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BAN VE TRIET LY GIAO DUG PHAN LAN
• T S K H . LE DINH TUAN (*)
• CN.NGUYEN H O BAO T H I N H (**)
T O M T A T
Bdi viit nay trao ddi vi triet ly gido due Phdn Lan, duac ddnh gid Id mpt trong nhimg nin gido due tien tien nhdt hien nay tren the giai. Gido due Phdn Lan van hdnh theo mdt triit ly gido due dgc thii, khdc hiit, hiiu qud the hien a quan diim ddi vai ngudn hpc vd gido vien: hai chu thi quan trpng nhdt ndy cua nhd trudng phdi dugc quan tdm vd tdn trpng a miic dp cao nhdt. Triit ly gido due Phdn Lan di cao ngudi hpc a tinh tu chu, suphdt trien tdi da tri thdng minh, khd ndng phdn dodn, khd nang tu duy ddc lap vd phdn bien. Ba diem ndi bat len trong triet ly dd la: Tinh cdng bdng trong gido due; It han Id nhieu han; Kiim tra it, hpc tap nhieu. Kit qud tii chuang trinh ddnh gid hpc sinh qudc ti PISA da cho thdy rang vai triet ly gido due dpc ddo, gido due Phdn Lan ddphdt triin, la mdt trong nhiing quoc gia dung ddu bdng xep hgng trong nhieu dgt ddnh gid PISA va tra thdnh hien tugng gido due tdm diim chii y md cd thi giai phdi hpc tap.
Tii khoa: Triit ly gido due. Phdn Lan, gido due hien dgi, PISA.
SUMMARY
This paper discusses the philosophy of the Finnish educational system, one of the most advanced educational systems in the world today The Finnish educational system is operating with a unique and effective philosophy shown in the perspective of the learner and the teacher: the two most important subjects must be concerned and respected at the highest level. The Finnish educational philosophy enhances the learner s creativity, maximum development of intelligent mind and abilities of Judgment, independent thinking and argument. Three major points in the philosophy are: The equity in education;
Less is more; and Test less, learn more. The results from the PISA international student assessment showed that with the unique educational philosophy, the Finnish education has developed and Finland has been one of the countries with the top score in many sessions of PISA assessment, becoming an educational phenomenon of central attention which the whole world should learn.
Key words: Philosophy education. Finland, modern education, PISA.
X. G i d i thifu
V a o dku nhirng n a m 1990, su sup do tai chinh da lam P h a n Lan rai vao kho khan tot cung, n h i m g voi viec doi m a i he thong giao due, sau 40 n a m , Phan Lan khong n h u n g da khoi p h u c kinh tl hoan toan m a con tro thanh m o t trong n h u n g n u o e phat trien nhat th8 gioi va cung la nirac co nen giao due tot nhat the gidi ngay nay. M o t trong nhimg nguyen nhan
ciia sir thanh eong trong giao due Phan Lan la triet ly giao due doc dao, dac thu, khac biet, mang dam phong each "Phan Lan".
Bai viet nay trao doi ve triet ly giao due Phan Lan, giao due Phan Lan d u g c danh gia la mot trong n h u n g nen giao due tien tien nhat hien nay h-en the gioi. Ba diem dgc dao trong triet ly do la: Tinh cong bang trong giao due;
It h a n la nhieu h a n ; Kiem tra it, hoc tap nhieu.
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Bd cue cua bai bao nhu sau: Phdn 1- Gidi hoan thanh giai doan 2, hpc sinh cd the chgn 1 thieu; Phdn 2: Tdm tdt ve he thing giao due trong 2 loai hinh trong giai doan 3: Polytechnics Phdn Lan; Phdn 3: Ban luan triit ly giao due hay cdn ggi la University of Applied Science Phdn Lan va Phdn 4: Ket luan. - UAS va University. Polytechnics tam dieh la
Hinh 1. H^ tiling giao due Ptian Lan nam 2011
2. H6 thong giao due Phan Lan 2.1 He thdng giao due Phan Lan Giao due d Phan Lan bao gdm 2 loai hinh dao tao: Universities va Polytechnics. He thdng giao due Phan Lan dugc chia lam 3 giai doan ehinh. Giai doan 1 (Basic school) la giai doan giao due bat budc (Compulsory school) bao gdm tu Idp 1 (7 tudi) den Idp 9 (16 tudi).
