. NGHIEN
cDuQ VAiNETVETHOflKlDAULjCHSUr
GIAO DUC NGHE NGHIEP VIET NAM
I . O a t v a n d e
Giio due nghe nghiep (GDNN) l i mdt bd p h i n quan trpng trong he thdng g i i o due qudc d i n . VI viy, trong nghiin cQu Ijch sfl g i i o due ndi chung cd linh vuc nghiin cflu v l Ijch sQ GDNN, Cic thdi kl p h i t t r i l n cua GDNN ludn g i n l i l n vdi Ijch sQgiio due chung v i phic hpa rd net tQng budc t i l n cfla trlnh dd sin x u i t cfla eon ngudi, Mpi sp nghiip d i u cd ngudn gdc xuit p h i t v i mang tfnh k l thfla, ai khdng n i m vflng nhflng bii hgc Ijch sQthl thudng lap lai nhQng sai l i m cQa lich sfl. Nhin lai eic thdi kl p h i t t r i l n GDNN Viet Nam (VN), hilu t h i u v i chilm nghiem nhflng b i i hpe Ijch sfl lao ddng kilm sdng cfla ngQdl Viet d l t r i n h lap lai nhung sai ISm v i gdp p h i n p h i t trien d i n tdc l i tinh c i m v i trich nhiem cfla mdi con ngudi. Nhu n i n mdng ban d i u cua mdt su nghiip, thdi kl d i u tien cfla tdc Viet lao ddng kiem i n v i truyin day con c h i u mlnh eich lao ddng da tao nen mdt ^ n h hudng van hda lao dpng v i day nghe cd i n h hudng l i u d i i cho cudc d i u tranh 6i tdn tai v i phit triln cfla d i n tdc.
GDNN l i mdt khii niem dUpc hilu theo nhilu nghTa tuy v i o d i e diem tflng giai doan v i bdi cinh lich sfl khic nhau. \^ du, thW dai Hung Vuong (2879 TCN- 258 TCN), ngudi Vilt ed day eho con c h i u trong bp tde d c h sin b i t v i h i i lupm b i n g hinh thfle b i t chudc true tilp, c i t h l chua cd chfl v i l t v i khdng day h i n g loat ngudi; d i n thdi Phip thudc, Ian dau lien GDNN chfnh quy dupc hinh t h i n h d nudc ta, Iflc dd GDNN 6uge gpi la g i i o due chuyen nghiep, bao gdm cie trUdng day nghe so cip, trung hpc v i trudng cao d i n g d i o tao trung cap (Second degre)[1]; n g i y nay, chung ta hieu GDNN l i he thdng dao tgo n h i n lUc gdm trung cap chuyen nghiip v i day nghi.Tuy nhien, t r i i qua cic giai doan p h i t trien, k h i i n i l m GDNN ed thay ddi v l m i l quin If v i pham vi song v i n giQ dQng b i n chat la q u i trlnh truyin dgy cieh lao ddng k i l m sdng cfla the he trudc eho t h l h i sau.
2. Viti n^t v4 p h i n kl Ijch 5i:r GDNN VN V i n d l p h i n kl Ijch sfl GDNN VN l i mdt ndi dung d i dupe nhieu n h i n g h i i n cflu d l e i p vdi n h i l u quan diem khie nhau. Sdm n h i t l i n h i sflhpc Duong Trung qudc v i Duong Kinh Qudc [4] nhutig hai t i c g i i n i y chi trinh b i y 6 dgng su k i l n - b i l n nidn sQ; k l d i n l i t i l l i l u Uch sfl Dai hpc v i Trung hpc chuyin nghiip Vilt Nam cfla nhdm nghiSn cflu L I Van GIgng (chfl biin), Nguyin Duoc, Nguyin Hoic, Nguyin Tfly[3]
nhung cung chl p h i n kl lich sfl GDNN VN t f l 1945 d i n
TS. VO THi XUAN
1985. Trong b i i v i l t niy, chung tdi eho ring Ijch sfl GDNN VN chia l i m ba thdi ki chlnh va trinh b i y them eosd s u p h i n kl niy.
