Ban ve triet hoc duy ly cua Benedictus de Spinoza
Le Hihi Loi*'*
Tom tit: Benedictus de Spinoza (1632-1677) la nhd khoa hoe, nhd triit hoc duy ly ngudi Hd Lan ndi tieng thi ky XVII, la mot trong nhimg ngudi dat nin mdng cho su ra dai triet hoc Khai sang thi ky XVIII. Cdc thdnh tuu khoa hoc vd triit hoc cua dng ed anh huong mgnh me, rdng rdi vd Idu ddi den nen khoa hoc, nen triet hoc cdn dai va cd ngdy nay. Khi nhdc den chii nghia duy ly thai ky can dgi phuong Tay, ngudi ta thudng nghi tdi Spinoza.
Bdi viet gop phan lam ro mot sd ndi dung ca bdn trong tu tudng triet hoc duy ly cua ong, tic do buac dau danh gid nhiing gid tri khoa hoc cUng nhu nhimg han che nhdt dinh cua ly luan do doi vdi triet hoc phuong Tay can - hien dgi
Tir khoa: Triet hgc phuong Tay, Chii nghia duy ly, Benedictus de Spinoza
Abstract: Benedictus de Spinoza (1632-1677), a famous Dutch scientist and philosopher of the seventeenth century, was one of the foremost exponents of the 18th century Enlightenment philosophy. His scientific and philosophical achievements have a strong, extensive and long-lasting influence on modern and contemporary science and philosophy. When it comes to Western modernist rationalism, one immediately thinks of Spinoza. The article clarifies some basic contents of his rational philosophical thought, thereby initially evaluates the scientific values as well as certain limitations thereof to early modern Western philosophy.
Keywords: Western Philosophy, Rationalism, Benedictus de Spinoza
1. Bat van de - nha khoa hgc tu nhien. Bennedictus de The ky XVII dugc ggi la thdi ky ly Spinoza la dai dien tieu biau cho lan sdng tinh, thdi ky chu nghTa duy ly len ngdi mdi do cua khoa hgc - triet hoc luc biy gid trudc khi c6 sy ra ddi cua chii nghia kinh ban canh hai nha duy ly Rene Descartes va nghiem mang ten Francis Bacon, day ciing Gottfried Leibniz. Thdng qua viec ka thira la giai doan chiing kien su bimg nd kha cd phe phan triat hgc Descartes, nha triet manh me ciia khoa hgc tu nhian, dac biet la hgc theo "chii nghTa ty nhien thSn luan"
CO hoc, toan hgc, vat ly hoc va g5n liSn vdi (chu nghia duy vat hay vd than) da dem su xuit hien cua mgt loat cac nha triSt hgc lai mgt each nhin mdi ya triat hgc va khoa
hgc so vdi tu duy Iriat hgc huygn thdng n -ntS., Truang Dai hoc Bac Lieu; ^ ^ " g '^ua cac tac phdm ndi tiSng cua minh.
Email: [email protected] dac biet la Dao due hoc. Qua viec dh cao
29 nhiing nguyen ly toan hgc cua Euclid trong
hinh hoc, van dung da luan giai ve nhiing phuong phap ly tinh trong viec giai quyet nhiing van da siau hinh hgc, tu tudng cua Spinoza da the hien sy sang tao vugt trgi va CO nhieu gia tri cho sy phat trian khoa hgc tu nhien duong thdi, ddng thdi, dng ciing dugc coi la ngudi dat nan tang cho su ra ddi ciia triet hgc khai sang the ky XVIII ciing nhu cd sue anh hudng Idn den cac nha triit hoc sau nay.
2. Cugc ddi va sy nghiep ciia Benedictus de Spinoza
Spinoza sinh nam 1632 trong mgt gia dinh thuang giaoAmsterdam (Ha Lan). Khi con nhd, dng la mgt hgc sinh xuat sac trong trudng hgc cua giao doan Do Thai. Tuy nhien den nam 17 tudi, Spinoza budc phai thoi hgc da giiip gia dmh trong cdng viec buon ban. Mac du dugc thira hudng mgt n^n giao dye truyan thdng Do Thai, nhung chinh sy pha phan va hiau ky da dan dng den sy xung dot vdi cong ddng Do Thai, sau dd bi khai trir, ke tir day ong lay tan Benedictus.
Sau khi cha ong qua ddi mgt thdi gian, dng chinh thiic khdng theo nghe, khdng lay vg va ciing khdng cd con ma chi tap trung say me nghien ciiu triet hgc va khoa hgc ty nhien, nhat la hinh hgc Euclid, dng van tu xung la Euclid trong triet hgc.
