac nhau tii trung uang xud'ng dia phuang va ca sd (theo chieu dge) de' thuc hien cac muc tieu va gia tri PTBV. Su lien ke't theo chieu ngang ciia cac quy tdc PTBV bieu hien: Mdi quy tdc, bd luat, quy dinh dua ra da hdi dii cac gia tri, y kien cua cac ca quan, td chiic cung ca'p lien quan. Su lien ke't theo chieu dge ciia cac quy tdc PTBV bieu hien: Mdi quy tdc, quy dinh dua ra d mot cap nao, khdng trai vdi luat, vdi van ban phap quy cap tren, khdng vugt qua nhiem vu quySn han cua minh ma chi cd quyen lam rd va cu the hda vdi cac ddi tugng minh quan ly.
- Su van dung va cu the hda CrNS21 qud'c gia va cac nguyen tdc PTBV vao chiic nang, nhiem vu trong dieu kien cu the ciia Bd, nganh, dia phuang va ca sd thdng qua viec xay dung va thuc hien CTNS21 cua bd nganh, dia phuang hay cdng ddng the hien su hgp tac ve mat quy tdc va td chiic.
Cac quy tdc PTBV la ca sd la cdng cu de' cac CO quan, td chiic chiic nang dieu hanh va phdi hgp cac td chiic, nhdm xa hdi, cdng ddng va cdng dan thuc hien cac muc tieu va gia tri PTBV.
in. NHUNG DIEU KIEN DE KHUNG THE CHE PHAT TRIEN BEN V U N G
HIEU QUA
Mdt Khung the che PTBV hieu qua la khung the' che' quan tri (td chiic, hudng ddn, giam sat, che' tai) dugc cac ca quan, td chiic, cac nhdm xa hdi, cac cgng ddng va cdng dan thuc hien dugc cac muc tieu va gia tri PTBV trong khoang thdi gian nha't dinh. De' Khung the che' PTBV hieu qua trong chfnh cau triic cua nd can cd:
1. He thdng cac td chiirc cua khung the che' PTBV d cac cap la yeu td ban chat, yeu td dam bao su dieu hanh, hgp tac toan dien va thdng sud't tir trung uang den dia phuang, dam bao su phan phdi va sir dung hieu qua cac ngudn luc thdng tin, nhan luc, ky thuat, cdng nghe va tai chfnh de' thuc hien cac muc tieu va gia tri PTBV.
He thd'ng td chiic can dam bao su toan dien (dii cac hgp phan va bd phan thie't yeu), thdng sud't (tii trung uang de'n dia phuang va cac ca sd) va chat che (thudng xuyen cd su thu nhan, su cung ca'p thdng tin, trao ddi cac ngudn luc va trien khai thuc hien cac quye't dinh). Cac td chiic chinh thiic (cac ca quan va td chirc chiic nang) hoat ddng tfch cue theo diing chu'c nang nhiem vu dugc phan dinh.
2. Cac quy tac: bao gdm Hien phap, luat phap, quy dinh, chie'n lugc, chuang trinh nghi su, chinh sach, cac cam ke't, luat tuc, le nghi theo hudng gdn ke't gia tri kinh te", xa hdi vdi bao ve va cai thien mdi trudng. Cac quy tdc la dinh hudng tu tudng va hanh ddng, la chd dua virng chdc va cdng cu hiiu hieu de cac td chirc
NQhien ciru Phat then ben vumQ. so 1 (30) - Thanci 3/2011
Lifu Bach Dung - Khung the'che phat trien bin vCmg quoc gia ..
va cac thanh vien trong dd hoat ddng va phdi hgp hoat ddng thuc hien CTNS21 mdt each day du. Viec dua ra va thuc hien cac chinh sach phat trie'n kinh te' va quan ly kinh te' phat huy dugc cac ngudn luc va lgi the tao ra cac san pham va dich vu dap iing nhu cau trong nudc va ngoai nudc, gdp phan vugt qua dugc cac thach thiic dat ra la dieu kien quan trgng gdp phan tao nen tinh hieu qua ciia khung the che PTBV.'