Quan d i l m eua cie n h i nghien cQu q u i trinh phit triln GDNN tren the gidi thl eo c i u GDNN phit trien theo su hinh t h i n h co ciu lao dpng xa hdi. Tuy nhien, CO c i u lao ddng xa hdi cua mdi nUde lai duoc thay ddi dudi tic ddng cua eie y i u td chung nhit bao gPm: c h l dp chfnh tri, cie cudc eich mang eong nghe, kinh t l - xa hpi, truyin thdng v l g i i o due cua d i n tpc v.v.,.
Nhung khi v i n dyng cu t h l vao thuc tien GDNN VN eic yeu id niy cdn the hien da dang, dac thu neng. Mat khie, q u i trinh p h i t trien GDNN VN can cd sU k l thda v i phit trien cie quan d i l m , eic eong trinh v l q u i trinh phit trien GDNN da cd trudc cda mpt sd eic t i c g i i trong nudc v i ngoai nude. Su p h i n kl cfla lich sfl phii can cfl v i o b i n t h i n phit trien cfla sU kien trong mdi quan he chat che vdi sU p h i t trien chung song khdng liy sU p h i n ki chung lam phan kl cu the eho mdi ddi tupng, Moi thdi ki p h i i la mpt sU kien quan trpng, co bin, cd die trUng lam thay ddi veebdt, subien ddi npi tai CLia GDNN. DUa vao nhflng can cQtren, t i e g i i phan kl GDNN VN nhu sau:
- Thdi kl GDNN VN tU phat (2879 TCN - 1858), bao gdm hai giai doan; Giai doan truyen n g h i kiiu bat chudc (2879 TCN -111 TCN) v i giai doan truyen n g h i kiiu phUdng hpi (111 TCN - 1858);
-Thdi kl GDNN ehinh quy (1858 - 1975), bao gdm hai giai doan: Giai doan GDNN bUde dau hinh t h i n h (1858 -1945) khi thUe dan Phip x i m lupc nude ta do nhu cau khai thic khoang san va ndng san, can sQc lao dpng cfla ngUdi dan nude thudc dia, Phip budc phai m d e a c l d p d a o t a o t h p c o k h i , t h p t h u cdng ...v.v; tfl Iflc niy, h i thdng day nghe b i t dau hinh t h i n h theo p h i p c h l v i quy cu - He thdng GDNN VN chfnh quy - bude dau hinh thanh, Giai doan GDNN trong khang chiln chdng Phip v i Mi (1945 -1975): Chu quyen dde l i p d i n tde thudc v l nhan dan Viet Nam. N i n GDNN chfnh quy thUc sucfla ngudi Vilt Nam mdi dupe cung e d v i p h i t trien;
-Thdi klGDNNVN p h i t trien(1975-2010), bao gdm giai doan: Glal dogn bao c i p (1975 -1986), giai dogn md cfla (1986 - 2000) v i giai doan phat trien (2001-2011);
d i n tdcWIt Nam bat dau khdi phue v i phit t r i l n kinh te, GDNN dupe quan tam hdn v i gifl mdt vj trf quan trpng trong su nghiip phat trien nhan lUc de thUc hien cdng nghiip hda, hlln dai hda dat nUdc.
S 6 8 1 - T H A N G 6/2012* 3 7
Iffll NGHIENCHIU.
Sa 66 phdn k\ qud trlnh phdt triin GDNN VN
Cc/cSu lao d^ng Nlin a<fl TbHIM Ijch sU/ct/cdu truyin nghi Thdl M GDNN VNtU phdt
ThCicdngcith^
Hl^p t i c g i i n don
2.87JTCN~>inTCN m TCN-> 1858
Glal dogn truyen nqhl kllu b i t chudc Glal do9n truyin nqhl kllu phu&nq hdi Thdl kl hinh thdnh GDNN VN chfnh quy
Cdng trUfrng thit cdng - b i n ctf khi Cdng trUffng thu c6ng cd khi h o i
1858 >1945 1945-^1975
Glal dogn GDNNVN budrc diu hinh thinh Glal dogn GONN VN \dn I4n trong cuPc khing chiln ching Phip v i chdng Mi Thdi kl GDNN VN phdt triin
Tien cdng nghiep 1975-*^ 2011
- GDNN VN giai doan bao cj(p(1975 -1986) - GDNN VN giai doan md cfla (1986 - 2000) -GDNNVN giai doan p h i t trien (2001-2011) Cic thdl kl eua Ijch sfl GDNN VN cd t h l tdm t i t
nhu b i n g tren.