Trong cugc ddi va su nghiep triat hgc ciia minh, Spinoza da da lai nhieu tac pham hiet hgc cd gia tri Idn lao cho nan triet hgc nhan loai nhu: Nhiing nguyen ly triet hoe Descartes (xuat ban nam 1663);
Chuyen ludn ve than hoc - chinh tri (cong bo an danh nam 1670); Luac khdo ve Chua, ve eon ngudi vd hanh phuc cua nd (1677); Tieu luan ve su hodn thien tri tue vdn it duac biet tdi (1677); Dao due hoc (Ethics) (1677);... Dao due hoe dugc xem la tac phim ndi tilng va quan trgng nhat
cua Spinoza, theo nghTa rgng, tac pham tap hung ban ve ty nhien va thuc the, Chua, con ngudi, ve tha xac va hnh hdn, cam tinh va ly tinh cua con ngudi cimg nhu vk cac van da dao diie. Day la tac phSm chua dyng nhiau tu tudng tien bd nhat ciia dng, dem lai tan tudi cho nha triat hgc ngudi Ha Lan sau khi dng qua ddi vao nam 1677.
Spinoza dugc coi la nha duy ly Idn ciia ttiat hgc Tay Au can dai tha ky XVII, la ngudi dat nen tang cho sy khai sang tha ky XVIII, ong dac biet chiu sy anh hudng cua triet hgc Descartes va ty coi minh la ngudi ke tue va phat hien triet hgc Descartes, song cung chinh dng la ngudi phe phan triet hgc nhi nguyan cua nha triat hgc vT dai ngudi Phap. Sau khi qua ddi, dng dugc dit nude Ha Lan suy tdn nhu mgt nhan vat lich sir quan trgng, vdi viec in hinh dng n6i bat hen dong tian chinh thiic cua dkt nude cho dan khi cd dong tien Euro nam 2002, giai thudng khoa hoc cao nhat, cd uy tin nhdt cua Ha Lan cung mang tan Spinoza.
3. Nhung noi dung co" ban trong t u tirong triet hoc duy ly cua Benedictus de Spinoza 3.1. Su khdc phuc thuyet nhi nguyen cua Descartes vd su hinh thdnh hoc thuyet ve "thuc the"
Cogito ergo sum - "Tdi tu tudng, vay tdi hien hiiu" (Dan theo: Tran Thai Dinh, 2012: 26) dugc coi la diem xuat phat hong triat hgc Descartes. Ciing vdi Bacon,
"Decacto [Descartes] da tao ra mgt cugc each mang trong lich su tu tudng triat hoc Tay Au can dai" (Nguyen Hiiu Vui, 2007:
297), cdn hong triet hgc Spinoza, diem xu3t phat lai bat ngudn tir mgt cum tir kha ngan gon - "thyc the" (substance) (thugng da hay gidi tu nhien) la nguyen nhan cua chinh minh. Ben canh mgt cugc each mang chong than hgc, triit hgc Kinh vien, ciing vdi Descartes, Spinoza cung thyc hien cugc
30 Thong Hn Khoa hoc xa hoi. so 5.2019 each mang khac phuc thuyet "nhi nguyen"
ciia Descartes da di d i n "uhkt nguyan"
hong the gidi quan cua minh, tu dd trd thanh mgt nha triet hgc v6 thin dung nghTa.
Trong Dgo due hoe, khi da cap tdi Chiia, Spinoza trudc het dua ra va phat triln khai niem "causa sui" - nguyen nhan cua ban than: "Toi hieu causa sui la cai ma ban chat bao ham trong minh sy thyc tdn, noi each khac, ban chat ciia nd khdng tha hieu theo each nao khac ngoai la ban chat dang tdn tai" (Dan theo: Do Minh Hgp, 2014: 102).
Xuat phat tir quan niem tran, dng di dan hgp nhat cac khai niem "Chiia", "ty nhien"
va "thyc the".
Chiia, theo Spinoza, ton tai ban trong ban than tha gidi, mang tinh ndi tai va tuong dong vdi tha gidi chii khdng phai d ban ngoai, xa la vdi tha gidi. Vdi y nghTa do, dng coi Chiia la mot thyc the: Tdi hieu chua la thyc tha tuyet doi vd ban, tiic la thyc tha cau thanh tir vd sd dac tinh, trong dd moi dac tinh deu bieu thj ban chat vTnh hang va vd ban. Sy khac biet giua tu tudng triat hgc ve Chiia ciia Spinoza va Descartes the hien tnrdc bet d cac thuat ngii "than luan" (deisme - khang dinh sy tdn tai cua mgt dang cuu the nao do) va "phiem than luan" (pantheisme). Phiem than luan cua Spinoza la thuat ngir bat nguon tir tilng Hy Lap co dai pan (tdt cd) vd theos (thdn, thuang de), cd nghTa la dimg de chi niam tin rang "Thugng d l la tat ca, tkt ca la Thugng de" (Dan theo: Nguyen Tdn Himg, 2012; 331). Theo nghTa rgng, the gidi hoac la dong nhat vdi Thugng dl, hay theo mgt each nao dd, la mgt sy bieu hien ban chat ciia Thugng de.