De khung the che' PTBV hieu qua, cac quy tdc ve PTBV can cdng bang, nhat quan, rd rang, tirng budc hoan thien va dap iing cac yeu cau ciia viec PTBV da't nudc.
3. Sir quan trj: bao gdm su phan phdi cac ngudn luc ke ca viec phan quyen, su td chiic va hudng ddn, su giam sat thuc hien va su che' tai vdi nhdm cac ddi tugng trong qua trinh thuc hien CTNS21. Su quan tri ciia khung the che' PTBV qud'c gia dugc tien hanh d cac ca'p trung uong, cac dia phuang va cd sd. Vdi nhirng ddi tugng quan ly cu the su quan tri d cac cap khac nhau cd nhiing ddi hdi khac nhau, de PTBV ddi hdi sir phdi hgp da nganh, da cap de' thuc hien nhirng muc tieu PTBV trong tirng giai doan va muc tieu tdng quat de ra. "Su quan tri td't la rat can thiet cho PTBV".
Su quan tri ciia khung the' che PTBV cd su dieu hanh cac td chiic theo chirc nang nhiem vu, theo cac nguyen tdc va co sd phap ly da quy dinh. Su quan tri tdt cua khung the che' PTBV la phai phdi hgp dugc cac td chiic, cac ngudn lire de' thuc hien dugc CTNS21 vdi cac muc tieu va gia tri de ra trong tirng giai doan.
Su quan tri, dieu hanh d trung uang can tao dieu kien de cac ca'p dudi thuc hien va phdi hgp vdi cac ben lien quan thuc hien dugc cac nguyen tdc, muc tieu, gia tri PTBV cu the de ra.
4. Cac nguon luc can thiet: d mdi cap cd the' can nhCrng ngudn luc dac thu nhung-ve ca ban nhung ngudn luc sau can dugc dap iing:
- Ngudn nhan luc la nhan td chfnh de' hinh thanh nen cac td chii:c va la xuat phat ciia viec thuc hien chiic nang hgp tac giira cac co quan va td chiic lien quan, ndm vihig va van dung cac quy tdc trong quan tri cac nhdm dd'i tugng
thuc hien cac nguyen tdc, muc tieu va gia tri PTBV. Ngudn nhan luc can cd cac nang luc dap ling vdi timg cap, timg vi trf trong khung td chiic PTBV qud'c gia: "Can bd la cai gdc ciia mgi cdng viec. Mgi viec thanh cdng hay that bai deu do can bd tdt hay kem" (Hd Chi Minh).
- Ngudn luc ky thuat va cdng nghe dap iing cho viec thu thap, xir ly cac thdng tin lam co sd cho cac quyet dinh diing ddn de PTBV.
Cac ky thuat, cdng nghe tieu tdn ft nang lugng, it cha't thai se gdp phan thiic day nang sua't lao ddng, sir dung hieu qua tai nguyen va than thien mdi trudng gdp phan tich cue cho viec thuc hien cac muc tieu va gia tri PTBV.
- Ngudn luc tai chinh can dugc dap iing de dam bao hoat ddng cua cac td chiic, de' thuc hien cac chuang trinh, du an thuc hien cac muc tieu va gia tri PTBV cua qudc gia trong dd la cac cdng ddng. Ngudn luc tai chinh cho su hoat ddng cua cac td chirc trong khung the che' PTBV dugc cung cap bdi ngan sach chinh phu, su trg giiip cua cac doanh nghiep hay cac nha tai trg, su tham gia ddng gdp cua ngudi dan theo cac each thiic khac nhau.
- Ca sd ha tang: bao gdm ca sd ha tang kinh te'-ky thuat, ca sd ha tang xa hdi va ca sd ha tang trong bao ve mdi trudng va sir dung hgp ly tai nguyen. Khung the che' PTBV rat can dieu kien ha tang ma nd cung sir dung cho nhieu ITnh vuc khac nhu: dieu kien thdng tin, truyen thdng, ca sd dao tao, he thd'ng dudng xa va dien nudc. Mdt he thdng ha tang day dii va dugc hoan thien se giiip Khung the che' PTBV quan tri td't han cac nhdm ddi tugng va giiip cac nhdm dd'i tugng thuc hien td't hon, nhanh han cac muc tieu va gia tri PTBV da thd'ng nhat.
