Jlgj pia ly va Tai nguyen Moi Iruong Thii'a Thicn Hue _ _ _ _ ^ Hoi Dia ly Viet Nam
{)ja li kinh t§ - xa hoi Viet Nam: diin giai va hanh dong hipang tai mot Dja li hoc thong minh, sang tao
D i n g Van Phan', Vu N h u Van^
Abstract
Socio-economic geography of Vietnam ; an interpretation and action with a vision (o the smart and creative geography
In the article some of issues are anahzed as follows : (1) The socio-economic Geography of Vietnam is interpreted by soft / open thrice concepts . (i) The fundamental concepts Nature - Human - Society; (ii) Action in asence of green, surslainable development; (in) Forward to advancing Geography as a smart and creative one. (2) The Socio-economic Geography of Vieinam should be smartly and creatively organized in order to meet scio- economic changes for green and surslainable development. (3) Socio-economic space is being seen as a thrice subject with 3 core concepts as a whole : Territory (Primary real space) - Space 10/ Territorial space (Secondary real space) - Space 20 / CyberSpace (Supper Space) - Space 3.0 In the authers' opinion, by the way of smart choices and ceative approaches. Ihe Socio-economic Geography of Vieinam should become an acting one for induclriahzation and modernisation of the country.
I, CO SOf NHAN THirC LU^N KHOA HOC
Vdi each tiep can Id gich vi lich sii, phuang phap lugn ciia Dja li hpc ndi chung vi Dja li Kinh le - xa hpi Viet Nam ndi rieng la mdi quan he bien chii'ng ciia bd ba khai niem Tu nhicn - Con ngudi - Xa hgi. Trong triet hpc phuang Ddng do chinh li bp ba khii niem Thien - Dja - Nhin. Bd ba kliii niem niy trong nen van hoa dia li nudc nhi dugc van dyng de tiep cgn thuc tien nhu li mot triet II cho su lua chpn thanh cdng: Thien thai - Dia Igi - Nhan hoa - ciing cd the goi dd li nghe thuat lua chpn thdi co cho su nghi?p ldn.
Quan he tuong tic Tu nhien - Xa hdi dugc xem li mpt trong nhirng van de cua triet hpc ddng thdi la van de li lugn trong dia li hpc. Theo dd, thu nhdt, tu nhien la dieu kien thudng xuyen vi can thiet de san xuat tu lieu cho cupc sdng; thd hai, quan he qua lgi giira tu nhien va xa hdi li mpt hinh thiic van dpng vit chat, mpt dgng van dpng khdng cao hon van dpng tu nhien va van ddng xa hpi ma chi la dgng van dpng die thii va khach quan. Quan he ty nhien va xa hdi the hien d hai muc dp : (i) Qui trinh san xuit ben trong, ndi tgi ciia xa hpi, gan con ngudi va tu nhien trong mdt he thdng hoan chinh, he thdng mdi trudng dja li - xa h^i con ngudi; (ii) Mdi quan he gitia xa hpi vdi gidi tu nhien vo sinh vi huu sinh.
Trong he thong "Tu nhien - Con ngudi - Xa hpi", yeu td Con ngudi giir vai trd dac biet quan trpng. Su thong nhat giiia ty nhien vi xa hpi nam trong bin tinh ciia con ngudi va thong qua cac boat dpng ciia con ngudi. Thdng qua trao ddi chat trong tu each ia mot loii - loii ngudi, con ngudi gan bd vdi ty nhien. Bang qui trinh lao ddng san xuat, con ngudi lien ket hai yeu td tir nhien va xa hdi trong mOt chinh thi, mdt h? thdng vit chat thong nhit. Su thong nhat giiia xa hpi va tu nhien eo bin vOng
"Sy khdng khdng chi bieu hien qua sy ton tai va phat trien eiia cic he sinh thii tu nhien, ma cdn the ai^n chii yeu qua cupc song ciia con ngudi. Ca sd thdng nhat ciia he thong "Tu nhien - Con ngudi -
^i HQC Cuu Long
^'hoc Thai Nguyin
BiA LY KINH TE - XA HOI; DjA L Y CHINH TRI - QUAN SU
Hyi Dia ly va Tai nguyen Moi truong Thira Thien Hui Hoi Dja ly Vig( M J
Xa hpi" dupe t]ui dinh bdi ciu true chat che, lien hoan ciia sinh quyin vi bdi ca chi hogt ddngtk nguyen tie tu td chiic, tir bao vp, tu dieu chinh, tu lam sach ciia cac chu trinh sinh dia hda.
Tuong tic Tu nhien - Con ngudi - Xa hdi the hi^n sinh dpng trong su phan cdng lao ddng, trona dd, su phan cdng dia ly cua lao ddng khdng gi khac hon la hinh thirc khdng gian ciia su phan cdne |gn ddng die trung bang su khac biet giiia dja phuang sin xuat va dia phuong tieu thy. Hai nhan id tiSn quyet ciia su phan cong lao ddng xa hdi li su khic biet ben trong ciia eon ngudi va sy khic biet ciia tir nhien bao quanh hp. Trudc het, nhdn Id thu nhdl, dd l i c a s d h e p d o su khic biet ve gidi tinh va tuoi tac ben trong cic gia dinh hoac ddng tdc. Trii lai, nhdn to lhu hai, tren cosd rdng hon, dd la sy khic bietve tu nhien nhu li nhan td tien quylt cita sy phan cdng lao ddng. Neu nhu khdng ed su da dang irong mSi trudng tu nhien bao quanh con ngudi, neu dit dai Iiic dau chi phang lir nhu chang he cd su khic hi^tvl dia hinh, khi hau thi mpi su khac nhau giiia con ngudi trong lao dpng cung khdng vugt qua gioi han do su khic biet ve gidi tinh vi tudi tic.
