Ban ve cong bang xa hoi d Viet Nam""

9' X!

Ban ve cong bang xa hoi d Viet Nam""

V6TH!H6NGLOAN**

Cong bang xa hpi la mpt khat vgng to ldn cua con ngUdi va ciing la nguyin tac thiet ye'u cua tat ca cac qudc gia trong viec xay diing xa hdi dn dinh. Vi the, Dai Hpi dong Lien hdp qudc da thong qua Nghi quyei sd 62/10, quy^t dinh chgn ngay 20-2 hing nam la "Ngay Cdng bing xa hpi thd gidi" (bdt diu tUnam 2009). Viet Nam la mpt trong sdcac qudc gia nhanh chdng hudng dng Nghi quyet quan trgng nay.

Viec thuc hifn cong bang xa hoi or Viet Nam

Cdng b i n g xa hpi dfldc hieu l a rapi ngudi d i u dupe tie'p can cdng b i n g cac cd hpi p h a t tridn, cac ngudn lUc p h a t trien, cac dich vu xa hpi cd ban vd thdng tin, giao due, y te', viec lara. "Cdng b a n g xa hpi l a Sli tid'p can va xd ly dung d i n , khdng thidn vi cac radi quan h e cd b a n gifla eae ca n h a n , to chflc trong xa hpi"'^'. Dd la cac mdi tfldng quan cd ban, nhfl tfldng quan gifla n h u e l u va hfldng t h u , nghia vu va quyen lpi, chi p h i va ldi ich, ddng gdp va p h a n thfldng... Nhfl vay, cdng b a n g xa hpi hfldng tdi n h a n thflc xa hpi gdn vdi cdng ly, binh d a n g xa hpi, khdng p h a n biet ddi x d gifla cae ca n h a n , td chflc ed dia vi xa hpi khac nhau. Cdng b i n g xa hpi dfldc cu t h e hda t h a n h

cac nguydn tac flng xfl va dfldc t h e ehd' h d a t h a n h eae quy dinh p h a p M a t hoae t h a n h cac quy t i e ba't t h a n h van. Cdng b i n g xa hpi theo phap Mat l a phfldng thflc, cd che' de thfle hidn binh ddng xa hpi thflc cha't.

Thflc Men edng b i n g xa hpi d nfldc t a khdng chi Id budng tdi m u e tidu c u a e h u nghia xa hpi m a cdn la mpt ddng lUc q u a n trpng n h l m thue ddy p h a t t r i e n kinh t e - x a hdi cda da't nUdc, l a mpt ydu e l u bflc t h i e t cua edng cupc ddi mdi.

Cdng b i n g xa hpi thfldng dupe xet d n h i l u phUdng didn, n h u Mnh t e , chinh t r i , p h a p q u y i n , d a o dflc, vdn hda, giao due, y te... Cdng b i n g xa hpi t r e n linh vflc kinh te la ed sd, l a d i l u kien cd't ldi cua cdng b i n g xa hpi ndi chung.

Cdng b a n g xa hdi va tidn bp x a hpi la m u c tieu dfldc D a n g t a xac dinh ngay tfl nhflng ngay d a u kM nfldc ta tid'n h a n h sfl nghidp xdy dflng c h u n g h i a x a hpi. 0 thdi k y trflde ddi mdi. Dang t a c h u trfldng x a y dflng che dp sd hflu xa hpi c h u ngbia, xda bd ehe dp tfl hflu va p h a n phdi theo lao dpng de xa hdi k h d n g edn bdc Ipt, bat cdng v a ba't b i n h d i n g xa hdi. O thdi ky s a u ddi mdi, b a t d a u tfl Dai hpi VI, Dang t a n h a n d i n h : "Thflc hipn n h i l u h i n h thflc p h a n phdi.

* Bai vie't dUa tren ctJ sd san pham cua d l tai khoa hoc do NAFOSTED tai trd

** ThS, Vipn Xa hpi hoc, Hoc vien Chinh tri quoc gia Ho Chi Minh

(1) Le Ngoc Hung: Xa hgi bgc giao due, Nxb. Dai hoc Quoc gia, HaNpi, 2011, tr. 194

6 8 I 5097 1-2015)

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la'y p h a n phdi theo k e t q u a lao dpng va hidu q u a k i n h t e Id chu ye'u", "La'y p h a n phoi theo lao ddng lam h i n h thflc cbinh, khuyd'n k h i c h Mm giau di ddi vdi giam ngheo, ndng cao phue ldi xa hpi phfl hdp vdi t r i n h dp p h a t t r i e n kinh te*'. De'n nay, e h u n g t a da c h u trfldng p h d n phdi theo hieu q u a k i n h te', theo mflc ddng gdp vd'n vd p h a n phdi t h e o p h u c ldi xa hpi.