5. Cac dieu liien can thiet khac nhu:
- Sir dn dinh ndi bd trong khung the' che' la ludn can thiet giup cac td chiic tich luy dugc tri thiic va kinh nghiem, thuc hien thudng xuyen, lien tuc cac chirc nang, nhiem vu cua minh de' phue vu va thuc day su PTBV ciia qud'c gia, cua cac cdng ddng.
- The che chfnh tri dn dinh, viing vang. The che chfnh tri ciia mot qud'c gia quye't dinh md
Nqhien ciru Phat trien tien vCrnp. so 1 (30) - Thana 3/201)
LL/U Bach Dung - Khung the che phat trien ben vung quo'c gia ..
hinh cau triic td chiic va tinh than cac quy tdc de ra. Cac the' che' chinh tri nhu dang cam quyen, qud'c hdi, hie'n phap va nguyen thu qudc gia cd dn dinh va phat trien viing chdc se tao nen ngudn lire va mdi trudng thuan lgi de khung the che' hoat ddng thudng xuyen, thd'ng nha't va gdn ke't vdi nhau gdp phan thuc hien cac muc tieu va gia tri PTBV mdt each nhanh va virng chdc.
- Su ke't nd'i: Khung the che' PTBV qud'c gia can ke't nd'i vdi khung the che' PTBV cua cac qud'c gia tien tie'n trong PTBV, vdi cac td chiic ve PTBV va lien quan true tiep den PTBV trong khu vuc va qud'c te' de' tranh thii cac ngudn luc, cd them cac thdng tin, kinh nghiem va bai hgc can thie't cho qua trinh dieu hanh, phdi hgp thuc hien cac nguyen tdc, muc tieu va gia tri PTBV.
IV. VI TRI, VAI TRO CUA KHUNG THE CHE PHAT TRIEN BEN VtTNG TRONG THlTC HIEN CHLTONG
TRINH NGHI Sir 21
Theo nguyen tdc PTBV dugc cu the' trong cac nguyen tdc ve mdi trudng va phat trie'n (Tuyen bd Rio, 1992) cung nhu cac muc tieu thien nien ky, cac gia tri de PTBV (56 tieu chi ve PTBV ciia mdt qud'c gia ma UNCSD da dua ra), thi khung the' the' PTBV cap qud'c gia gan triing vdi khung td chiic cua chfnh phii tii trung uang de'n dia phuang va ca sd, nhung cd them cac td chirc, cac nguyen tdc ket nd'i gitra phat trie'n kinh te, xa hdi vdi bao ve va cai thien mdi trudng. Ben canh dd Khung the che' PTBV cap qud'c gia cd su tham gia rat quan trgng cua nghi vien trong viec cu the' hda cac nguyen tdc PTBV (the' hien qua viec xay dung va ban hanh cac bd luat) va giam sat td'i cao sir thi hanh luat phap va nhiing nguyen tdc PTBV da thd'ng nhat. Chfnh vi he thd'ng td chiic cd tir trung uang den dia phuang va ca sd, Khung the' che PTBV ca'p qud'c gia mdt khi da phat trien day du va rdng khdp nd thu mdt he thd'ng kinh lac ciia ca the con ngudi:
cd the' huy ddng day dii cac ngudn lire de' thuc hien muc tieu hoac vuat qua cac thach thiic de' PTBV.
Vdi chiic nang td chiic, hudng ddn, tao dieu kien, giam sat va che tai cac ca quan, td
chirc, cac nhdm xa hdi, cac cdng ddng va cdng dan thuc hien cac nguyen tdc, muc tieu va gia tri PTBV, Khung the che PTBV la mdt thie't che' khdng the thie'u trong qua trinh thuc hien CTNS21 qud'c gia d cac dia phuang va cac bd, nganh.
De' lam sang td nhiing ndi dung ve khung the che', vi trf, tdm quan trgng ciia nd chiing ta hay xem mdt khung the' che' bao ve va sir dung ben virng tai nguyen nudc nggt d Singapore (mdt phdn cua khung the' che PTBV) da ddng gdp vao su PTBV cua qud'c dao nay nhu the nao.
