iSl/KIEN/BiNHLUAN
Hoi nhap Cong dong l^inh te ASEAN 2015
Cc hoi va thach thipc
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NAM 2015, KHI CONG CONG KINH TE ASEAN (AEC) DiSOC HINH THANH, V O I TONG DAN SO 600 TRIEU NGLrai,SE TRO THANH MOT THI T R U O N G THONG NHAT. DAY SE LA MOT BLTOC NGOATDANH DAU s y HOI NHAP KHU VLTC MOT CACH TOAN DIEN CUA CAC NEN KINH TE ASEAN. TRONG DO, DONG CHAY HANG HOA, DICH VU, TIEN TE, DAU T U , CHUYEN GIA VA HOP TAC KHU VU'C SE OU'OC KHOI THONG, MO RA CO HOI PHAT TRIEN LON CHO VIET NAM VA CAC NEN KINH TE KHAC TRONG KHU v y c .
A E C 2 0 1 5 - Bu'Q'C tien trien va nhOng thach thtpc
Thang 10/2003, tai Hdi nghi ca'p cao ASEAN d Indonesia, cac nha lanh dao ASEAN da tuyen bd AEC se la muc tieu hdi nhdp kinh te'cua khu vuc ASEAN vao nam 2020.
Tuy nhien, de kip thich ung vdi nhiing chuyen bie'n nhanh chdng va phiic tap ciia tinh hinh qud'e te'va khu vuc ciing nhu tren CO sd nhiing thanh tuu ASEAN trong 40 nam qua, thdng 01/2007, tai Hpi nghi Ca'p cao ASEAN la'n thii 12, lanh dao 10 nudc ASEAN da quye't tam day nhanh tie'n trinh lien ket npi khdi nham hinh thanh AEC sdm vao nam 2015 thay vi nam 2020.
Quye't dinh nay nham nhanh chdng nang cao nang lire cgnh tranh cua ca khd'i ASEAN trudc su Idn mgnh ciia kinh te' Trung Qud'c, tao ra mot nen san xua't va thi trudng thd'ng nha't ciia 600 trieu dan vdi GDP dat trung binh 3.000 ty USD/nam. Cd the tha'y, ASEAN da nhay vpt tir nac thang hien nay la Khu vuc thuong mai tu do ASEAN (AFTA) len mpt
Cong dong kmh le ASEAN - Ca hoi va thach thuc
na'c mai la Lien minh kinh te' AEC, mpt budc chuyen ddi ma Lien minh chau Au (EU) da phai can de'n 50 nam mdi hoan thanh.
Hien nay, cac nude trong khu vuc da va dang cung nhau pha'n daii xay dung hoan thien AEC mac du cdn nhieu va'n de phai thuc hien trudc khi dat de'n hinh thai mdt cpng dong kinh te diing nghia. Nhiing thanh tuu da dat dugc trong tie'n tr'mh do bao gdm: thue'quan trong ASEAN da giam xud'ng ga'n tdi 0% dd'i vdi cac nudc ASEAN-6 (Thai Lan, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines va Brunei) va muc thue theo Hi^p dinh thue quan
uu dai (CEPT) trung binh aia 10 nudc trong khu vuc nam 2012 chi cdn 0,68%.
Cimg vdi thuc hien cam ke't tu do hoa thuong mgi hang hda, cac cam ke't ve da'u tu trong khudn khd Hiep dmh da'u tu toan dien ASEAN (ACIA) va ve dich vu (AFAS8) ciing da dupc cac nudc thuc hien theo Ig trinh. Cac co che'thuan lgi hda thuong mai da dugc trien khai nhu: Cai thien thu tuc hai quan d cac nudc CLMV (Lao, Campuchia, Myanmar va Viet Nam); Co che'hai quan 1 cira 6 cac nuoc ASEAN-6; hay Danh muc thue' quan hai hoa ASEAN (AHTN).
Sir KEN/BiNH LUAN I I
Tuy nhien, de hoan thien viee hinh thanh AEC vao nam 2015, ASEAN hi^n van dang phai dd'i mat vdi kha nhieu thach thiic.
Dd la, khu vuc ASEAN vdn cdn ty Ip ngudi ngheo cao (khoang 95 trieu ngudi ngheo va 120 trieu ngudi sd'ng dudi muc 2 USD/
ngay vao nam 2010). Mat khac, khoang each giau ngheo giiJa cac nudc ASEAN cdn tuang ddi Idn, d^c biet la giira cac nudc ASEAN-6 va cac nudc CLMV. Va, nang luc canh tranh ciia ASEAN hien eiing ca'n dugc cai thien de hdi nhap sau rgng va san sang duong dau vdi cac nen kinh te Idn dang nd'i len trong khu vue la An Dp va Trung Qud'c.