V a n k i e n D a i hpi XI cua D a n g Cpng s a n Viet Nara viet: " P h a t t r i e n k i n h td di ddi vdi p h a t t r i d n v a n hda.

xa hpi, thflc Men tie'n bd va edng bdng xa hpi ngay t r o n g tflng bfldc va tflng c h i n h sach. Cdng b i n g trong p h a n phdi cac ydu td' s a n xua't, tie'p can va s d d u n g cac cd hdi, dieu kien p h a t trien"*^'.

Q u a n diem ndy xac dinh ndi d u n g cua cdng b i n g xa hdi t r o n g sfl p h a t tridn k i n h td' - xa hpi ciia da't nfldc... va dd p h a t t r i e n k i n h td' t h e o hfldng b e n vflng. D a n g t a c h u trfldng kd't hpp gifla t a n g trfldng k i n h te' vdi tie'n bp vd edng b i n g xa hpi trong tflng budc p h a t trien.

Khdng chi t r o n g linh viic k i n h te, cdng b a n g xa hpi dfldc coi la mdt gia tri cd b a n dinh hfldng cho viec giai quye't cae mdi quan hd gifla ngfldi va ngudi trong cac linh vflc khae n h a u cua ddi sd'ng xa hpi. D a n g va N h a nUdc t a da cd n h i l u chinh sach n h a m tao sfl cdng bang, binh dang gifla mpi ngfldi dan trong xa hpi, nhfl edng bang v l ed hpi, (2) Van kiin Dai hpi dai bieu toan quoclin thiiXI, Nxb. Chinh t n quoc gia - Suth&t, Ha N6i, 2011, tr. 205 - 206

S697 (1-2015)1 6 9

ve tfl lieu san xua't (cae chu t h e ddu cd quydn n g a n g n h a u v l tid'p can ngudn von, tfl lieu san xudt vd nhflng dieu kien s a n xud't, k i n h doanh ndi chung dfldi n h i l u M n h thflc khac n h a u ) . N h a nflde d l r a rd't nhieu cMnh saeh kinh td', xa hpi, van hda, giao due, y te... n h a m giup dd nhflng ngfldi t a n tat, gia ye'u, cd ddn, cac gia d i n h thfldng binh, liet si, nhflng dan tpc thidu so' d vflng eao, v u n g xa, vung sau, nhflng gia dinh ed edng vdi each mang; thfle hien cMnh sach xda ddi, giam nghdo, ddng thdi thiet lap cac td chflc tfl thien, n h a n dao, n h l m thflc Men cdng b i n g xa hpi theo ed che'thi trfldng dinh hfldng xa hpi ehu ngMa.

S a u n a m 1986, d Vidt Nam b i t d i u thflc hidn cdng b i n g xd hpi theo ed ehe t h i trfldng; "cd ehe x i n - c h o " , c h u n g h i a b i n h q u a n d a n dfldc xda bd, cd ehe' p h a n phdi theo lao dpng d i n dflde xae l a p . T r d n ed sd t h i trfldng, ngfldi ndo dap flng dfldc t h i trfldng, ngfldi nao cd cd'ng hien n h i e u cho xa hdi thi ngfldi a'y dflpe xa hpi d i n dap cdng b i n g .

Tuy nhidn, vd'n d l p h a n phdi theo lao dpng d Vidt N a m cung gap khdng it khd k h a n . Do cd che thi trfldng 70 I S697 id-2015)

mdi h i n h t h a n h ndn khdng phai ai cd n a n g Ifle, ed tai, ed dflc ddu dap flng dfldc yeu eau eua thi trfldng. Cd trfldng hdp, nhflng ngudi khdng cd tai, khdng cd dfle lai giau len n h a n h chdng. Sfl p h a n t i n g xa hpi didn r a n h a n h va sau da tao r a k h a nhieu ba't cdng mdi trong xa hpi.

Mae dfl Viet N a m da ed nhidu cd' g l n g t r o n g vide r a ehinh saeh va thflc t h i ehinh saeh ve edng b a n g xa hpi nhflng thflc te cdn nhidu ba't cap, chfla cdng b a n g t r o n g nMeu linh vflc cua ddi sd'ng xa hdi.