Mac dii ed mgt thyc thi duy nhdt ddng nhat vdi Thugng de, nhung nd hien ra thdng qua vd sd cac thugc tinh (attribute), trong dd tu duy va quang tinh la hai thugc
tinh CO ban. Cach xac dinh nhu vay co y nghTa quan trgng trong vdn de °^^^ i giua vat chat va y thirc, thi hien sir nha nguyen luan trung lap so vdi thuyet nhi nguyen cua Descartes coi vat chat va tmh than la hai thyc thi doc lap. Theo Spinoza:
"Thugc tinh theo tdi hiiu la cai dugrc tri tue nhan thiic v l mgt thyc thi, la cai tao nen ban ehm cua thuc thi. Tu duy va quang tinh la hai thugc tinh ca ban cua thuc the"
(Din theo: Nguyin Tdn Himg, 2012: 332- 333). Nhung su vat ca thi la nhung dang thiic (mode), la nhung dang t6n tai khac nhau cua thyc thi. Ong dinh nghia "Dang thirc theo toi hiiu la nhimg bien tha ciia mgt thyc thi, la cai nSm trong mgt cai khac nhd do ma thyc t h i dugc nhan thiic" (Dan theo: Nguyen TSn Hung, 2012: 333). N h u vay, nlu nhu d Descartes, tinh chat co ban ciia cac vat thi la quang tinh, Descartes ggi chiing la thyc thi, thi Spinoza bian hai thuc the ciia Descartes thanh hai thugc tinh ciia mgt thyc tha theo quan niem rieng. Cac thugc tinh dugc hiau nhu nhihig tinh chat CO hihi, ma thdng qua dd thyc the dugc bieu hien ra. Ban than thyc the bao ham tdng the cac thugc tinh cua nd. Cac thugc tinh ciing tdn tai vinh vien nhu chinh ban than thyc the, mac dii nd thugc ve "tha gidi san sinh ra".
Thuc the la bat ddng, dang thiic ludn ludn van ddng va hi chi phdi bdi luat nhan qua. Spinoza di d i n thuyet quyet dinh luan rang: "Trong tu nhian khdng cd gi la nglu nhien, trai lai t4t ca d l u do tinh tat ylu cua tu nhien thSn thanh quylt nd phai t6n tai va san sinh ra mgt kat qua theo mgt each nhat dinh" (Din theo: Nguyin TSn Hiing, 2012:333).
Tom lai, hgc thuylt "thuc thi" ciia Spinoza tuy cdn nhiing han chi nhdt dinh mang tinh chdt siau hinh nhung no lai thim
31 dugm tinh than duy vat, vd thin va chiia
dung nhung yeu to bien chimg. Diau dac biet d day, chiing tdi mudn khang dinh lai nhiing dieu de cap d hen, dd la thdng qua
"thuc the", Spinoza da ty xay dyng mgt nen triet hgc cho rieng minh, khac phuc dugc thuyat nhi nguyen eua Descartes xet theo nghia ban tha luan eua nd.
3.2. Nhan thuc luan - phuang phdp ludn duy ly eua Spinoza
Xuat phat tir hgc thuyat ve thyc the - gidi ty nhian - Thugng de duy nhat, Spinoza khai trian van de nhan thirc luan ciia mmh.
Ong coi linh hdn va the xac con ngudi chi la hai thugc tinh ciia mgt sy vat, la the hien hai thugc tinh cua mgt thyc the trong mgt dang thirc cua nd. Tu duy va tha xac la mgt hien tugng dugc nhin nhan tir hai gdc do khac nhau. Quan niem nay dan tdi ket luan rang, cac cam giac, biau tugng do cac giac quan cua co the dua lai ciing co ciing mgt noi dung vdi cac y tudng, quan niem cua tu duy. Nhu vay, hgc thuyet ve mgt thyc the duy nhat da md ra mgt khdng gian rgng rai cho boat ddng ciia cac giac quan.