3. Nhflng n i t d i e trUng t h d i kl GDNN VN tU p h i t (2879 TCN-1858)
Thdi kl n i y bao gdm hai giai doan:
3.1. Giai dogn truyin nghi kieu bit ehudc Cin cfl v i o hinh t h i i lao dpng k i l m sdng v i co c i u td chflc biy d i n cCia ngudi Viet cd cung vdi nhflng di chf khio ed co t h l goi v i n h o i lao dpng thdi ki n i y l i hinh thfle b i t ehudc tu nhiln (Unconscious Imitation).
Die d i l m cdng cy lao ddng k i l m sdng cfla ngudi vupn dat Viet lue bay gid la loai hinh cdng cu n g h l o n i n , ki thuat ghe deo thd so tren nguyin l i l u d i gdc, 6it cudi.
Do nhu cau tim thQc i n d l sdng, ngudi vupn p h i i sQ dyng va b i t chudc nhau due deo dung cu thd so d l nem, tat, sin b i t thfl va h i i lupm t r i i ciy. Giai doan nay keo d i i tfl 30 d i n 1 van nam TCN (tfl thdi dd d i cd d i n cudi thdi dd da glfla khi kl t h u i t m i l ra ddi). D i n dan, khi eo c i u lao dpng c h i n nudi, trdng trpt thanh hinh,thQ cdng nghiep p h i t t r i l n d i n mfle tinh vl, d i l u luyen; truyen n g h i chuyin t h i n h dang b i t chudc cd y IhQe (Conscious Imitation). Xa hon, tinh dieu luyin the hien t r l n eic sin p h i m dl ehl b i n g ddng, gdm eua n i n v i n h o i Quynh V i n cho d i n Ddng Son da chflng td p h i i cd k i i u t r u y i n n g h i k i m c^p, chpn Ipc mdi trao chuyin dupc cic kl n i n g tinh vi. Cic n g h i thu cdng chu yeu sin x u i t tgi eic gia dinh trong cdng xa ndng nghiip, chUa di d i n dang chuyin mdn h o i cQa cdng xudng, Sau n g i y mua ndng nghiip, mdt sd c i n h i n hoae gia dinh l i m them eic n g h i gdm, d i t , dd go, son, dan lit,..Ndi b i t cd n g h i due ddng, luy^n kim p h i t t r i l n cao den thdi ki Ddng Son d i trd t h i n h mdt nginh sin x u i t dde lip, t i c h khdi ndng nghi|p v i cd d i l u kien chuin bj t i i n I l n cdng xUdng. T i t e i If do tren l i b i n g chflng cho t h i y rd sudt thdi kl l$p qudc cua ngfldi Vilt cd (2879 TCN-111 KN) d i truyin
n g h i dfldi hinh t h i i b i t chudc v i kern e|p e i t h l . 3.2. Glal dogn truyin nghi kiiu pbudng h^
(crafts men's guild trade) (111 TCN-1858) Thdi kl phong k i l n keo d i i g i n 20 t h l kKtiflU TCN din 1858). Trln co sd II l u i n cfla vile p h i n kl qui trinh p h i t t r i l n GDNN thl k l l u truyen n g h i phUdng hdi d V i l t Nam d i k l o d i i t f l 257TCN d i n 1858.Tn/6c khi bi Phong k i l n phuong Bic x i m chiem (111 TOI), xa hdi Viet Nam d i b i t d i u ed sU phan h o i giai cip.