Sau khi hoan tdt giai doan 1, hpc sinh cd 2 lira chpn vao giai doan 2: trung hgc phd thdng (General upper secondary School) va giao due nghe nghiep (Vocational school apprenticeship training). Theo thong ke, khoang 55% trong sd hpc sinh chpn tnrdng trung hgc phd thdng sau khi thuc hien giao due bdt budc trong khi khoang 40% chpn con dudng nghi. Sau khi
cac trudng Dai hgc khoa hpc ling dung, la cac td chue da ITnh vuc giao due dai hpc chuyen nghiep, vdi muc tieu trang bi tdt cho sinh vien nhiing kien thuc va ky nang chuyen nganh, giup hg cd the bat tay vag lam viec mgt each ddc lap va ling dung khoa hpc hieu qua vao cdng viee eua minh. Universities tam dich la cae trudng dai hpe nghien cftu, la cac td chiic giao due dai hgc vdi muc tieu dao tao ra cac nha nghien eiru va eae nha quan ly cap cao, thudng de dao tao tiep len Thac si hoac Tien si. Tuy cac trudng Polytechnics mdi chi hinh thanh tft nhung nam 90, nhung sir phat trien nhanh chdng va vugt trpi cua loai hinh dao tao nay da khdng dinh sir phu hgp cua cac trudng Dai hgc chuyen nganh vdi nhu cau cua nen
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kinh te va cdng nghe toan cdu.
2.2 Giao due Phdn Lan - mpt trong nhftng nen giao due tien tiin nhdt thi gidi
Phan Lan dac biet tu bao la mpt hong nhiing qude gia cd nin giao due phat hiin nhdt tren the gidi. Ty le biit chft cua ngudi Phdn Lan la 100%. 83%) dan sd Phdn Lan trong Ifta tudi 25 - 34 da ed bdng Tft tai hoac Cu nhan trd len. Chuong trinh danh gia hpc sinh qudc ti PISA (The Program for International Student Assessment) la mdt cuoc diiu tra qude t i ba nam mdt lan, nham danh gia cae he thdng giao due tren toan thi gidi bang each kiem tra cac ky nang va kien thuc cua cac hpc sinh 15 tudi.
Day la chuong trinh danh gia phd bien nhdt thi gidi thudc OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development - Td ehiie hgp tae va phat trien kinh te) va eho den nay, da cd dai dien ciia han 70 nen kinh t i da tham gia danh gia.
Ket qua khao sat qua cac ky PISA cho thay Phan Lan trong nhieu nam da diing trong top- dau eac nude tren the gidi (Hinh 2). Nam 2000,
cd 4.864 hgc sinh tft 156 trftdng cua Phan Lan tham gia. Hpc sinh Phan Lan dimg dau myet dpi ve ky nang dpc hieu va trong nhdm diing ddu vi toan va khoa hgc tu nhien. Nam 2003, Phan Lan cd 5.796 hgc sinh den tu 198 trudng khac nhau tu khap ca nude. Phan Lan diing dau tuyet ddi vi dpc hieu va toan; cung Nhat diing dau ve khoa hgc tu nhien; dftng thu 2 sau Han Qudc ve giai quyet tinh hudng. Trong 4 ky 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009 Phdn Lan gianh dugc vi tri thft nhat trong 3 ky dau. Ngoai thanh tich dat thir hang eao, ket qua khao sat cdn cho thay tinh uu viet cua giao due Phdn Lan the Men d chd hge sinh dat khdng ehi dat d mue do cao ma cdn chdt lugng ddng deu.