Ba't cap vd edng b i n g xa hpi thd hidn rd ret nhd't trong p h a n phdi t h u n h a p . Chdng b a n , trong he t h d n g t h a n g bdc Ifldng c h i n h thflc cua N h a nfldc Viet N a m dfldc thid't lap ndm 1985 t h i sfl c h e n h lech gifla mflc Ifldng cao nhd't va mflc Ifldng tha'p nha't la 3,5 l i n , ndm 1993 la 10 U n , va n a m 2004 la 13 I l n . Mac du chinh sach la nhfl vay nhflng t r o n g thflc t e , chenh Ideh ndy d mpt so' cdng ty, xi nghiep cdng len tdi n h i l u chuc I l n .

Chenh lech giau ngheo la bieu Men ro nha't cua bd't cdng bang xa hdi. Ndu khoang each chenh lech n a y ngay cang tang len trong khi kinh te da't nfldc vdn ed td'c dp t a n g

trfldng kha, mflc dp cai tMdn t h u n h a p eua Idp ngfldi ngheo khdng dang kd, tM day ciing la mpt sfl ehfla edng b i n g xa hpi dang lo ngai.

Theo Bao cao p h a t tri^n con ngfldi nara 2007 - 2008 eua Chfldng t r i n h P h a t trien Lidn hdp qud'c (UNDP), 6 nfldc ta, 10% so' d a n ngheo nhd't ehi chiera 4,2% thu n h a p va chi tieu qudc gia;

10% gidu n h d t chiem 28,8%

t h u n h d p v a chi tieu qud'c gia; c h e n h Ideh gifla 2 ddi tfldng n a y Id 6,9 lan. Ket qua k h a o s a t mflc sd'ng hp gia

^ n h cho thtfy chdnh Ideh tbu n h a p b i n h q u a n gifla nhdm gidu va n h d m nghdo d Viet N a m la 8,11 I l n (nam 2002);

8,34 U n (nam 2004); 8,37 lan (nam 2006); 8,94 U n (nam 2008); 9,24 lan (nam 2010).

Nhfl vay, k h o a n g each giau ngheo cd xu hfldng ngay cang t a n g ldn. Tuy nhidn, d Viet N a m , vd'n d l chenh lech v l t h u n h d p va ehi tieu gifla ndng thdn va t h a n h thi edn dang lo ngai hdn.

Theo sd lieu cua Tdng cue Thd'ng k e , t h u n h d p binh q u a n d a u ngfldi mpt thang cua ngfldi ddn t h a n h tbi nam 2010 l a 2 . 1 3 0 . 0 0 0 ddng, t r o n g k h i e u a ngfldi dan ndng t h d n la 1.070.000 ddng (chenh lech g i n 2 U n ) . Chi tieu eho ddi sdng b i n h quan

7

.•J.IIJ.i.i.li.ll..lllU.I..JB!Ba d i u ngfldi mdt t h a n g d t h a n h

t h i i a 1.726.000 ddng, nhflng d k h u vflc n d n g t h d n la 891.000 ddng (chenh Ideh hdn 2 Un). Dieu dd eho thd'y, thu n h a p cung nhfl cM tieu, thdnh thi d i u gap hdn 2 U n so vdi ndng thdn.

Ngoai ra, edng b i n g xa hpi cdn dfldc t h e hien trong cac l i n h vfle giao due, dao tao, v a n hda, t h e t h a o , giai tri, thfle t h i p h a p M a t . . . Giao due - dao tao la mpt trong nhflng dpng Ifle q u a n trpng t h u c d i y sfl n g h i e p cdng nghidp hda, h i e n dai hda, la d i l u k i e n de p h a t huy n g u d n Iflc eon ngfldi - yeu to' cd vai trd quyet dinh dd'n sfl p h a t t r i d n k i n h te' - xd hpi n h a n h va b i n vflng cua da't nflde. Giao due - dao tao la ed sd de n a n g eao d a n tri, dao t a o r a nhflng eon ngfldi ed t a i n a n g , ed t r i t u e , cd n h a n each phuc vu cho sfl nghiep p h a t t r i e n k i n h td' - xd hpi eu.a mdi qud'c gia.

Chinh vi vay, cdng b a n g xa hpi da dfldc q u a n t a m va dfla vao L u a t Giao due cua nfldc t a . Dieu 10 L u a t Giao due (nam 2005) quy dinh rd nhfl sau: "Hpe t a p la quyen vd n g h i a v u c u a edng dan.