Tfnh c h i t e i n h i n cfla phuong thfle sin xuit t^iln n i n t u hflu t i i s i n d i n d i n n i y nd. Tren co sd dd, si/
p h i n h o i giai d p n g i y c i n g siu. Co c i u x i hdlVi^t Nam thdi ki n i y ed tfnh c h i t phfle tgp, ddng thdi vdi CO c i u lao ddng trong thdi kl n i y chfl y i u i i c i tiilthO cdng v i hi^p t i e g i i n dcm. D i n t h l kl thfl n i m vile s i n x u i t b i t d i u ed tfnh d i y chuyin tflc l i hinh thanh CO c i u lao ddng k l l u cdng trudng thfl cdng. Chlnh eo c i u lao ddng n i y da cho ta t h i y hinh thfle truyin n g h i trong thdi kl phong k i l n V i l t Nam l i kern cip theo k i i u phUdng hdi. Cic n g h i thfl cdng phit triin manh cd n h i l u t h p dat mfle tinh x i o nhu nghe dit, dfle binh khi, ddng t h u y i n c h i l n v.v... H i ndi - 36 pho phUdng - mdt d i u tich minh chflng eho CO ciu lao ddng phUdng hpi rSt sdm cfla ngudi W i t Nam. Thdl Lf - Trin d T h i n g Long hinh t h i n h 61 phUdng. Thdl t i l n L I 6 T h i n g Long (Iflc dd l i Ddng Dd) dope chia t h i n h 36 phUdng, dd l i nhflng phudng hdi sin xutit v i budn b i n . Khdi niim 'PhUdng' thdi U- Tr&n l i mdt bd p h i n thu^c trung t i m thuong mgi Idn, da hinh t h i n h tflthdrt ki Bic thudc l i n thfl n h i t . Ling nghlthO cdng x u i t h i i n d k h i p vQng ndng thdn tfl XhiA Tran (Idng Mo Ldi- Idng ndn Id). Mdt sd trung t i m diinh tri, kinh t l Idn da hinh t h i n h v i cOng l i trung t i m bufln b i n nhU: Long Bien (Hd Bdc) da dupc td chflc theo phudng. PhUdng thudng dupc dinh hinh bdi nhflng ngUdi cflng l i m n g h i , sdng chung hoae g i n nhau,
38*KHOAH9CGUODVC
. NGHIEN cihj C Q
cCing s i n x u i t ra mpt sin p h i m hoae cic bp p h i n lien quan den sin p h i m . Moi l i n g cd t h l cd nhiiu phudng n l u d i n l i n g cd nhieu n g h i , Nhflng phUdng niy thudng cd tinh c h i t n h i t thdi vi du phudng ciy, ciy, git,,, di lam thue cho ngudi khie. Xong thdi vu phudng lai tan vi dy nhu n g h i l i m ndn l i d l i n g Chuong. V i cd nhflng l i n g ndng, mdi t h i n h vien tam gic viee ciy, cay sang mpt ben, d l ddn thdi gian sin xuit nhflng m i l h i n g thfl cdng m i sin p h i m cfla hp ehl dupc xa hdi tieu thu trong mpt thdi d i l m nhat djnh, t h i m chf moi nam chf cd mdt djp, vf dy nhu l i n g lim p h i o Binh Da (Hd Tdy). s i n p h i m cQa ho cht tieu thy dupe trong dip T i t Nguyen d i n . Cd nhflng l i n g khdng l i m ndng do khdng cd ruPng, ngudn thu nhip duy n h i t cQa ho l i mat h i n g thu cdng nhu cic l i n g dfle ddng Ngu Xa (Hd Ndi), l i n g Chudng (Hd Ddng) chuyen l i m ndn ta. Die diem t r u y i n n g h i phudng hdi XhiA phong k i l n thudng ed d i e trung l i ngudi day v i ngudi hpe deu x u i t phat t d nhu c i u lien k i t nhau ve cung mpt hudng chuyen mdn hay mdt quyen Ipi sin xuit. Co c i u lao dpng gom eic t h i n h phin: e i t h l (thu cdng cd the), hiep t i e g i i n don nhung chua phii l i CO cau cdng trUdng thu cdng. Chinh vi the, eic sin p h i m thfl cdng ra ddi. Phudng thu cdng d thdi ki niy (craftsmen's guild) ehua eo d i y du tfnh chit cua phudng n g h i t h u i n luy chf mdi l i "phudng thdi vy", Thue t l , nhuTig ngudl t h p thfl cdng, nhu tren da md t i , hp thuc s u x u i t t h i n la ndng d i n , lam ndng theo mfla vu, khi h i t mda vu tflc la luc ndng nhan hp mdi l i m thp thu cdng. NhQng ngudi thp n i y g i n ket lai vdi nhau tam thdi tren co sd cung chuyen mon hoae quyen Ipi sin xuat, khdng ed tinh dn dinh l i u dai.
Cdng cu lao dpng cua ngudi lao dpng suol thdi ki nay vin chu yeu l i dung co bap v i b i n g nhflng cdng cy thd so dan tiA n i n g suit lao dpng rat thap.