Sd gid hpc sinh Phan Lan phai hpc trong tuan it ban so vdi cac nude OECD khac va chi phi giao due lai chi d mftc trung binh so vdi cac nude nay. Theo nghien ciiu cfta cac chuyen gia giao due Phan Lan, sd di giao due Phan Lan dat dugc nhung ket qua nhu tren la do van dung cac triit ly giao due hit sftc dac thft theo phong each "Phan Lan".
Hinli 2. Ket quk k^ thi trie nghiem PISA cho thdy Phin Lan da luon dan dau c^c nade ph j t trien khac trgn the gidi ve giao dye
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3. Triit ly trong he thing giao due Phan Lan Thanh cdng xudt sdc cua hpc sinh Phan Lan trong eac ky thi PISA da lam ca thi gidi ngac nhien, khiin giao due Phdn Lan trd thanh tam diim chu y cua ca thi gidi. Truyen thdng BBC cua Anh ra hang loat phdng su ve hien tugng Phdn Lan. Chuyen gia giao due Phan Lan dugc mdi di hau het cac nude trong va ngoai OECD di thuyit trmh ve md hinh giao due cua minh.
Hang tram doan quan chuc va chuyen gia giao due tu cac nude OECD, ngay ea eac cudng qudc lau nay tu hao ve nen giao due eua minh nhu My, Anh, Due v..v.. deu dd ve Helsinki, thu dd Phiin Lan de kham pha va hpc tap triet ly cua mpt nen giao due vdn xa la vdi the gidi V..V... Su thanh cdng ciia giao due Phan Lan the hien d triet ly giao due ddc dao, quan diem ddi vdi hgc sinh va giao vien: hai chu the quan trgng nhat nay eua nha tnrdng phai dugc quan tam va tdn trgng bet mue.
Triet ly giao due Phan Lan the hien d 3 quan diem ddc dao: Tinh cdng bang trong giao due (Equity In Education); It hon la Nhieu hon (Less is more); Kiem tra it, Hgc tap nhieu (Test less. Learn more).
3.1 Su cdng bang hong Giao due (Equity in Education)
Triet ly eg ban ciia nen giao due Phan Lan la niem tin vao chat lugng giao due cd thi dat duge thdng qua su cdng bang trong giao due (Equity in education). Theo Ong OUi Luukkainen, Chu tich Hdi ddng Giao vien Phan Lan chia se "Sir cdng bang la diiu quan trgng nhat trong nen giao due Phdn Lan".
Tat ca tre em d Phan Lan du thanh thi hay ndng thdn deu dugc hudng mdt nin giao
due nhu nhau. Cdng bdng trong giao due, theo quan diem cfta Phdn Lan la nhiing diiu phai thuc hien de hoan canh gia dinh (family background) khdng quyet dinh kit qua hpc tap ciia hgc sinh, sinh vien. Ndi mdt each khac, toan thi hpc sinh, sinh vien trong ca nude duge hudng nen giao due nhu nhau, khdng ed con nha giau dugc hgc tdt hon con nhii ngheo, eon em ngudi da trdng duge hgc tit hon con em ngudi da mau di cu tu Chau Phi, Chau A din. Tu tudng binh dang giao due dy dugc Nha nude Phan Lan neu ra hong mpt dao luat ban hanh nam 1860. Tu nam 1915, giao due dugc thua nhan la mgt quyen cong dan. Muc dich cua giao due, khdng phai la dua con ngudi vao mpt khudn khd ma la giiip hpc vien phat hien va phat huy td ehat vdn co cua ban than. Do do, trudng hpc la noi binh dang, mpi hpe sinh deu hudng nhiing co hgi ngang nhau de tre tu do phat hien ea tinh, nguyen vgng va tai nang. Tham ehi ngay ea nhiing hpc sinh, sinh vien tat nguyen, thieu nang van duge tao dieu kien de cd co hgi hgc tap nhu cae ban ddng lua. Theo nghien ciru thdng ke eiia PISA, cac hge sinh Phan Lan cd dp chenh lech kien thue rat nhd, cac hpc sinh cd nang luc yeu deu duge tao eo hdi de vuon len. Dieu nay giftp xda bd dang ke cac khae biet xuat phat tir ben ngoai nha trudng, de mpi ngudi di hpc deu ed xuat phat diem gan nhu nhau. Han che tu tudng ganh ghet va dd ky hay phan biet giai tang xa hdi xudt hien hong ddu tre khi he chua du nhan thiic. Giao due Phan Lan cho ring mdi hgc sinh bi luu ban trong qua trinh hpc se la tin thit ddi vdi xa hdi. Hd tro tung ea nhan hpc sinh ciing hoan toan khac biet, vi
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mdi em deu cd hoan canh gia dinh, mdi hudng phat h-ien tam sinh ly, thi ehdt khac nhau nen cung se cd each giao due phu hgp vdi riing em.