Tdm Igi, su phan cdng lao ddng dja li giii vai trd giao thoa va lam phuc tap them cac nguyan nhan tir ben trong cic khic biet lu nhien, ehu khdng he giim di, eung vdi sy phuc tgp hoi ddi sdngxS hdi vi sy khic biet lich su trong khudn khd trgt tu xa hpi nhat djnh giua cac nudc vi cac vimg, khi^n vai trd con ngudi dugc khang djnh nhu la nhan td chi phdi hp thdng cic quan he Ty nhien - Con iiguftj - Xa hdi. Vdi tat ca tam quan trpng ve nhin thire khoa hpc ciing nhu thuc tien, li luan vl phaii c6ng lao dpng dja If dugc coi la tai sin qui bau cua Dja li Kinh te - xa hpi. [8]
Thudc do cita nhin thtirc H luan ndi tren li hanh dpng trong thuc tien. Dd li hanh dpng vi myc tieu phat trien. Ve dilu niy, ndi theo each ndi ciia Le Bi Thao, td chirc lanh thd kinh tl - xii hoi li hanh dpng xep sap hgp li cic nguon luc vi myc lieu phit trien dit nudc [7]. Trong each dgt van ill cua chiing tdi, thuc tien phit trien can dugc xem xet tren hai phuong dien : (i) Phit triin bin viing cho s^
ein bing kinh ll, xa hpi va mdi trudng sinh thii; (ii) Tang trudng xanh diin thien vdi mdi trudng.
2. HANH DONG VI MUC DICH PHAT TRIEN - Phat trien ben virng
Nam 1987, Bio cio Brundtland "Tuong lai chung ciia chiing ta" da dien giii : "Phit triin ben viing la qua trinh tii sin xuit md rdng khdng ngung nin kinh tl, xa hpi tren co sd mpt phuang thirc san xuat hi?n dgi trong khi dap ung yeu ciu tang trudng, phit triin kinh tl - xa hpi hien dai, dong thdi bao vf dugc mdi trudng nham duy tri mdi quan he can bing, hii hoi giiia con ngudi va gidi ty nhien, duy tri nen tang ciia su phat trien lau dai". Djnh nghTa niy cd hai khia canh chii ylu : mpt li, tai sin xuil m*
rpng khdng ngirng nin kinh t l la mdt tit ylu ciia thdi dai; hai la, dat sy phat triin dd trong khudn khd cua sue chiu dung, hay gidi han ciia gidi tu nhien bao quanh, lim nin tang cho su phat triin.
Vdi myc dich day nhanh Chuong trinh nghj su 21 cua Viet Nam (Djnh hudng chien luge phit triin ben viing d Viet Nam), Chinh phii da phe duyet Chiln luge Phat triin bin vCrng Viet Nam giai dogn 2011 - 2020 vdi muc tieu cy thi : Bio dam dn dinh kinh tl vT md, die biet la cac can doi lan;
Giir viing an ninh luang tliuc, an ninh nang lugng, an ninh tii chinh. Chuyin ddi md hinh tang Irudng sang phat trien hai hda giiia chieu rdng va chilu sau; Tirng budc thuc hi?n tang trudng xanh, phit trien kinh te cic-bon thap. Sir dung tilt kiem, hieu qui moi ngudn lire...
Cac chi tieu giam sit va danh gii phat triin bin vimg Vipt Nam giai doan 2011 - 2020 gdm:
Chi sd phat triin con ngudi (HDI), chi sd ben viing mdi trudng (ESI), hipu qua sir dung vdn diu tir (ICOR), ti le ngheo, ti le lao ddng dang lam viee trong nin kinh t l da qua dao tgo, so ngudi chit do iai nan giao thdng tren 100.000 dan, ti le so xa dugc cdng nhgn dat tieu chi ndng thdn mdi, ti I? che phu rirng,..
^'^ Hdi nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly Todn qudc ldn thu6, ThdnhphdHui. 9/2012
^iipja ly va Tai nguygn Mfii IrirdTig Thfra Thien Hue HQi Dja ly Vi^t Nam
Cac djnh hudng uu tien nhim phat triin bin vflng trong giai doan 2011-2020 vl kinh tl do li duy tri tang trudng kinh tl ben viing, tirng budc thuc hien tang trudng xanh, phit triin nang lucmg each, na"S lu'dng tii tgo. Cimg vdi do, nang cao chit lugng tang trudng, bio dim on djnh kinh tl vT mo dgc bi?t la cac chinh sach tii chinh, tien te. Chuyen ddi md hinh tang trudng chii ylu theo chilu King sang kit hgp hai hda giiia chieu rpng va chieu sau tren co sd khai thac, sir dyng hieu qui tii BguySn thien nhien va cac thanh tuu khoa hpc va cdng nghe tien tien de tang nang suit lao dpng vi ijjng cao sire canh tranh ciia cac sin pham hang hda vi djch vy, nang cao hifiu qua ciia nen kinh te ndi chung va hieu qua ciia vdn dau tu ndi rieng.
Trong thyc tien trien khai chien luge phat trien bin virng d Viet Nam va cic nudc ngudi ta da nhgn ra xu hudng chii dgo ciia tang trudng xanh trong phit trien bin virng.
- TSng trirdng xanh
Nhin Igi qui khir, nlu 20 nim trudc tgi Hpi nghj Rio 1992, ca the gidi ddng thuin cam kit theo con dudng phit trilri beu vu'ng, thi 20 nam sau Rio chic chan se li cdt mdc quan trpng dinh diu su chuyen bien ciia cac qudc gia loan cau ddng thuin hudng den tang trudng xanh trong Id trinh cam ket phattrien ben viing,
U mpt nudc dang phat trien, 20 nam qua, Viet Nam da dgt dugc nhung thinh tuu quan trpng trong phit trien kinh te va xda ddi giim ngheo. Nhieu vin de quan trpng ve su lua chpn md hinh phat triin dit nudc trong thdi ki qua dp len chii nghTa xa hdi d Viet Nam da dupe ban thio vi lim rd [7]. Tuy nhien, kinh te phat trien chua ben vihng, chat luting tang trudng cdn thip, lang irudng kinh te van cdn d^ nhilu vio cic yeu Id phit trien dieo chilu rpng, cham chuyen sang phit trien theo chieu siu. Trong boi canh dd, Bd Ke hogch & Dau tu da du thio Chien luge tang truijng xanh qudc gia Viet Nam.