Singapore cd tdng dien tfch dat dai gan 700 km^, dan sd khoang 4,6 trieu ngudi (2007) mat do gan 6,8 nghin ngudi/km^ vdi 100% la dan dd thi. Nudc sach dap iing dii la dieu kien thie't ye'u hang dau trong duy tri su tdn tai va phat trien cua dd thi. Nhu cau nudc cho sinh hoat se tang len khi thu nhap va ddi sd'ng nang cao. Nhu cau nudc cho cac hoat ddng san xua't va dich vu cung gia tang khi md rdng quy md san xuat va dich vu.
Lugng mua trung binh nam d Singapore dat tdi 2350 mm, song do dien tfch lanh thd nhd, cd nhieu be mat khdng tham nudc nen trii lugng nudc ngam rat ft. Lugng nudc mua luu giir trong cac hd chiia va sdng dap iing han 50% lugng nudc theo nhu cau; phan cdn lai Singapore da phai nhap tir bang Johor cua Malaysia de' phue vu cac nhu cau tieu diing true tie'p va che' bie'n thanh nudc thuang pham.
Xuat phat tir vai trd rat trgng yeu cua tai nguyen nudc nggt vdi ddi sdng con ngudi va su PTBV cua qud'c gia, va trong bdi canh tai nguyen nay trong nudc khdng dap iing du, tir ra't sdm Nha nudc Singapore da thiet lap nen khung the' che' bao ve va sir dung ben virng tai nguyen nudc nggt.
Ttr dau nhumg nam 90 ciia The ky XX, Singapore da ban hanh nhieu van ban phap quy de' bao ve tai nguyen nudc nggt nhu: Dao luat ve Chd'ng d nhiem, 1990; Dao luat ve Quan ly d nhiem va nudc thai; Dao luat ve cha't ddc; Dao luat ve gia siic; Dao luat ve Cdng vien qud'c gia, 1990; Cac quy dinh ve luu vuc sdng; Quy dinh ve nudc thai dau ra.
Nohien ciru Phat then ben vurnQ. s6-1 (30) - Thanp 3/2011
Ltnj Bach Dung - Khung the che phat trien ben vifng quo'c gia ...
De sir dung hieu qua va lau ben ngudn nudc thuang pham nha nudc va chfnh phu da ban hanh: Dao luat ve Dich vu cdng cdng (trong dd cd cac Dieu ve cung ca'p, ve sir dung nudc thuang pham); Cac quy dinh ve dich vu cdng cdng (cung ca'p nudc sach). Cac ca quan hiru quan trong viec quan ly va phan phdi nudc sinh hoat da sir dung "Hudng ddn ve nudc sach cua WTO va Tieu chuan Singapore CP48/1989 ve Tieu chuan cung cdp nudc sach" trong viec san xuat va giam sat ngudn nudc sinh hoat.
- Ve mat td chirc, Bd Mdi trudng ciia Singapore dugc thanh lap tir nam 1972 chiu trach nhiem quan ly nha nudc ve mdi trudng, de'n nam 2004 Bd nay chuyen thanh Bd Mdi trudng va Tai nguyen nudc. Nhu vay, tai nguyen nudc dugc dua len ca'p quan ly nha nudc. Bd cd hai uy ban (Uy ban Mdi trudng qudc gia va Uy ban Nudc qud'c gia) cd chirc nang thuc hien quan ly nha nudc ve hai linh vuc tren trong dd cd viec hudng ddn va giam sat chat lugng nudc dung cho sinh hoat.
Ca quan chfnh chiu trach nhiem cung ca'p mdt each thudng xuyen va hieu qua ngudn nudc nggt la Uy ban Dich vu cdng cdng (Public Use Board-UB, thudc Bd Cdng Thuang). Trong quan ly cac ngudn nudc PUB da phdi hgp vdi cac co quan lien quan thudc Bd Mdi trudng va Tai nguyen nudc (lien quan de'n viec kiem tra d nhiem ngudn nudc), cac CO quan lien quan ciia Bd Phat trien qud'c gia (lien quan chu yeu den va'n de sii dung da't), cac ca quan lien quan ciia Bd Tu phap (trong viec de ra luat phap va cac quy dinh).