Do dd giao due Phdn Lan cd mpt nguyen tic la "khdng ai bi bd lai phia sau" nhung eung khdng dugc di bj ngdi nhdm Idp. Phdn Lan da thanh cdng vdi triit ly giao due nay, chat lupng hpc sinh sinh vien rdt dong diu va su chenh lech kit qua hpe tap eiia hpe sinh, sinh vien tai Phdn Lan la thupc hang thdp nhdt tren the gidi (Hmh 3).
(ban 800 gid). Va diiu dl nhien, bai tap ve nha ciing it theo vi mpi van de eua viec hpc deu duge giai quyet ngay tren Idp. Tuy nhien, ket qua danh gia PISA lai chiing minh Phan Lan dat vao tdp dau the gidi.
Theo Rintola va Louhihivuori, eae nha nghien cftu giao due hgc tai Phan Lan: "Vui chai rdt quan trong cho tre. Chung toi ddnh gid cao viec vui choi. Tre se hpc tdt han khi chung sdn sdng, vi sao chiing ta phdi dp luc chiing?" Vdi quan diem nay, hge sinh sinh
Hinh 3. SIT cong bang trong giao due - Su* ch^nh l^ch ket qua hoc tap trong khoa hoc giira cac hoc sinh, sinh vign 3.2 it hon la Nhieu hon (Less is More)
It hon la Nhieu han, ham y la hpc it, hieu nhieu. Day la triit ly nghe ed ve khdng hgp ly, tham chi bi phan ddi trong nhiiu he thing giao due qude gia, nhung thuc chat da chimg minh mdt triit ly dung dan va hieu qua tai Phdn Lan.
Theo Hinh 4 - Bang so sanh thdi gian hpc tren Idp cua eac hpc sinh, thdi gian hpe tren lop ciia hpc sinh tai Phan Lan thudc loai thap nhat so vdi cac nude khac tren the gidi. Theo dd, hpc sinh chi d trudng trong khoang 640 gid mdi nam, it han dang ke so vdi hpc sinh tai My
vien tai Phan Lan thudng duge hgc ngoai khda rat nhieu ngay ca mua ddng lanh gia. Phuang phap choi ma hgc cd ve nhu "khdng bai ban"
nhu each day truyen thdng nhung tren thire te tai Phan Lan, phuong phap nay lai phat huy hieu qua va ddi hdi nha trudng va giao vien phai khdng ngiing sang tao, tim tdi nhung du an phu hgp vdi su phat trien lien tuc cua hgc sinh, sinh vien, tft dd giup hpc sinh sinh vien yeu thich va khdng ngimg kham pha va phat trien kien thue va ky nang tdt hon va nhanh (hon 1080 gid), tai Phap (847 gid) hoac tai Uc hon vugt bac sg vdi each day truyin thing.
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Number ot teaciiina hours oer vear In loww secondary education (2007)
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Hinh 4. So sanh gifr day tren lop trong 1 n5m hoc cua cac nirdc
3.3 Kiem tra it, hpc tap nhieu (Test less, Learn more)
Trong he thong giao due Phan Lan, bai kiem tra - cong cu ph6 bien 6 nhieu nitoc duoc diing de danh gia qua trinh giang day ciia thay va dong do ket qua cua tro - dirac xem la v6 dung va bi bai bo. Quan diem giao due eua Phan Lan la: day de hpc chti khong phai de thi. Theo do, tre em Phan Lan khong bi ch4m diem bai lam tnioc khi hpc xong lop 5 va cang khong phai thi cu nang ne truac nam 18 tuoi.