Tai "Dy thio Chiln luge tang trudng xanh cita Viet Nam gai dogn 2011 - 2020 vdi tim nhin 2050" dS chi ro : (i) Tang trudng xanh d Viet Nam la su ting trudng dua tren qua trinh thay ddi md hinh tang trudng, tai co cau nen kinh te, nham tan dung lgi the so sanh, nang cao hieu qua vi sire canh tranh ciia nen kinh tl thdng qua viec nghien ciru va ip dung cdng nghe tien tien, phit trien he thdng co so ha tang hien dai de sir dung hieu qua tai nguyen thien nhien, giim phit thai khi nha kinh, irng phd v6i bien doi khi hau, gdp phan xda ddi giim ngheo vi tao dpng lire thiic day tang trudng kinh te mdt jCfich ben viing. (ii) Chien luge tang trudng xanh li mdt bd phgn cita dinh hudng chien luge phat trien
•ben viing ciia Viet Nam, day la co sd de dieu chinh cac chien luge vi qui hogch phit trien ciia cic ngaih, dia phuang lien quan. (iii) Myc tieu cua chien luge li khuyen khich cic nginh kinh te su dung
;hi$u qua tii nguyen thien nhien vdi gia trj gia tang cao, hgn che tien tdi xda bd nhiing nganh sir dyng ISng phi tai nguyen thien nhien, gay d nhiem mdi trudng; irng dyng va phat trien edng nghe hien dai, gfipphan ung phd hieu qua vdi van de bien ddi khi hiu; nang cao ddi sdng nhin din thdng qua viec tgo them vi?c Iam tir cac nganh cdng nghiep xanh va cai thien chit lugng cupc sdng thdng qua viec xfiy dimg loi song than thien vdi mdi trudng.
Nhflng hanh d^ng vi myc tieu phat triin ndi tren ddi hdi cac nha dja li khdng the dirng d mirc nhan wiic li thuylt, mi quan trpng hon ca li dua ra mpt li thuyet mdi Iam ca sd cho su lua chpn thdng minh,
••ep cgn sang tgo cac nhiem vy thyc tien. Tren binh dien qudc te, trong nhiing ddng gdp Idn cho nhin
"lire mdi ve dia kinh te da cd cdng trinh giii thudng Ndben Kinh te nam 2008 ciia Paul Krugman vdi Thuyet ve Dja - kinh tl mdi [4], va Bao cao thudng nien ciia WB nam 2009 vdi tieu de Tai dinh dgng dia
•kinh tithe gidi [2].
Ve phia minh, chung tdi cho ring cin cd mpt dja li hpc mdi dua tren sy lua chpn thdng minh, JJ^P cin thyc tien m^t cich sang tgo, gpi tit la Dja li kinh te thdng minh, sang tao ( A smart & creative
*^conomic Geography), ma npi ham cua nd can dugc dien giii theo 3 gia tri cdt loi : (i) Nin tang tur
^(ALV KINH TE - xA HOI; D(A LV CHINH TRI - QUAN SU 619
H$i Dia ly vi Tai nguy£n Moi truong Thira Thien Hui Hpi Dja ly y^gi f^
duy mdi vl khdng gian dja li; (ii) Khdi phit tir khdng gian dja - chinh tri / dia • kinh tl; (iii) Lira cl^
thdng minh vi tilp can sang tao trong kien giii cac nhicm vy thuc tien ciia dit nudc.
3. HirCWG TOfI MOT DIA LI HOC THONG MINH VA SANG TAO - Nin tang tir duy ve khdng gian dia li
Tir nhirng nim dau nira sau the ki XX, khai niem khdng gian vdn dugc su dung rdng rm ironn vit li hpc, bit diu dugc cic nha dia li MT su dung trong nghien cuu dia li kinh te - xa hdi, dua lai iu^|, gid mdi cho vice nghien ciru djnh luong cic mdi quan he ty nhicn, kinh te, xa hpi. Gidi dia It nucrc nhi' fit quan tim vin de niy bing vice cap nhit vi lim phong phii ndi him khii niem khdng gian djali ' [8], {91-
Toan ciu hoi li mdt xu the tit yeu, dugc nhieu nhi nghien ciru quan tam sau sic. d giai dojin toin ciu hoi 1.0 the gidi dugc nhan dang nhu mpt trai cau, trong dd, nhan id lanh thd ndi irpi voi' nhirng Igi the ve lii nguyen, lao dpng va thj trudng. Sang giai doan loan cau hoi 2.0, the gidi tro nen phang nhd thanh tuu khoa hpc cdng nghe lam cho cac ddng vit chit, nang lugng chu chuyen xuyen qudc gia, khdng bicn gtdi, khien cho nhin Id khdng gian cd uu the hon nhan td lanh thd. Ncn kinhte lhi Irucmg nhu la mdt he thdng md, khdng gidi han nhd su phal trien manh me ciia cdng nghe thong tin, dac biet la mang internet, vugt qua mpi gidi hgn qudc gia, din tpc, chiing tpc, tdn giio. Trai datbj nhiing trong mdt gidi phang, ndng bite va chat chdi, rang budc Irong mpl khdng gian mgng \6i tatci he luy cuand [4].