Mpi cdng d d n k h d n g p h a n bidt d a n tdc, tdn gido, t i n ngfldng, n a m nfl, ngudn gd'c gia (finh, dia vi xa hpi, h o a n

canh k i n h t e d i u binh dang v l cd hpi hpc tdp. Nhd nfldc thfle hien cdng b i n g xa hpi trong giao due, tao dieu kien de ai cflng dfldc hpc hanh..."'^'.

Du d a t dfldc nhflng t h a n h tflu nha't dinh nhflng l i n h vfle n a y vdn edn n h i l u khd k h a n , ba't cap, nha't la ve vide thflc hien edng b i n g xa hdi trong giao due - dao tao.

Nghi quydt Hdi n g h i T r u n g fldng 2 khda VIII chi r a mpt thflc te' la, nflde t a vdn ehfla thflc hidn td't cdng b a n g xa hpi t r o n g giao due. Con em gia dinh nghdo gap n h i e u khd k h a n khi m u d n hoc len cao. O cac trfldng dai hpc, t y Id s i n h vidn la con em gia d i n h n g h e o , eon era xud't t h d n t r o n g gia dinh cdng - ndng, nhd't la gia dinh ndng d a n d v u n g sdu, v u n g xa, vflng d a n tdc thieu so' giam d i n . Sd' lieu thd'ng ke eung cho thd'y, nhdra giau chi n h i e u cho gido due h d n nhdra nghdo. Ben e a n h dd, n h d m giau nha't d a n h tdi 3,2% tdng ehi ddi song eho v a n hda, thd t h a o , giai tri, n h i e u gd'p 16 i l n t y t r p n g cbi d n h d m n g h e o nha't (0,2%)W.

Khdng chi edn t r o n g linh vflc k i n h td', v a n hda, giao due edn xay r a nhflng vu vide b a t cdng xa hdi md t r o n g linh vflc thflc t h i p h a p M a t

v i n cdn nhflng vu an oan sai.

Theo so lieu thd'ng kd cua Vien Kidm sat Nhdn d a n tdi eao, n a m 2000, ca nfldc ed 92/

8.850 ngfldi bi lam dung b i t k h d n ea'p; ed quan d i l u t r a va vien kidm sat da dinh cM 362 vu a n vi khdng chflng m i n h dfldc hi can da thfle Men tpi p h a m , trong so' bi can bi dinh ehi thi cd 1.939 ngfldi bi dp dung bien p h a p t a m giam; trong thdi gian tfl 1-12-2001 den 31-11-2002, ca nfldc cd 1.925 vu/ tdng so' 49.684 vu dn vidn kiem s a t eac cap p h a i t r a lai de yeu eau dieu t r a bd sung.

Tdm lai, cdng b i n g xa hdi d Viet N a m Men n a y cdn nMeu van de phai giai quyd't, nhfl he thd'ng e h u a n mfle xd hpi, n a n g sua't lao dpng, quyen Mc... Dd Id cdng bang v l sfl hfldng thu, q u y i n lpi va n g h i a vu cua mpi edng dan, mpi vflng dan cfl t r e n ca nfldc.

Mot so gidi phap ph^t trien cong biing xa hoi

Thd nhi't, N h a nfldc c i n ed nhflng c h i n h sach ddng bd t r o n g viec h i n h t h a n h cd

(3) LuSt Giao due va cac van ban budng dSn tiii hanh, Nxb.

Thong kg, Ha Npi, 2006, tr. 11 (4) So lieu phan tich tfl Tong dieu tra dan so va nha cl nam 2009 Sd97'(1-2015) I 7 1

ca'u k i n h te cung nhfl t r o n g cd che quan ly; bao d a m sfl cdng b i n g t r o n g l i n h vfle kinh t e den cdng b i n g t r o n g eae linh vflc chinh t r i , p h a p ly, van hda, xa hpi; tfl k h a u s a n xua't, k i n h d o a n h cho den k h a u p h a n phdi; bao dam nguyen t i e p h a n phdi theo ke't q u a lao dpng, hieu q u a k i n h t e va cd'ng h i e n eho xa hpi.