Nhung Spinoza da khdng dua ra mgt nhan dinh tich eye ve gia h i ciia nhan thuc cam tinh, dng di dan chd tuyet ddi hda cai chung nhat, cai bat bien, cai duy nhat va nhu vay, ong cd khuynh hudng tach rdi thuc the khdi nhung dang thiic, sy vat cu the. Tham chi, ong eon cho rang thyc the diing tren ea nhiing thugc tinh, dang thiic cua nd, vi thyc the la cai sinh ra cdn cac thugc tinh la cai thuoc ve the gidi dugc sinh ra. Cam giac gan vdi cac sy vat dan nhat nen khdng vdi tdi dugc thyc the. Chi cd nhiing suy nghi, quan niem trim tugng cua tu duy, dac biet la nhiing tri thuc trye giac cua nd mdi nam dugc thyc the. Do vay, nhan thuc ve cac giac quan cd thi mang lai sy hieu biat ve
"the gidi dugc sinh ra" ciia thyc thi, nghTa
la cdn cd mgt gia hi khach quan nhdt dinh.
Vdi nhiing luan giai neu tren, Spinoza chi ra ba cap do nhan thiic nhu sau:
O mice do tri tudng tuong (nhan thiic cam tinh), cac y niem xuat phat tic cam giac, nhu khi chiing ta nhin thay mgt ngudi khac.
O day, cac y niem rat dac thii va cu thi.
Cac y niem d binh dien nay la chuyen biet, chiing mo ho va khong day du. Hay ndi each khac, tdi biet tdi nhin thay mgt ngudi, nhimg tdi van chua biat dugc ban chat cua ngudi ay la gi, y niem do kinh nghiem nay la hiiu ich cho cugc song hang ngay ciia con ngudi nhung nd khdng cho con ngudi tri thiic dich thyc, khong cho bilt ban chat cua sy vat.
Miiv do nhan thuc giac tinh vugt len tran tri tudng tugng de din ly tri. Day la tri thiic khoa hgc. CJ miic do nay, tinh thin con ngudi cd the vugt qua khdi pham vi cac sy vat cu the tnrdc mat de co dugc cac y niem trim tugng, nhu trong toan hgc va vat ly hgc. Tri thitc thi day dii va dung. Ong cho rang chan ly ty minh chung minh minh
"vi ngudi cd mgt y niem diing thi ddng thdi biet rang minh cd mgt y niem diing, va khdng tha nghi ngd ve chan ly cua su vat"
(Dan theo: Stumpf, 2004: 205).
Miic cao nhat cua nhan thiic la true gidc. Ciing nhu Descartes, Spinoza coi trye giac la trye giac ly tinh, tiic kha nang tri tue cao nhat cua con ngudt, la kha nang kham pha ra chan ly, dong thdi la tieu chudn cua chan ly. Nhd true giac, chiing ta cd thi hiiu thau toan tha he thong ciia thien nhian. Cf miic do nay, con ngudi cd thi hiiu biat cac sy vat cu the ma hg da gap d miic do thii nhat nhung vdi mgt each thirc mdi. N l u d miic do thir nhat chiing ta thdy tat ca cac vat the mgt each rdi rac, thi d miic do nay chiing ta thiy chiing trong mdi lien he cua nd vdi cai khac, thay nd
32 Th6ng fin Khoa hpc xa hoi. so 5.2019 hong tinh toan thi. Khi dat tdi miic do nay,
con ngudi ngay cang hiiu Thugng de ban va h d nen hoan thien, hanh phiic ban, vi qua sy dien kiln nay chiing ta hiiu thku dugc toan he thdng cua thian nhien. Ban canh dd, con ngudi thay vi tri cua minh trong thien nhien, mang d i n cho hg mgt sy hap dan tri thiic ve trat ty va su vien man ciia thien nhien, cua Thugng de.
Nhu vay, Spinoza da coi qua trinh nhan thiic la con dudng giiip con ngudi ngay cang kham pha va tuan theo cac quy luat cua tu nhian va ddng thdi ngay cang di tdi ty do, di dan tir cam tinh tdi giac tinh va cuoi ciing tdi trye giac. Ong cho ring, con ngudi can phai cd niam tin, nhung do la dn vao cac quy luat tu nhian, vao su thyc chii khdng phai nhimg dieu hu ao cua tdn giao.