- Khoi phat tir khong gian dia - chinh tri / dja - kinh te
Khoing vii chuc nam gin day, khoa hpc dia - chinh tri dugc gidi khoa hpc, cic nha hoach djnh chien lupc quan tim nghien ciru chieu canh dia li, vc ihuc chat do la chieu khdng gian cua chinh trj vdi hai yeu td cau thanh la : cac hien lugng, cic qui trinh chinh trj; yeu td dja li dupe xem xcl nhir la chieu khdng gian ciia chinh tri, trong cic quan he tuong tic. Cin nhin manh, day cung la mdt phan quan trpng, neu khdng ndi li quan trpng nhii cua td chuc khdng gian lanh thd kinh le - xa hdi Vi?t Nam. Se li sai lim neu dja - chinh tri chi duoc xet d tam khu vuc va qudc te, la khoa hpc chi tlanh cho cac cudng qudc mi khdng cd tam qudc gia (!?) [6].
Trong ndi him ciia dja - chinh trj cd pham trii khdng gian dja - chinh trj quan hp mat ihiet ven td chirc khdng gian kinh te - xa hpi : "Khdng gian dia - chinh tri do la mdi trudng va khdng gtan dja li d dang yeu td gay inh hudng den cac mdi quan he qudc te. 6 gdc dp qudc gia, khdng gian dia - chinh' tri cd y nghTa quan trpng trong viec xiy dung chinh sach ddi ngogi vdi cac qudc gia ling gieng, trong khu vuc vi tren toin the gidi" [6].
Lien quan den ndi ham dja - chinh trj, cum tir ldi nguyen dia - chinh Iri dugc de xuit vidien giai cd sire thuyet phuc [8]. Tuy cd ve triru tugng va hien chua phd bien rpng rai, nhung bin than no lai duac sir dyng thudng xuyen hon ci nhat li tren tam hogch dinh chicn luac. Van menh ciia mot dan tdc, sir thinh suy cua mdt qudc gia phu thupc nhicu vio khi nang khai thac va sir dung tii nguyen nay nhu la mpl ngudn luc phit trien (!).
Gin day trong mpt sd nghien ciru cita cac nha dia li xuat hien khii niem vi the vi tai nj;uyen''l the. Theo Le Dire An, "Vi ihl ndi len lgi the so sinh ve vi tri dja li ciia mpt lanh thd nao dd, bao goni ca nhiing ca hpi vi thach thirc mi lanh thd dd phii duong diu ve kinh te va chinh tri. Cdn tii nguyan vj the li nhirng lgi ich hoac gii tri ma mot lanh thd cd the khai thac dugc dc phuc vy xa hdi nhd IpitiJ*
ve y'\ tri dja li ciia minh, bao gdm Ipi ich kinh te ve dat dai, ve van hoa, ehinh trj, quan su va uyW qudcte". [1], [2],
] 9/20 Hoi nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly Todn quoc ldn thu 6; Thdnh phd Hue.
OfliPig ^S vi T^^' nguy£n Mdi truing Thia Thien Hue Hpi Dia ly Vi|l Nam
' Xet ve ban chat, chinh trj la tip trung eao nhit eua Igi ich kinh tl, va do do, sy khdi phit ndi tren vJ dja - chinh tri trong dieu kien nudc ta ciing chinh la sy khdi phat ve dja - kinh tl. Chi cd mdt chi tilt 5^ chu y, dja - chinh trj chu khdng phai ia dia li - chinh trj, dl tranh nhim lan vdi dia li kinh tl nhu li jirphan bd cac ngudn lyc san xuit va dich vy trong mdt qudc gia, mpt viing Ianh thd xic djnh.
Trong thdi dgi chiing ta, lam chit lanh tho, khdng gian Idnh tho chua du mi phai vuan tdi Iam c]a khong gian mgng. Bing viee phattrien mgnh tdi mirc phd cap cdng nghe tin hpc vi mang internet cOng nhu viec phdng VINASAT I, VINSAT 2, Viet Nam dang trong Id trinh vT dgi dd. He lugn tat ylu iday la su chuyen dpng sang sir lya chpn dja - chinh trj / dia - kinh t l thdng minh va sing tao. Cum tir mdi me nay, cd ve chua quen nghe lim, nhung da dupe cic CEO tong kit tir trii nghipm thuc tl ring mpi thanh cdng trong sy nhiep deu phu thudc vio hai ylu td : lua chgn thdng minh. Hep can sdng tgo.
- Lira chpn thong minh va tiep cgn sang tao trong kien giai mpt s6 van de thurc ticn dat node
Nguyen tic chi dgo chung cho su lya chpn thdng minh, tiep can sing tao trong thuc tiln td chuc khfing gian lanh thd kinh t l - x a hpi dit nudc la: (I) Dim bio su thong nhit toin ven ci nudc, tgo lap sy gjn ket cic yeu td ty nhien, con ngudi, mdi trudng va cic the che trong mpt klidng gian thdng nhit vi vjn hanh nang ddng; (2) Dim bio gan ket ca 3 chieu theo chudi cac gii tri : Khdng gian lanh thd qudc i^a/N^udn luc con ngudi / Tai nguyen mdi trudng. Khdng gian 3 chieu dd dugc bieu hipn bing su kit hpp Ipi the cung nhu vj the cita cic bp phan hgp thanh dit nudc : mien mii, ddng bing, biln - dio, vimg trcri, viing nudc va them luc dja, (3) Dim bao hien thyc hoi mpt so dd khdng gian lanh thd md trong su kit ndi vdi cic nudc trong khu vuc Ddng Nam A, trudc het la trong khudn khd Tilu viing Me Cdng md rpng (GMS) vdi cac cyc, cac tuyen phat trien tren dat lien : Hanh lang Ddng - Tay, Hai hinh lang - Mpt vanh dai; va hien thyc hoi y tudng vl mdt khdng gian hgp tic va phit triin Biln Ddng trong khudn khd C^ngddng ASEAN phat trien hoi binh, dn dinh vi thjnh vugng; (4) Dim bio hinh thanh tinh lien thdng trong khudn klid WTO cung nhu cac mdi li6n he song phuuong va da phuang vdi cic qudc gia vi lanh Iho tren the gidi; (5) Ngay tir bay gidi, hien edn chua mudn, phai tinh tdi cac giai phap chii ddng ddi phd
^ nguy CO tic ddng ciia biln ddi khi hau toan ciu. [ 8], Cac nguyen tie neu tren dugc van dyng de kien gSi mpt sd van de quan trpng trong thuc tien sau diy :
r - U'ng pho vol bien doi khi hau, nudc biln dang
Bien ddi khi hgu toan cau la thach thu-c Idn nhit ddi vdi nhan Ioai trong the ki XXI. IPCC da cinh bio Viet Nam li mdt trong nhiing nudc chju inh hudng ngng ne tir bien ddi kh( hau. Theo tinh loan cua J. Carrew-Rcjd - Giam ddc Trung tam qudc tl quan li mdi truong, vdi Viet Nam, nude bien dang 1 m. thi 38,5% dien tich cua 11 tinh / thanh phd Ddng Nam Bp vi Ddng bing sdng Ciru Long bj CO nguy CO ngap chim dudi nudc man; nhieu viing ven bien vi chiu thd sdng Hdng eung chiu tic ddng nggp lut vi thien tai bat thudng (') Trudc linh hinh do, Bd Tai Nguyen vi Mdi trudng da sogn thio ICjchbin Bien ddi khi hiu, nudcbiendangcho VietNam trong the ki 21.