4. IMotsonhanxet
Nhin Igi thcri ki dau cfla Ijch sfl GDNN VN v i suy ngam ta cd the rQt ra nhflng b i i hpc ndi b i t sau day:
Do CO cau lao dpng kiem sdng va hinh thai td chflc xa hpi, thdi ki dau cfla GDNN VN mang tfnh tU phat v i chia lam hai giai doan: Giai doan mdt truyin ngh4 kllu b i t chudc v i giai doan hai truyin n g h i kiiu phudng hdi.
Kllu truyin nghe b i t chUdc cfla td lien ngUdi Vilt dat h i l u q u i r i t thap: Do tfnh b i t chUdc trUe t i l p v i bSng p h i n xg t u nhien, khdng ed tinh khii q u i t If lu^n; day cho c i t h l tflng ngUdi mdt, khdng truyin thu h i n g logt dupc.
Kllu truyen nghe phudng hdi cd tfnh cd l i p vl t u tudng gifl bf m i t n g h i rieng, dan d i n tfnh fch ki, c i nhin, khdng dupc truyen b i rdng rai cho nhin din trong nudc, dS dan d i n thattruyin mdt sd nginh nghi thfl cdng tmyin thdng quan trpng. Mfle dd truyin
n g h i v i n l i c i m tay chf vile n i n viee d i o tao mpt ngudi ra lam thp chinh m i t rit nhilu thdi gian vi cdn phii phy thupe v i o cdng vige. Do dd, viec hpc nghe cung rit b i p benh v i khP phit huy duoc sU sing tao cua ngudi hpc, Nang suit lao dpng vl t h l cung rit t h i p vdi nhflng m i u ma ft dupc cii t i l n do tfnh gia trudng eua thiy cung i n h hudng rit Idn d i n viee truyen nghe.
Hon nfla, cie phudng nghe truyen thong vdi nhQng sin p h i m tinh x i o khPng dupc sU khuyin khich phit triln eua chlnh quyen phong kien, Thp lanh n g h i mdt mat bi b i t vao phyc djch eho trieu dinh, mot mat bj dinh suu cao t h u l n i n g p h i i bd nghi. Mat khac, sin phim chat lupng cao khdng duoc phep tieu dung rpng rai trong nhin d i n ma chi cd vua mdi dUoe dung v i cung khdng duoc xual ra nUdc ngoai. Nha nUde phong kien thl hinh chinh sich "dc thuong" h i khie, v,v,,, tat c i da khong l i m eho d i n giau nudc manh ma edn keo ngupe sU phat trien eua dan ldc.
TAIUEUTHAMKHAO
1. Bennett Charles A, History of Manual and Industrial Education up to 1870, U,S.A, 1926.
2. Nguyen DQc, Suhinh thdnh vd phdt trien cua Gido due chuyin nghiip trong cdc ngdnh ki thudt cdng nghiip Viit Nam, De tai Nghiin cflu khoa hpc, Vien Nghien cflu Dai hpc va Giio due chuyen nghiep, 1992.
3. Nancy H,Kane, Definitions of terms in Vocational and Praaical arts edutcation, American vocational association.
4. Le Van Giang ~ Nguyen Duoc - Nguyen Hoic - Nguyen Tuy, Lich sQ Dgi hqc vd Trung hqc chuyin nghiep ViitNam.TU \ieu nghien cflu, Vien Nghien cQu Dai hpe va Giio due chuyen nghiep, 1985,
5. YoshioMuto, History of Industrial Education in Japan, Japan, 1959.
6. Duong Trung Qudc, Viet Nam nhung sQ kiin lichsd(1919-1945), NXB Giao due, 2000.
7. Van Tao, The ki X - nhQng vdn di lich sQ, NXB Khoa hpe Xa hdi, 1984.
8. Bui Vin Vupng, Ldng nghe thO cdng truyen thong Viet Nam, NXB Van hda, 1998.
9. Vd Thj Xuan, Qud trinh phdt trien Gido due nghe nghiip Viet Nam. Luan an Tiln si, Vien Khoa hpe GiioducViet Nam, 2002.
SUMMARY
The author provided an overview on the various stages of TVET education in Vietnam, especially the initial stage with unique characteristics and historical milestones.
Through this article, its writer has analyzed social characteristics, labor stnicture, occupational structure; and drawn some historical experience lessons for the sake of long-term development of TVETeducatlon.
Slf81-THAHGUZ012*39