Nha truong la noi dao tao ra cac cong dan tot cho mpt xa hoi dan chu chu khong phai de dat thanh tich tot hay dao tao ra nhiing eon roi chi de cung cap cho eugc canh tranh khoe liet ngoai thi truemg lao dpng.
Giao due Phan Lan khong tin vao thi cu, khong tin rang eo mpt ky thi thong nhat la tot.
Tai Phin Lan, chi eo mot ky thi duy nhat trong 12 nam hpc d§u tien eua hpe sinh vao liic cac em da a dp tu6i 18-19, do la ky thi truac khi vao dai hpc. Nha the thay va tro co nhieu thai gian de day va hpe nhihig gi hp ua fhieh. Cac thly CO tuyet doi khong giang day vi thi cu, hpc sinh ciing tuyet doi khong hoc vi thi cu.
LTU diem cua ehe dp hpc tap a Phan Lan la uam trdng tinh than hgp tac chu khong phai la tinh than canh tranh.
Quan diem nay giiip hpc sinh khong lo sau nay se cam thay so hai khi buac vao xa hpi day canh tranh. Do do moi truang hpc tap tai Phan Lan nhin chung thoai mai hem so vai nhieu nuoc va tranh toi da ap lire diem so.
4. Ket luan
Bai viet nay trao doi ve triet ly giao due Phan Lan dpc dao cua Phin Lan do la: Tinh cong bang trong giao due (Equity In Education); It hon la Nhieu han (Less is More); Kilm tra it, hpc tap nhieu (Test less, learn more). Triet ly giao due dpc dao nay da giiip Phin Lan tra thanh mot trong nhijng nen giao due tien tien va da tra thanh tam diem chii y cua ca th6 giai. Hoc tap va ap dung triet ly giao due Phan Lan la ehuyen can phai nghien ciiu sau hon nhimg ro rang day khong phai la dieu khong the khong thuc hien duac. Theo Giao su Pasi Sahlberg-mpt hpc gia
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va mdt nha giao due hoc Phjn Lan, cd 03 bai hgc ckn quan tam tft ttigt ly giao due nay. Mdt la, ludn cd each khac dd giao due tdt chg tit ea so vdi hudng di chung cua phong trao cai each giao due toan eau. Hudng di ma giao due Ph4n Lan da chgn ludn thi hien tinh tdng thi, tinh ea nhan va tinh cdng ddng. Day khdng ehi phft hgp chi chg Phan Lan ma cdn la each cho mdi qudc gia khac tren the gidi. Hai la, dau tu cdng bang se nang cao hieu qua cho tat ea ngudi hgc. Ba la, cd nhimg chinh sach "sai lam" cho cai each giao due toan dien dd ehinh la: Chinh sach kiem ha, tftc la danh gia cd mue dich, khdng ckn thiet cho kilm tra tap trung mang tinh phd quat; Chinh sach trach nhiem: khen thudng vdi mftc luong cao nhit hoac tuong tu nhu vay dua tren ket qua chuan hda ma giao vien the hien dat dugc; Chmh sach giao vien: tinh ehuyen nghiep ludn duge de cao trong chuih sach nay.
Tai lieu tham khdo Tieng Viet
[1] Tap ehi Khoa hge (2009), Dai hgc Qude Gia Ha Ngi.
[2] Td chuc hgp tae va phat trien kinh te OECD, http://www.oecd.org/
Tieng Anh
[1]. CIMO (2011), Fhinish lessons.
[2]. Sahlberg, The Finnish Model.
[3]. The lessons we can learn, http://www.pasisahlberg.eom.
[4]. Pisa, http://www.oecd.org/pisa/
Ngay nhan: 24/12/2014 Ngay duyet dang: 25/12/2014
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