Doanh nghiep Viet Nam da san sang ?
Vien Nghien c&u Ddng Nam A ciia Singapore (ISEAS) da cd mpt cugc dieu tra v e n h ^ thifc va sir quan tam ciia DN de'n AEC 6 cac qud'c gia ASEAN, trong dd cd cac DN Viet Nam (ISEAS, 2013).
Theo dd, cdc DN Viet Nam cd hieu bie't va nhan thiic ra't han che ve AEC. Cy the: cd 76%
so DN dugc dieu tra khdng bie't ve AEC. Cac DN dugc hdi ciing khdng hieu rd nhimg co hdi ciing nhu thach thiic ddi vdi Viet Nam ndi chung va vdi cac DN ndi rieng khi Viet Nam gia tham gia vao AEC 2015. Cd den 63%
DN cho rang AEC khdng cd dnh hudng hoac anh hudng ra't it deh vipc kinh doanh cua m'mh, Day la ty le Idn nha't trong so'cac qud'c gia ASEAN
Cac DN Viet Nam chu ye'u nhin nhan AEC nhu co hgi tie'p
can thi trudng, gia tang XK, ma Igi ich nay trong AEC la tuong ddi han che'. Cling vi vay, cac DN Viet Nam bay td su quan tam Idn tdi Hiep dinh ddi tac kinh t^' chien luge xuyen Thai Binh Duong (TPP) ngay khi nd mdi dang trong qua trinh dam phan, vi TPP hiia hen se dem Igi cae Igi ich Idn ve tie'p can thi trudng My va mgt so nude lon khac. Nhung muc tieu ciia AEC khdng ehi Id tie'p can thj trudng rieng le, ma su ke't nd'i thanh mdt "thi trudng va ca sd san xua't thd'ng nha't"
mdi la muc tieu chinh cua AEC.
Va day ciing chinh la lgi Ich lau dai ma cac DN trong ASEAN can nham de'n.
Theo dng Nguyen Son, Phd Chanh van phdng LJy ban Qud'c gia ve Hpp tac Kinh te Qud'c te' thupc Bg Cdng Thuong, AEC thuc te' mang lai ra't nhieu co hdi ve thuong mai cho Viet Nam. Dien hinh la mang Iai co hpi phat trien san xua't, khai thac tiem nang khu vue, tang cudng kha nang thu hiit da'u tu, tgo them nhieu viec Iam cho cac Iao ddng cd ky nang va thiic day cai each nang cao hieu qua quan ly nha nudc.
Tuy vay, khi bat da'u thuc thi vao cud'i nam 2015, AEC se cho phep cac Iao ddng cd tay nghe cao, dich vu, dau tu va hang hda cua 10 quoc gia thanh vien ASEAN dugc di chuyen tu do hon trong khu vuc. Do do, cd the nhan tha'y, tie'n tdi AEC 2015 bd'n nudc thanh vien CLMV cd nen kinh te' kem phat tnen hon, hpi nhap cham hon, se phai cdt giam thue' quan va cac rao can phi thue quan cho hang hda va djch
vu tir cac nuoc ASEAN khac, ma chu ye'u va thuc cha't la tir cac nen kinh te' phdt trien hon ciia ASEAN-6.
"Day la eo hgi lon cho cac nudc ASEAN-6 vi ho cd the md rdng thi trudng, tan dung lao ddng va tai nguyen gia re d bdii nude CLMV, va nguy co cac nuoc nay, trong do cd Viet Nam, hi tro thanh thi truong tieu thu la mpt thuc te", dng Nguyen Son idiah manh.
Theo thda thuan thuc thi AEC 2015, cac nudc CLMV van cdn dugc phep linh hogt gidm da'n cdc miic thue' NK theo Id trinh deh nam 2018. Tuy nhien, moc thdi gian nay ciing khdng cdn qua xa de cac DN Viet Nam cd the ung dung khoanh tay cho dgi.
"De chuan bi cho AEC, cac nudc ASEAN-6 da dua nhau da'u tu vao cac chudi ban le d Viet Nam nhu: Thai Lan da mua Iai Metro, Malaysia cd chudi sieu thi Parkson. Va chae chin rang khi AEC cd hieu luc, thue sua't NK vao Viet Nam bang 0%, thi cac sieu thj do se dua hang hda ciia nuoc hg chie'm llnh thi trudng npi dia Viet Nam. Liic do, khong chi hang cdng nghiep ma hang ndng san ciia Viet Nam ciing bi de doa nghiem trgng. Kieh ban xaii la ngudi Viet Nam se chi cdn lam thue cho cdng ty nudc ngoai, DN va ndng dan Viet Nam se thua ngay tren san nha", dng Nguyen Son dan chiing. •
Tran Duy