Thd hai, t a n g cfldng v a i trd va hieu Iflc b o a t ddng cua cac cd quan Ipp p h a p va h a n h p h a p . Mpt xa hpi p h a t t r i e n va dn d i n h p h a i cd M a t le rd r a n g , p h a i t d n trong nguyen tac cdng b a n g va phai cd nhflng bien p h a p hflu hidu chd'ng lai mpi h i n h thflc bd't cdng. L a p p h a p cd nhiem vu tdi flu hda mpi lpi ich cua rapi t h a n h p h i n xa hpi. M u d n vay, p h a i ed ed chd' giai t r i n h , kidra t r a , giara s a t vd bao d a m m i n h bach t h d n g t i n . Ngfldi d a n p h a i dflde q u y e n bid't va ddng gdp y kie'n vao viec h i n h t h d n h , cung nhfl giam s a t vide thfle thi p h a p M a t . Hoat dpng h a n h p h a p va tfl p h a p eung p h a i dfla t r e n cd sd p h a p M a t va bao dam sfl n g h i e m minh t r o n g vide xet xd cae h a n h vi vi p h a m p h a p l u d t , ddng thdi bao d a m q u y e n vd lpi ieh hdp p h a p , e h i n h d a n g cua mpi 72 I S697 (1-2015)

edng dan, k h d n g p h a n biet dia vi xa hpi.

Thdba, thflc t h i hieu q u a cac vd'n de, nhfl cdng b i n g t r o n g vide tie'p cdn cdc cd hpi, cdng b i n g t r o n g vide ddng gdp sflc Iflc, t r i t u e , cdng b i n g t r o n g vide hfldng cae q u y i n cdng d a n vd cdng b i n g gifla eae t h e ' h e . Mud'n thflc h i e n dfldc d i l u nay, mdi ed q u a n , ddn vi p h a i xay dflng h e thd'ng quy ehe lara vide ro r a n g va rainh b a c h , thfle h i e n thfldng, p h a t n g h i e m minh.

Thd tu, md rpng n g u y e n t i e p h a n phdi theo lao dpng va t h e o mflc ddng gdp vdn vao s a n xua't, k i n h d o a n h Men n a y t h a n h n g u y e n t i c p h a n phdi t h e o cd'ng M e n (ca vd lao dpng, n g u d n vd'n cung mpi cd'ng hid'n khac) eho xa hpi ndi e h u n g chfl k h d n g p h a i chi eho s a n xua't, mac dfl cd'ng M e n cho san xua't v i n la chu ye'u.

Thd nam, m d u t h u d n gifla ldi ich ca n h a n vd lpi ieh xa hpi, ne'u k h d n g dfldc giai quye't rapt each d u n g d a n , se b i e u h i e n t h a n h nhflng hien tfldng t i e u cflc ddn de'n ba't edng xa hdi.

Mud'n hda giai ba't cdng xa hdi, mpt mat, N h a nfldc c i n tao r a mdi trfldng p h a p ly t h d n g t h o a n g de t a o d i l u kien eho sfl p h a t t r i e n t u do

va t o a n dien e u a mdi ca n h a n . Do dd, c i n nhanh c h d n g l o a i bd n h i e u hi|n tUdng q u a n lieu, t h u tuc p h i l n h a k h d n g c i n thidt t r o n g q u a n ly n h a nudc co a n h h u d n g k h d n g nho den t u do c u a ca n h a n . M^t khic, N h a nUde p h a i kien quye't n g a n e h a n su phat t r i e n eua chu n g h i a ca nhdn efle d o a n , n h a t la nghidm t r i cac t e q u a n lieu, tham n h u n g , hdi Id t r o n g bd may n h a nfldc va tpi p h a m ngoai xa hpi.

Thd siu, ddy m a n h cdng t a e t u y e n t r u y i n t r e n cac phfldng t i e n t h d n g tin dai chflng ve eae n g u y e n tic cdng b a n g , b i n h d i n g , tien bd xa hpi, dac biet la binh d a n g gidi va cdng b i n g xa hpi eho p h u nfl, n a n g cao n h a n thflc eua n h a n dan vl cdng b a n g xa hpi.

Nhfl vay, dd thfle Men cdng b a n g xa hpi d Vidt Nam hidn nay, va'n dd khdng chi la p h a n phdi theo lao dpng g a n vdi cd'ng hid'n va bflcfng t h u , m a la p h a i p h a t tri^n radt xa hdi toan dien trdn cd sd sd'ng va l a m viee theo Hien p h a p va p h a p luat. Do la m p t t r o n g nhflng n i n t a n g q u a n t r p n g de xay dflng mpt da't nfldc "dan giau, nfldc m a n h , d a n chu, cdng b i n g , v a n m i n h " !