Tiep theo, trong qua trinh nhan thiic, Spinoza ban ve chdn ly va mdi quan he gifta chan ly xac thyc vdi sai lam, "giong nhu anh sang lam Id ra ban than no va bdng tdi bao quanh, chan ly la thude do va chinh minh va ve su sai lam", vi "ai cd y niem chan chinh thi ngudi do cung biat la cd nd va khdng tha hoai nghi ve tinh chan ly ciia sy vat" nen "chan ly la tieu chi cho chinh minh va cho ca sy sai lam" (Dan theo: Vien Triat hgc, 1998: 271). Dieu nay, theo dng, chi cd nhan thiic trye giac va bo di cai xau xa ciia cam giac mdi dat dugc din cai chan ly hoan hao nhat, song, chan ly ay ed sy sai lam. Sai lam la chan ly tuong doi. Day la luan diem vira bien chung, vira sieu hinh d chd tach biet qua trinh nhan thirc vdi boat dgng thyc tien cua con ngudi.
Ve phuang phdp ludn, gidng nhu Descartes, Spinoza cho rang chung ta cd tha dat tri thiic chinh xac ve thyc tai bang each theo phuang phdp hinh hoc. Nhung cai ma Spinoza tham vao phuong phap ciia Descartes la mgt sy sap xap cd he thdng
cao cac nguyen ly va tien de. Trong phuang phap cua Descartes kha don gian, Spinoza h l u nhu triln khai mgt sieu hinh hgc (Metaphysics) d l giai thich toan the thyc tai theo kilu hinh hgc, giai thich cac tuong quan va chuyen ddng cua sy . Trong hinh hgc, cac k i t luan dugc chimg minh va Spinoza nghi rSng ly thuyet cua ' the dugc chiing ta ve thyc tai ciing i chiing minh nhu vay. Spinoza khong chap nhan ring cac dinh nghTa cua ong la tuy tien, vi dng tin riing cac kha nang cua ly tri chung ta cd t h i hinh thanh cac y mem phan anh ban chit thyc cua su vat: "Mgi dinh nghia hay y niem ro rang va phan biet dlu diing" (Dan theo: Shimpf, 2004:
202). Do do, mgt he thong dly dii cac y niem dung se cho chiing ta hinh anh thyc va thyc tai.
Ciing chiu anh hudng ciia Descartes, Spinoza cho rSng, d l hinh dung dugc day du hinh anh cua ty nhien, tri tue ciia chung ta can xay dung tat ca cac y niem, y niem dau tien phai la ngudn gdc cua y niem khac, dd chinh la phuong phap suy dien toan hoc.
Nhu vay, phuong phap suy dien cua toan hgc la cdng cu van nang trong viec nhan thiic the gidi. Quan diam nay tha hien su tuyet ddi hda sy phat trien cua toan hgc va phuong phap toan hgc trong tinh hinh ducmg thdi. Nd cho thay mdi quan he chat che giiia triet hgc va khoa hgc ty nhien.
Cd thi ndi, nhitng phan tich tren cho thiy, viec de cao ly tinh hay tri tue cita con ngudi la dang dugc tran trgng trong tu tudng cua Spinoza, mac dii van cdn nhirng han chi nhdt dinh song viec xay dung mgt he thdng triit ly dya tren phuang phap dien dich cimg thi hien nhihig diem mdi va sang tao trong each trinh bay ciia dng, mot co sd cho sy phat triln cua triit hgc trong khoa hoc ty nhian ve sau.
33
3.3. Ve nhan bdn hoe vd dgo dice hoc Spinoza
Ciing xuat phat tir hgc thuyet va thuc the, Spinoza xay dung quan niem va con ngudi. Vdn de con nguai dugc xem la muc dich cudi cimg ciia triat hoc. Con ngudi chinh la mgt dang thiic cua thyc the, la san pham ciia ty nhien va mgi boat dgng cua no phai tuan theo cac quy luat tu nhien. La mgt dang thuc ciia thyc tha nan con ngudi CO quang tinh va tu duy, d con ngudi dieu do dugc tha hien dudi dang linh hdn va the xac. Day la hai the thdng nhat, khdng the tach rdi nhau: "Co the khdng the bat linh hon phai suy nghT, ciing nhu tu duy khong the bugc tha xac van ddng hay diing yen, hoac lam mgt viec gi khac" (Dan theo:
Nguyan Hiiu Vui, 2007: 320). The xac con ngudi ma khdng cd kha nang suy nghT thi khong cdn la nd niia, ma chi la mgt vat vd dung. Trai lai, linh hdn chi la chiic nang hoat dgng ciia tha xac con ngudi. Theo dng, ban tinh cua con ngudi la nhan thirc, nhan thiic la khat vgng Idn nhat cua eon ngudi muon tha hien tinh yau tri tue cua minh tdi Thugng da. Spinoza tiap tuc phat trian quan niem cua Descartes khi coi co the con ngudi la khi quan cua tinh than. Nhung con ngudi khdng phai "cai may - he thdng" nhu Descartes da ndi, con ngudi la mgt dang thirc ciia thyc the nam hong qua trinh phat trien va diet vong eua gidi ty nhien. Song, theo ong, do la sy nhan thiic ban than cua Thugng de, "trong Thugng de can phai tdn tai mgt y niem ban chat cua mgt co tha con ngudi nao dd dudi hinh thiic vTnh hang"
(Dan theo: Nguyin Hiiu Vui, 2007: 321), bdi \a tu duy con ngudi the hien sy phat trien cao cua tu duy vdi tu each la mgt thugc h'nh ciia thuc thi. Con ngudi la su thi hien thugc tinh cua gidi ty nhien ty nhan thiic, y thure chinh ban than minh.