- Ve chie'n lugc va chfnh sach, de bao ve va sir dung ben vung tai nguyen nudc nggt trong nudc ke ca ngudn nhap ve tir Malaysia, Chfnh phu Singapore da ban hanh va thuc hien
"Chien lugc bdn ngudn nudc" (nudc mua, nudc nhap khau, nudc tai che va nudc khir man); "Chfnh sach Tiet kiem nudc" trong ta't cac cac ITnh vuc tieu dung nudc; "Chfnh sach ve gia nudc" dugc xay dung tren ca sd bu dap hoan toan chi phi thdng qua gia ca va khuyeti khich tiet kiem nudc, va chinh sach tat ca nudc thai phai dugc thoat vao cac cdng thai de
xir ly giiip cho cac luu vuc sdng khdi bi d nhiem. Tren co sd chien lugc va chfnh sach tren mdt "Ke hoach tiet kiem nudc" toan dien da dugc xay dung, gdm cac mat:
+ Giao due cdng va thdng qua cac chuang trinh quang cao tren cac phuang tien truyen thdng de nang cao hieu bie't cua cdng chiing ve nhu cau tie't kiem nudc;
+ Bdt budc ldp dat cac thiet bi tie't kiem nudc: Vdi nudc tu khda, thie't bi dieu tie't ddng chay khdng ddi, ldp be xa nudc cdng sudt tha'p;
-I- Tai sir dung va tai che' nudc da qua sir dung bdi cac nganh cdng nghiep;
4- Thay yeu cau nudc sach bang loai nudc phu hgp nhu nudc thai da dugc xit ly, nudc bien, nudc mua;
-1- Kiem tra nhiing he thd'ng ldp dat ldn khdng phai danh cho muc dfch sinh hoat.
Su van dung cac cdng cu thuc hien luat phap, chie'n lugc, chinh sach, ke' hoach, bao gdm:
/) Van dgng sU tham gia cua cdc nhdm chu chd't: PUB phdi hgp chat che vdi cac doanh nghiep, cac nganh, cac td chiic nghe nghiep trong viec xay dung va thuc hien cac chfnh sach; md hdi nghi chuydn de vdi cac giao vien trong cac trudng hgc, lien minh cac nganh va cac khach san de' tranh thu" su hd trg cua ho vdi cac nd luc tie't kiem nudc.
//) Gido due, ddo tgo ndng cao nhdn thiic cua cdng chiing: phdi hgp vdi cac ca quan truyen thdng md cac chie'n dich giao due tie't kiem nudc va viec ngudi dan Singapore cdn cha'p nhan thdi quen tie't kiem nudc nhu mgt each sd'ng; md cac trien lam ve tie't kiem nudc; Tien hanh cac khda dao tao cho thg dng cac kie'n thiic nghe nghiep, do tim dudng dng, khde phue tha't thoat nudc; Dap iing cac yeu cau cua ADB va ESCAP de cung td chiic cac hdi nghi chuyen de dao tao cho cac nudc dang phat trien la thanh vien; Xay dung trang website cua minh de ngudi dan tie'p can va cung cap cac thdng tin can thie't tdi khach hang vamgi ngudi.
iii) Cung cdp tdi chinh: vd'n va chi phf dinh ky xay dung va van hanh cac nha may xir ly
Nqhien ciru Phat trien ben vCrnq. so 1 (30) - Thanq 3/201 ^
LiAi Bach Dung - Khung the che phat trien ben vifng quoc gia nudc va nudc thai do chinh phu tai trg va
dugc bii ddp tir ngudi sir dung theo nguyen tdc ngudi gay ra d nhiem phai tra tien bdng each phai ddng phi va le phi; PUB la ca quan tu hach toan. Phi nudc phai dam bao se bu ddp toan bd chi phi cung ca'p nudc qua viec ban nudc hang nam, bao gdm ca hoan vd'n dau tu hgp ly.
iv) Thuc hien nghien ciiu, chuyen giao cong nghe nhu:
- Dau tu ldp dat va sia chiia cac dudng dng bi rd ri. He thd'ng may tfnh luu giii cac thdng tin ve rd ri, cac phan hdi ciia khach hang de len ke' hoach khdi phue hoac thay the' dudng dng ca'p nudc. Ke't qua lugng nudc that thoat ttr 10,6% nam 1989 xud'ng cdn 5% nam 2004.