Do tinh chat phire tgp cita biln ddi khi hgu vi nhiing hieu biet chua day dii ve bien ddi khi hgu d
*i?t Nam cung nhu tren the gidi cimg vdi yeu td tam li, kinh te, xa hpi, tinh chua ehac chan ve cac
^jch ban phat thai khi nha kinh, tinh chua chic chin cua md hinh tinh toin xay dyng kjch ban,... n6n tjch ban hii hoa nhit la kich ban trung binh dugc khuyin nghi eho cac Bd, nganh, eic dja phuong lam
*inh hudng ban diu de danh gii cic tic dpng cua biln ddi khi hgu, nudc bien dang va xay dung kl 'Osich hanh ddng ting phd vdi bien ddi khi hgu.
Mdi diy (3/2012) Bp Tii nguyen & Mdi trudng da cdng bd "Chiln luge qudc gia ve bien ddi thi hau va kjch bin bien ddi khi hgu, nudc bien dang cho Viet Nam" vdi bdn muc tieu cu the. Thu ml la dim bio an ninh luong thuc, an ninh nang lupng, an ninh ngudn nudc, xda ddi giam ngheo,
'IA iV KINH TE - XA HOh DIA LV CHINH TR[ - QUAN SI/ 621
Hpi Dja ly va Tai nguyen Moi trirdng Thiia Thi£n Hue Hpi Dja ly Viet M
binh dang gidi, an sinh xa hdi, sire khde cdng ddng, nang cao ddi sdng, bao ve tai nguyen thicn nhis™
trong bdi cinh bien ddi khi hgu. Thii- hai, nen kinh te cac-bon thap, tang trudng xanh trd ihinh v hudng chii dao trong phit trien ben viing. Thtr ba, nang cao nhgn thuc, trach nhiem va nang lirciini phd vdi biln ddi khi hgu ciia cac ben lien quan; phat triin tilm lyc khoa hpc vi edng nghp, chit linml ngudn nhan luc; hoin thien the che, chinh sich; tan dyng cic co hpi tir bien ddi khi hau dl phattril 1 kinh te - xa hdi. Thd lu, gdp phan tich cue vdi cdng ddng qudc t8 trong irng phd vdi bien ddi khi hiu 1 Chien luge cung da xie dinh 10 nhiem vy chien luge, bao gdm cic nhdm nhiem vu thupc vl linhwJ ihich img, nhdm nhiem vu thudc ve gidm nhe; nhdm cdc dieu kien phii hgp, ddm bdo cho viec ungphn bien ddi khi hiu dgt hieu lyc, hieu qua cao vi kha thi nhat.
- Xung dpt loi ich tren Bicn Ddng
Trong thdi dgi toin cau hoi vi hpi nhgp qudc te, bien va dgi ducmg da trd thanh ylu id quan trpng trong cic quan he quoc te va khu vyc. Vi the, cic nudc cd Igi ich, cho dii dudi hinh thirc naodj nffa, deu cd diem chung l i c i n phii cd nhirng chien luge cgnh tranh va phit trien cave dja-kinh tSvi dja - chinh trj bien. Trong bdi cinh do, Biln Ddng trd thinh mpt san choi day kjch tinh giiia cac l^j ich vdi ten gpi khic nhau : "Cgng ddng" (Common interests - ASEAN), hay "Qudc gia" I Xdt /o/" (National / Core interests - Trung Qudc), "CWn/u^c" (Strategical interests - Cacnlnkinhl^
Idn). Trudc cac lgi ich nay, khdng phai tit c i cac ben tranh chap, cic nin kinh tl Idn lien quan deu sin sang thda hiep, nhugng bp, nhat la trong cie vin dl chu quyen, quyen chu quyin Ianh thd - lanh hai, quyen ty do giao thuang qudc tl tren biln.
Tuy nhien trong sy khic biet vl Igi ich bien vin cd nhieu diem ddng, dilm chung; dd li tJn phai cd mdi trudng hda binh, dn dinh ya tin ciy lan nhau, tdn trpng Cdng udc UNCLOS - 1982. Theo hudng nay, giiia ASEAN vi Trung Qudc da cd budc liln quan trong trong "Tuyen bd irng xu eiia cac bend Biln Dong" ("Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in tlie East Seam - 2002 - (DOC)". ASEAN hi?ii dang nd lye thiic day Id trinh tien tdi cam ket cd tinh rang bupc trong eic nguyen tic irng xir cua cac ben' d Bien Dong (COC). Viet Nam yi Trung Qudc da ky thda thugn nguyen tie giai quylt vin dl tren bien!
gdm 6 diem, trong dd cd viec thiet lap dudng day ndng cap chinh phu dl kip thdi trao ddi vi xd ly thongi tin(ll/10/20II,taiBicKinh).