Theo Spinoza, hgc thuyat ve eon ngudi can giiip dd ngudi ta tim thIy mgt "ban tinh ngudi" dac tnmg cho mgi ngudi. Tuy nhien, can xay dimg xa hdi sao cho ed nhilu ngudi thyc hien dugc muc tieu ay dl dang, chinh hgc thuyet ve eon ngudi cho phep Spinoza tap trung xung quanh van da hanh phiic ciia con ngudi, ddi mdi dao diic va cai bien xa hdi dya tran cac nguyen tac nhan van.
Khi ban ve ngudn gdc hinh thanh con ngudi, Spinoza cho rang moi ngudi "dau la mgt bd phan cua toan bg tu nhien, ban chat con ngudi budc phai phuc timg cac quy luat cua no va phai thich nghi vdi no bang v6 sd phuong thirc", trong khi dd "nang lye con ngudi la rat ban cha va sue manh ciia cac nguyen nhan ben ngoai la vugt hoi, nd vd ban; do vay chiing ta khdng cd nang lye tuyet doi de bat cac sy vat ban ngoai phuc vu chiing ta" (Dan theo: Vien Triat hgc, 1998: 285). Quan diem nay van chua dat den do rang chinh con ngudi mdi la chu the chinh phuc tu nhien, vdi nguyen do rang, con ngudi mac dii tdn tai trong the gidi ty nhien, la san pham cua su phat trien lau dai ciia gidi ty nhian, chiu sy chi phoi cua cac quy luat tat yeu cua gidi tu nhien, song, bang va thdng qua lao ddng, con ngudi da chinh phuc tu nhien theo each eua minh.
Mac khac, thdi diem lich sir ay chua cho phep ong dat den dieu dd. Quan diem nay chi den thdi ky triet hgc Marx-Lenin ra ddi mdi trd nen hoan hao.
Diem tuang ddng va hgp ly nhat cua Spinoza ddi vdi triat hgc Marx-Lenin, the hien d quan dilm ban va mdi quan he giira tdt ylu va ty do. Trong "bien chung cua ty nhien", Engels cho ring: "Tu do khdng phai la sy doc lap tudng tugng ddi vdi cac quy luat ciia ty nhien, ma la sy nhan thiic dugc cac quy luat dd..., ty do la d sy chi phdi dugc chinh ban than va ty nhien ben ngoai.
Thong tin Khoa hoe xa hoi. so 5.2019 mgt su chi phdi dya tran su nhan thiic dugc
nhiing tat yau ciia ty nhien; do do, ty do la san pham tat yeu cua sy phat triln lich sir"
(Dan theo: C. Mae - Ph. Annghen, 1994:
163-164). Ty do phai la mgt san pham bac nhat cua su phat hien cua lich sir, ciia su thong tri ddi vdi ty nhien lan ddi sdng sinh hoat trong xa hdi. Theo Spinoza, khong c6 ty do y chi, bdi vi mgi thii xay ra theo each ciia nd, van de la can phai nhan thuc thi gidi mgt each nang dgng da thyc sy dugc ty do. Vi tha, Spinoza la ngudi dau han xac dinh mdi quan he bien chiing giira ty do va tat yau, khi dng chi ra tu do chinh la sy hiau biet cai tat yeu. Tu do chan chinh khong phii nhan quy luat khach quan, ma phan dau nhan thirc quy luat da vuon len lam chu quy luat. Theo do, con ngudi chi co tha trd thanh ty do khi dugc chi dao bdi ly tri hong hoat ddng ciia minh.