- Tai sir dung va tai che' nudc da qua s\x dung cua cac nganh cdng nghiep; Thay the' yeu cdu ve nudc sach bang nudc da qua xil ly ttr cac nganh cdng nghiep, nudc bien, nudc mua.
- Ddu tu ldp dat dudng dng ttr cac ngudn cap nudc nggt trong vung de'n cac nha may xir ly hoac tieu dting true tie'p. Xay dung cac nha may khir man de' tao nudc nggt.
- Yeu cau WB hd trg ky thuat cho mdt sd du an cung cap nudc ma WB cap vd'n;
vj Tham gia xdy dung Ludt qud'c te: iiy Ban Dich vu cdng cdng da tien hanh cac hoat ddng: De trinh cac dieu luat va cac quy dinh de' bao ve cac luu vuc nudc, cac ngudn nudc d sdng, sudi va hd de'n cac td chiic qud'c te'.
vi) Thdng tin phue vu viec ra quye't dinh:
hang ngay tie'n hanh do ludng cac cha't hda hgc va vi khuan, dam bao nudc da qua xir ly dap ling cac quy dinh cua WHO ve chat lugng nudc sach. Tdi tham cac khach hang ldn de kiem tra viec ldp dat he thd'ng nudc va dua ra cac khuye'n nghi tie't kiem nudc.
v//j Hgfp tdc qudc te: tham gia Hiep hdi Cung cap dich vu nudc qud'c te, Hiep hdi Hgp tac cung cap nudc va ve sinh;
Singapore hgp tac vdi Malaysia trong chuang trinh cung nhau lam sach eo bie'n
Johor ma hai nudc cd chung dudng bien gidi.
Ke't qua rd ret nha't ciia viec xay dung va hoat ddng ciia the' che' tren la vdi mdt da't nudc thie'u hut tdi 50% nudc nggt, de' xir ly Singapore da tao ra cac ngudn nudc nggt cd the dam bao ben virng nhu cau ve nudc trong vdng 100 nam tdi hoac hon niia. Nam 2007, Singapore da dugc Vien Nudc qud'c te' d Stockholm, Thuy Dien trao tang giai thudng qud'c te" quan ly ngudn nudc tri gia
150 nghin dd la va da ky vdi WTO thda thuan hgp tac "Tang cudng quan ly nudc sach tren toan cau".
Viec lam rd ndi dung pham trii the' che', the che PTBV, khung the che PTBV qud'c gia va nhu'ng dieu kien de nd hoat ddng hieu qua, ca'u triic va hoat ddng cua mdt khung the che' bao ve va sir dung ben viing tai nguyen nudc ciia Singapore da giiip chiing ta hieu rd ve mat ly luan va thuc tien vai trd va y nghTa to ldn cua the che' trong quan ly xa hdi, quan ly cdng ddng trong thuc hien cac nguyen tdc, muc tieu va gia tri da nha't trf. The che' ndi chung va the che' PTBV ndi rieng la each thiic chfnh thd'ng de nha nudc, thiic ddy toan xa hdi hoac cac nhdm lien quan thuc hien nhirng nguyen tac, muc tieu va gia tri PTBV de ra trong CTNS21 qud'c gia./.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Bp MT & TN Singapore: "Huong toi phat trien ben virng"; Bao cao moi trudng 2005 cua Singapore.
2. Hanh trinh vi sir phat trien ben virng; Nxb Chfnh tri quO'c gia; Ha Npi, 2002.
3. http://www: "Insitutional Aspects of Sustainable Development in Singapore"
4. Ngan hang The gidi, Bao cao phat trien the gidi nam 2003: "Phat triin ben viing trong mpt the gidi nang dpng: Thay ddi the che, tang trudng va cha't lupng cuOc sd'ng"; Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia; Ha Ndi, 2003.
Nqhien ciru Phiit trien ben vifnq. so 1 (30) - Thanq 3/2011