Giai phip tdi uu cho su cdng bing va khich quan la each tilp can can bing lgi ich tren Bien Ddng calgi ich cgng ddng. lgi ich qudc gia vd tgi ich chien luge, ca vi dja - kinh te vd dia - chinh iri Trong bdi canh dd, Viet Nam phii mgnh len vl kinh tl biln bing vi6c xay dung mpt nin kinh tl bien thdng minh, giii vung dpc lap, bio vp sy toin ven lanh thd - lanh liai, thyc hipn thing lgi sy nghi?p cdng nghipp hoa, hien dai hoa va hdi nhap qudc tl; gdp phin xay dung khu vuc ASEAN hoa hinh vi thinh vucmg.
- Sang kien hop tac MT- Ha nguon Me Cong
Luu vue sdng Me Cdng la mpt ddi tugng dia - kinh te va dja - ehinh tri nhgy cam vdi cac niroc trong khu vuc Ddng Nam A bin dao. Nhan thirc tim quan trpng dd, Ngan hang Phat triin chau A (ADB) da phan iing tich tich cue trudc Chuang trinh phat triin luu vyc Me Cdng md rdng (GMS).
Chuang trinh nay thu hut sy chu y chien luge cua Trung Quoc, Nhat, EU, An Do, MT. Trong boi canh canh tranh lgi ich dja - chiln luge giira cac nudc Idn trong khudn khd GMS, MT cd each lua chpn va tilp can khi ddc dao, dd la viec dua ra Sing kiln hgp tie MT vdi 4 nudc ha nguon Me Cdng gom Camphuchia, Lao, Thii Lan vi Viet Nam (4 nudc niy chilm 75% dien tich va 82% ngudn nudc liru vyc Me Cdng), gpi tit la Sing kiln MT - Hg nguon Me Cdng (LMI).
Tir gdc dp thuylt Hien thuc mdi - cung cd thi gpi la hpc thuylt Hipn thuc dia - chinh tn mcri cua MT, LMI ndi Ien vdi 3 npi dung chinh : (i) Ca chi cdn bdng quyin luc trong sy sy dan xen cua cac
^22 Hoi nghi Khoa hoc Dia ly Todn qudc ldn thd 6; Thdnh phd Hui 9/2012
^,
[fliPig ly ^i Tii nguyen Moi trufrng Thira Thien Hui _ ^ Hpi Dja Iy Vict Nam i^u tl cgnh tranh vi hgp tic chien luge giita My, Trung Qudc, Nhgt Ban vi phin nio do li Nga, Han ifluoc, An Dp, chien luge tii can dy ciia My dudi Chinh quyen Obama, vai trd tich cyc (va trung tim) ciia ASEAN trong cic the che khu vuc nhu ASEAN+, EAS. (li) Tdng cuimg dnh hucmg : My can Aam gia hogc chu ddng tao ra cac co che hop tie de tgo vi the trong ciu iriic quan he khu vue dang ffinh hinh. Tham chi khdng it y kiln eho day li each kin dao de MT giri tin hieu "kiem ehl" den Trung QuIc. Din lugt minh, cae nudc Ddng Nam A dlu cd chit truong ngoai giao kheo leo nhim tranh thii oui trinh cac nudc ldn canh tranh anh hudng tai khu vuc. (iii) Hgn chi hdnh vi: Thdng qua LMI lieu }ji\c6 the hgn ehe hinh vi eiia cic qudc gia Hg ngudn vi cic nudc Ha ngudn ed the "bupc chan" MT ?.Ve ly thuyet, thuyet Hien thuc mdi dugc coi la ca sd tiep can cho LMI vdi cac luan diem : "cdn liSngqi^en luc", "tranh iha nguon luc". "Idng cudng dnh hudng" nhu nhirng dpng co cho hgp lie Uiu vyc Hg ngudn Me Cdng. Trong thuc ticn, LMI cd the dem den nhirng ggi y dang suy nghT ve bin chit hgp tac giiia mdt nudc ldn vdi mdt nhdm cic nudc nhd, xual phit tir vice xem xet nhiing ddng co va nhu cau da dgng ciia cic ben, cd tinh den yeu td lgi ich qudc gia, nhu ciu an ninh vi co che cin bang quyen luc, ciing nhu su lo nggi trong hanh vi ciia cic ddi tic.
- Qui ho^ch khong gian phat trien {khong gian thuc sa clip - lanh thd / khdng gian thuc thir cap - khong gian lanh thd)
CJui hogch khdng gian phat tnen vira li ddi tugng vira li nhiem vy cita Dia li hpc. Cdng tic nay da dugc trien khai d Vict Nam tir nhirng nim 60 the ki trudc. Trong dd, khii niem td chuc lanh tbd kinh te - xa hpi dugc coi gin nhu ddng nghTa vdi qui hoach tdng the phit trien kinh te - xa hdi trong trung han vi dii han, bao him hai khia cgnh ; (i) Khong gian tuyit dot (lanh Ihd) trong khudn khd cic cap phan vj hinh chinh kinh te / (ii) Khdng gian tuang ddi - cac dicm / tuyen / hanh lang / mgng ludi, gpi chung li bg khung khdng gian lanh thd dit nudc,
Mpt sd md hinh khdng gian phit trien dat nudc tren tam vT md dugc de xuit cd tinh du bao (Lc Ba Thio, Tran Dinh Gian, Vti Tu lap, Vien Chien luge phat triin thudc Bd Ke hoach vi Diu tu).