Trong quan niem ve dgo due, Spinoza cho rang, dao diic bao gdm viec cai thien nhan thirc ciia chiing ta bang each di tir cap do cac y niem lan Ion va thieu sot de len tdi binh dien thii ba la true giac, d do chiing ta cd nhiing y niem ro rang va phan biet ve sy sap xep hoan hao va vTnh cim mgi su vat. Chi tri thuc mdi dan con ngudi tdi hanh phiic vi nhd hi thirc eon ngudi mdi cd the dugc giai phdng khdi cac trdi budc ciia cac dam ma. Chinh ly tri ddng vai tro dieu tiat nhan thiic de hinh thanh nan mgt trat ty nham hudng dan hanh vi cua con ngudi, "tri tudng tugng giiip do ngudi ta hinh dung dugc nhihig hau qua va khuyen cao ngudi ta trong cac hanh ddng hien tai"
(Dlntheo:Durant,2007: 161), day la mgt y niem can ban ve dao diic, thien hay ac ciing d noi day.
Nhu vay, toan bg ndi dung hiet hgc duy ly cua Spinoza deu bat ngudn tir "thyc the".
Viec da cao tir duy tri tue cua con ngudi so
vdi cam tmh da dem lai nhilu gia hi c o triet hgc cua dng. ^ 4. Danh gia nhihig gia tri va han che trong triet hoc duy ly cua Benedictus de Spmoza
4.1. vi mat gid tri
Mot la, ciing vai Descartes vd Leibniz, Spinoza da kien quyit chdng ¥ triet hoc Kinh vien, giao diiu, ddng thdi thuc hien mot cuoc each mgng mang tinh chat buac ngoge trong lich sic triit hoc phuang Toy thdi ky can dgi. Dommique Folscheid - nha triit hgc ngudi Phap danh gia ve Spinoza:
"ngudi ta nhin thdy xuyen qua nha hien triit nay guong mat cua 'nha met hgc' xua dudi 'cac dinh kiln' va 'cac ao tudng', mgt ngudi chuyan lam mdt di 'su than b i ' " (Dan theo: Folscheid, 1999: 77).
Hai la, triit hoe duy ly Spinoza mang nhiiu tu tudng bien chicng sdu sac, gdp phdn thuc ddy su phdt trien eua chu nghia
duy vat hien dgi Y I U td bien chiing trong tu tudng cua Spinoza cho thay sy tac ddng qua lai lan nhau giiia cac dac tinh va cac dang thiic eua thyc the, trong mdi tuong quan giiia thyc tha vdi cac dang thiic biau hien ciia nd, do dd, Engels nhan xet rang:
Luan diem ndi tiang cua Spinoza - thyc tha causa sui "tha hien mgt each ro ret su tac dung lan nhau" (Dan theo: C Mac - Ph.
Annghen Toan tap, 1997: 721).
Ba la, triit hoc duy ly Spinoza ddng gdp rat lam trong viec de cao tam quan trong cua ly tinh hay tri tue con n^di trong nhan thuc.
Dilm ndi bat cua Spinoza mang dan trong ly luan nhan thiic tap trung d hi tudng cho ring chi cd hi thiic mdi d i n con ngudi tdi hanh phiic, vi chi nhd tri thiic con ngudi mdi cd thi dugc giai phdng khdi cac troi bugc cua
•dam me. Thdng qua hi duy, tti tue giiip con ngudi dinh hudng dugc mgi hanh dgng, suy nghT ciia ban than, tranh sa vao nhiing cam bay cua xa hdi ddy riy riii ro nhu hien nay
35
Bdn Id, Spinoza dd cd nhitng cong hien to lan ve khoa hoe vd phucmg phdp ludn, tao nen tdng cho su phdt trien cua triet hoc, khoa hoc sau nay. Triet hgc Spinoza da cd cdng Idn trong viec dat nan mdng viing chac cho khoa hgc ly thuyet ra ddi va phat trien. Ong da cd nhiing ddng gdp to Idn cho sy phat trien khoa hgc, triet hgc trong xa hoi Tay Au can dai ndi riang va cho khoa hgc hien dai ndi chung, dac biet la trong ITnh vyc toan hgc, vdi viec van dung phuang phap hinh hgc de ly giai cho cac van da triet hgc ciia minh, qua do, hudng tdi mgt khoa hgc toan bd, triet de ly tinh, tuyet doi chac chan, tin tudng tuyet doi loai ngudi va timg ca nhan con ngudi dii ly tri da xay dyng khoa hgc, tieu biau cho tinh than khoa hgc.
Nam Id, trong triet hoc ciia Spinoza, the hien tinh thdn cua chu nghia nhan dgo mang sac thdi mdi (chu nghia ddn chu) mang Igi hgnh phiic, tu do cho eon ngudi.