Nhilu dieu ki diiu vd bi dn da dupe khim phi trong nghien cuu cung nhu ihyc tbi qui hoach phat trien khong gian lanh thd nudc nhi. [12]. Md hinh kinh tl ldng quit trong thdi ki qui dp len chii nghTa xa hpi a Viet Nam da dugc nghien ciru de xuit. [7]. Cdng tic td chiirc lanh ihd kinh te - xa hdi da cd nhilu ddng gdp lim co sd cho kl hoach hoa nen kinh tl qudc din. Tuy nhien van cdn nhieu khd khan ton tgi nhu : chat lugng nhieu dy an qui hoach chua cao, chua cd tam nhin xa, chua phii hgp vdi co chi thi trudng. Qui hoach tong thi kinh te - xa hdi vimg, lanh thd ehua gin kit vdi qui hogch phit trien nganh; qui hogch phat tri6n kinh te cac dja phuang; thieu su gan ket giOa trung uang vdi dja phuong, giu'a eic dia phuang, giua cic phan khiic trong chudi gii tri cung irng diu vao - diu ra trong sin xuit va djch vy. Die biet, cic qui hogch chua the hien day du cic tinh hinh mdi trong hdi nhap kinhti qudc tl...
Tuy dii cdn khdng it khd khan, tdn tgi cdng tic qui hogch khdng gian kinh te - xa hdi nudc nhi dugc coi trpng. Dat nudc ta dang dugc qui hoach, dii cd phai tdn kem tien ciia va cdng sire (!)
- Tiep can khdng gian mang (Sieu khong gian - Cyberspace )
Khdng gian mang la mdi trudng dien tir ciia cic mgng may tinh, trong dd diln ra cic giao tiep hyc tuyln. Khdng nen nhim lin khdng gian mgng vdi Internet. Khic vdi internet, thugt ngii khdng gian mgng ed mpt sd thupc tinh sau :
Thii nhit, khdng gian mang md ta ddng chay ciia dii lieu ky thugt sd thdng qua mgng ludi cac
•niy tinh kit ndi vdi nhau ciing mpt luc, do dd ngudi ta cd thi xac dinh vj tri khdng gian nhu li mdt doi tugng hiiu hinh, hiin thi rd rang trong hieu irng cita nd.
^lA LV KINH TE - XA HOI; DIA LY CHINH TRI - QUAN S\J
Hoi Dja ly va Tai nguyen Moi truong ThiJ^ Thien Hui Hgi Pja ly VjetNg^]
Thii hai, khdng gian mgng la trang web ciia may tinh qua trung gian truyin thdng (CMC), trong,^
dd mdi quan he tryc tuyln vi cac hinh thuc thay thi danh tinh tryc tuyln, phat dap mdi quan hp gj^
"tryc tuyln" va "offline" cac hinh thiic cua cupc sdng vi tucmg tie giiia thi gidi "thuc" va "ao".
Cudi ciing, khdng gian mang cd thi dui?c xem nhu la trudng lyc "ao" cd the cung cap co h^j
"thuc" dl djnh hinh Iai xa hpi va van hda thdng qua viec nhan dang "an", hoac cd the dupe coi la phuang tien truyin thdng vin hda khdng bien gidi.
Nhin thire dugc vai trd quan trpng ciia khdng gian mang, trong Chien luge quan sy mdi cua Mj
"Duy tri sy lanh dgo toin ciu ciia MT: Nhirng uu tien cho qudc phdng the ky 21" do Tdng thing Obama vi gidi chiic qudc phdng MT cdng bo ngay 5/01/2012 cd nhin manh nudc MTphii ".. Diutu vio nhiing kha nang tien tiln dl bao ve eic mang ludi, kha nang tic chiln, vi kha nang hdi phuc cih minh trong khdng gian mang va khdng gian". Quan dpi MT phai "...Tac chien cd hieu qua trong khdng gian mgng vi khdng gian",
Khdng gian mgng cd y nghTa to ldn trong luu / chuyen, xu li, khai Ihic thdng tin dir lieu phuc vy cic hogt dpng dau tu, thuang mai du lich (thuang mai dien tii), quan li nhi nudc (nha nudc dicn tii}, quin li rui ro thien tai, trao ddi thdng tin tryc tuyen vv. Khdng gian mang - miirc dp phit trieii cao nhat ciia khdng gian Ianh tho, dem lgi ca hpi tilp can thdng tin loan ciu, khdng bien gidi. Vj the ciia mgt qudc gia khdng phy thudc vio vi tri dia li tren ban dd dja li thdng thudng, ma chit ylu phu thupc vao viee chiem giii dugc vj tri nio trong khdng gian mgng [13].
Vay li nhd tilp can khdng gian mgng, lir Lanh thd (Khdng gian thuc so cap - Primary real space - Space I.O) qui dp sang Khdng gian - Ianh thd (Khdng gian thuc Ihii' cip - Secondary real space - Space 2.0), Igi dugc nhiing trong mdi trudng khdng gian mgng ay, Dja li hpc lim giau hanh trang cua minh bdi mpt khii nipm mdi: Sieu khdng gian - Space 3.0. Nhan the ndi them, nhirng nSm diu thgp ki 70 thi ki XX, tren van dan dia li phuang Tay xuit khai niem MetaGeography (tgm dich \i Sieu dja li) rit triru tugng, thudng dugc hiiu la Dia li li thuylt, thi nay, dugc tiep cgn Space 3.0, djali sieu thuc khd mudng tugng iy Igi trd thinh dia li hien thuc vdi tat ca chifiu cgnh cita nd.
He qui cua su lya chon thdng minh, tiep can sing tao 3 thupc tinh khdng gian : 1.0 / 2.0 / 3.0 li su hinh thanh tap khdng gian da chieu - dilu ki^n cin va dii dl vgn hanh chudi gia trj cung ung loan ciu, diy loan ciu hoi sang giai doan 3.0 [4]. Se xuat hien mpt nhan td mdi nao do, su ndi trdi cita m$t phan khiic nao do trong chudi gia tri ay, chuyen biet nd, se dem lgi Hi?u u'ng tiet kicm do qui md, dan tdi sy can thiet phai tai djnh dang dia - kinh te toin ciu dugc soi sang bdi thuyet thuong mai mdi, dia - k i n h t i m d i [3] [5] [14]
KET LUAN
Thay loi ket luan cho nhiing dieu trinh biy d tren, chung tdi nhan mgnh mpt sd van de chii yeu sau day : (1) Dia 11 kinh te - xa hpi Viet Nam dugc dien giai bang mpt cau true "mem" / 'md" tren ca sd nhan thiic sau sac 3 gia tri cot ldi : (i) Ca sd nhdn Ihirc ludn khoa hgc; (ii) Hdnh dgng v' '"("^
dich phdt Iriin xanh vd bin vdng; (Hi) Hudng t&i mgi Dia li hge thdng minh / sdng tgo (A smart &
creative Economic Geography); (2) La bd phan cau thanh he thdng khoa hpc dja li, Dja li Kinh le - Xa hdi Viet Nam dugc hieu la : "Khoa hge to chiec khdng gian - Idnh iho kinh ti - xa hgi ddt nudt "'P' cdch thdng minh vd sdng tgo vi muc lieu phdi trien xanh vd bin vihig". (3) Khdng gian kinh U' - xa hdi la mdt tap khdi niim cot loi, gdm : Lanh thd (Khdng gian thuc sa cip - primary real space) - Khdng gian 1.0 / Khdng gian - Idnh thd (Khdng gian thyc thii cip - Secondary real space) - Khdng gian 2.0 / Khdng gian mgng (Sieu khdng gian - Cyberspace) - Khdng gian 3.0. (4) Bing su iua chpn
Hdi nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly Todn qudc ldn lhu 6; Thdnh phd Hui, PA'"'-
n-nifl IV vi Tii nguyen M6i truoTig Thira Thieii Hui Hgi Dja ly Vi|t Nam
. _ pjinh va each tilp cgn sing tao, Dja ii hpc trd thanh khoa hoc hdnh dgng ddng hanh ciing dat ode trong sy nghiep cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoi.
XAI LI$U THAM KHAO
1 Atlat qudc gia Vipt Nam - Giai thudng Hd Chi Minh nam 2000. Nxb Bin Dd, Hi Ndi.
2 Le Diic An (20X0). Bdn ve ldi nguyen vj thi cua ddi bd Bdc Bg vd Bdc Trung Bg.Hqi nghi Dja li toanqu6clinV(2010).Tuylntapbiocio,tr. 1007-1016.
3 Bao cao Phat trien the gidi 2009 (WB). Tdi dinh dgng dia kinh ti (Reshaping economic geography), Nxb Van hda Thdng tin. Ha Npi, 562 tr.
4 Thomas L. Friedmand (2008). Nong, Phdng, Chal (Hoi. Flat, and Crowded). Nhi xuat bin Tre, TP Hd Chi Minh, 576 tr.
5 Paul Krugman. Li ihuyit dia - kinh ti mdi (The theory of new trade and new economic geop-aphy). Giai thudng Ndben Kinh te nam 2008. htlp://wvv-w.google.com / Paul Krugman - Giii '\w:c:TiQ Ndben Kinh tl 2008
6. Vu Ty Lip (2004). Suphdt triin cua khoa hgc Dia li uong thi ki XX, (Cum cdng trinh giii thudng Nha nudc nam 2011). Nxb Giio Dye, HaNpi, 294 ti.
7. Uo hmh kinh ti tdng qudt Irong thai ki qud do lin chit nghia xd hdi a Viel Nam : Ca sd li ludn vd thvc liin. Hpi thio khoa hpc qudc gia do Hdi ddng Li lugn Trung Lfong - Dai hpc Kinh tl qudc dan Ha Ndi ddng td chirc, 9/2009. Nxb Dgi hpc Kinh tl qudc dan Hi Ndi, 2009, 504 tr.
8. Dang Van Phan (2010). To chdc khong gian kinh li - xd hgi Viet Nam : nhdn thirc them vi gdc do vilridiali. dia chinh tri Tuyen tip cae bio cio tai Hdi thio khoa hpc qudc le dja li Ddng Nam A lan thir X "Su ihay ddi khdng gian, nai chdn vd van hod chdu A", HaNpi, 2010, tap l,Nxb Dai hpc Su phgm, Ha Npi, tr. 211 - 216.
9. Ding Van Phan, Vu Nhu Vin (2002). Td chuc Idnh thd kinh li - xd hdi Viit Nam : Mdt sd vdn de ly lugn vd ihuc lien iren quan diim dia ly ddi mdt vd phdt Iriin. T/c Khoa hpc xahdi. Sd6(58), TP Ho Chi Minh, 8/2002, tr. 56-62.
10. Le Bd Thdo - Nhimg cong trinh khoa hgc dia li lieu biiu. (Cym cdng trinh Giai thudng Hd Chi Minh nam 2011). Nxb Giao Dye, 2007, 976 ti.
11. Vu Nhu Van (2008). Disdn lu tirang Hd Chi Minh : Hm hiiu vd suy ngdm tie gdc do dfa li hgc.
Hpi nghj khoa hpc Dja li toan qudc tin thu 3. Tuyln tip cac bao cio khoa hpc, Nxb KHKT, Ha Npi, tr. 959-967.
12. Ngd Doan Vinh (2010). Phdt tnin - Nhiing diiu k'l diiu vd bi dn, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha Npi, 220 tr.
13. Waif, I. Barney. Encyclopedia of Human Geography. Florida State University,1956 - GP4 2006, 640 tr.
14 The oxford Handbook of Economic Geography. Oxford Unievrsity Press, 2000, 1086 tr.
^lA LY KINH It - XA HQl, DIA LY CHINH TRI - QUAN SU'