Theo ong, khi con ngudi nhan thiic va kham pha ra cac quy luat cua gidi ty nhien, con ngudi CO the hanh ddng mgt each ty nhien de giai quyet mgt each hieu qua mgi te nan xa hoi, mgi kho khan trong cugc song eua chinh minh. Bang chinh sy hgc thiic hay tri thiic cua minh, con ngudi cd tha pha bd di nhiing rao can, sy dam me de di den hanh phiic, tu do, dan chu.
4.2. Ve mqthgn che
Mot la, mac dii ra sue chdng Igi triet hoc Kinh vien, song tu tuang ciia Spinoza vdn cdn chiu dnh huang cua tdn giao, ddng thai mang tinh chat duy tam tu bien sdu sac. Ong da thira nhan Thugng d l tdn tai nhu mgt thyc the, ly tinh tdi cao nhat chinh la Thugng de. Viec da cao qua miie ly tinh, theo do bien giai cho ly luan triit hgc cua mmh cho thdy hnh chdt duy tam tu bien ciia dng, tha hien tinh chdt ban c h i cua giai
cap tu san non tre Ha Lan ma h i l t hgc ciia Spinoza dai dien cho Igi ich cua nd.
Hai la, Spinoza chi thdy vd tuyet ddi hda mot mdt cua qua trinh nhan thuc - mat ly tinh, do do co sd phuang phdp luan nay cUng mang tinh sieu hinh, phien dien (phuangphdp sieu hinh tu bien). Viec de cao qua mite vai trd cua ly tinh da dua quan niem cua ong roi vao tu duy siau hinh, den mire trd nen sieu viet. Sir luan giai cac van de khac thdng qua phuang phap dien dich hinh hgc ciing dua tren tir duy true giac ay, d ong van cdn xem nhe nhan thiic cam tinh - loai nhan thiic co ban dau tien cua qua hinh nhan thirc di den chan ly.
Ba Id, ben cgnh viec de cao vi tri con ngudi, vdn de tu do trong xd hoi, Spinoza vdn chua nhan thuc day du ve bdn chdt con ngudi, ve bdn chdt dung nghia cita su tu do trong moi quan he vdi cdi tdt yeu. Spinoza va ca Descartes hay Leibniz chi dimg lai d viec xem xet eon ngudi d ban chat ty nhian hoac phan tich con ngudi dudi giac do tdn giao, Thugng da van tdn tai hong tu duy con ngudi, khong thay ban chat xa hdi ciia con ngudi. Ty do la sy nhan thirc vuon tdi cai tat yeu la vd cimg hgp ly, nhung ong chua thay dugc rang su ty do ay khong le thugc tuyet ddi vao cac quy luat cua ty nhien, theo ong dd la tuan theo y "Chiia".
Nhu vay, sau Descartes, Spinoza la dai biau dien hinh thii hai cua chii nghTa duy ly trong triit hgc Tay Au the ky XVII.
Triit hgc cua dng mang lai nhiau gia tri to Idn v l mat triat hgc lan khoa hgc. Mac du cdn nhirng ban che nhat dinh ve mat lich sir, v l tinh chat siau hinh cua no, nhung tu tudng triit hgc ciia Spinoza anh hudng den rdt nhilu triet gia trong hiet hgc cd dien Dire nhu Fichte, Schelling, Hegel va cac nha triit hgc hien dai nhu Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Bergson...
36 Thong rin Khoa hgc xa hoi. so 5.2019
S. Ket luan
Xuat phat tir su ke thira ly luan triat hgc cua cac bac tian bdi, hiet hgc Spinoza da da lai nhiing gia tri Idn lao ca ve mat ly luan lan thyc tien. Triet hgc cua dng the hien mdt tinh than duy vat, vd than, chiia dyng nhiau yau td bien chiing kha sau sac dugc tha hien yong ban the luan, nhan thiic luan va ca hiat hgc ve con ngudi. Tuy nhien, triat hgc Spinoza van cdn chiia dung nhiau dieu con ban cha ve mat lich sir ma cac nha triat hgc sau dng da chi ra.
Ngay nay, Viet Nam ciing can hudng tdi mdt nen giao due mang tinh duy ly, nhan thiic ro tam quan trgng cua ly luan va vai trd cua no trong ddi song, can biat phat huy tinh nang dgng, sang tao cua ngudi hgc, dao tao ra nhirng con ngudi co trinh do ly luSn ngay cang cao, gop phan vao viec nhan thiic diing dan va hoan thien hon chu nghTa Marx-Lenin ciing nhu van dung vao viec nang cao nhan thirc ly luan cua Dang ta hien nay •
Tai lieu tham khao
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