Tap chl Khoa hpc DHQGHN: Cic Khoa hpc Trai dSt va Moi tnrong. T§p 30. So 2 (2014) 1 -14
y Anh hucmg ciia phat trien du lich (3en bien dong su dung dat tai huyen mien nui Sa Pa, tinh Lao Cai
giai doan 1993-2006
Ho^ng Thi Thu Hucmg*''•^•^ Vu Kim Chi^, Anton Van Rompeay^
Veerle Vanacker^, Isaline Jadin^
'Khoa Dia ly. Tnrdng Dgi hoc Khoa hgc Tir nhien. DHQGHN.
334Nguyen Trdi, HdNgi, ViitNam 'Vien Dia ly, Tnrdng Dgi hoc Leuven. Vuong qudc Bt
^Vi^n Klioa hgc Trdi ddt vd Su sdng. Tnrdng Dgi hgc Louvain. Vuong qudc Bi Wien Vi^t Nam hgc vd Khoa hgc Phdt triin, DHQGHN. 144 Xudn Thuy. Cdu Gidy, Hd Ndi, Viet Nam
Nhan ngay 28 thang 2 nSm 2014
Chtnh sua ngSy 14 t h ^ g 3 nam 2014; Chap nhan dang ng&y 19 thing 6 nam 2014
T6m tat: Mien nui phia B ^ Vi^t Nam duoc coi \k noi c6 nhieu tiem nang du lich tii nhien vk nhan vSn. Tu nhiing nam 1990, Vi^t Nam ti^n hanh mo ciia cho khdeh du ljch quoc te den tham quan mgt so diem trong khu virc n^y. Thi tmong khdeh du ljch ca qudc te va npi dja bat dau tang m^nh tir thoi diem n^y. Du Ijch phat tnen da anh budng khong nho d£n kinh id, xa hoi v^ moi truong ciia khu vyc. Nghien cihi nky dugc ti£n hanh tgi huyen Sa Pa, mot dilm du lich noi ti§ng ciia tinh mien nui L^o Cai, nh^m d£inh gia anh hirong cua phiit trien du lich den bien dpng sOr dung dat. Ket qua nghiSn cihi dya tren tu lifu anh viln t h ^ , dieu tra xa hpi hgc vk phan ti'ch thong ke cho thay du ljch da c6 anh huong Iich cyc den tai nguyen rung va giam dp luc len dat nong nghi?p.
Tir khda: Du ljch, bi^n dong su dung dat, phan ti'ch thong ke, sinh ke, Sa Pa.
l . D a t vSn d e
Rimg Vi?t Nam con k h i doi dao a khu vuc mi4n nui cho den giiia the ky 2 0 [!]. Sau d o dien tich rimg bj giam manh viio cuoi thap ky 8 0 ciia the ky 2 0 do nan chat pha riJng [2]. V a o ddu thap ky 90, dp che phii rimg trung binh loan qudc d^t 2 5 - 3 1 % , rieng khu virc m i l n mii phfa B8c ti I? nSy chi d^t 17%. Nguyfin nhan chinh
Tdc gia li«n hf. DT: 84-912989783 (+32-194694385) E-niail: huon^[email protected]
ciia n^n chpt pha rimg la do dan so tSng nhanh dan den pha rirng de m d rong dien tt'ch d i t canh tac. Tir giii:a thap ky 90 tro lai day rimg c6 xu huong phuc hoi tro Iai vdi dp che phii dat 32- 3 7 % giai dogn 1999-2001 va 34-42% nam 2005 [3]. Day la ket qua long hgp cua cac chinb sach phat trien kinh te-xa hpi [4].
Sa Pa la huyen viing cao ciia tinh Lao Cai, noi cd dinh PhanxipSng cao 3143m dugc coi la noc nha Dong D u o n g voi s g phan hoa canh quan da dang theo dai cao (hinh I). Huyen nay
H.T.T. Hmms ™ ™ t /Tsp cUKho., hoc DHQGHN: Cdc Khoa hoc Trdi H, m Mdi /n™.s. Tip 30. Sd 212014) LH
2. Cff sff dir li|u va phirong pMp nghien cmi 2.1. Casadalieu
Khu vuc nghien cihi thuoc huyen Sa Pa, dnh L4o Cai voi dien n'ch eSlkm', dan s6 559000 nguoi (5), g6m 17 xa va 1 dii tiin (hinh 1).
so D6 vmd KHU vtfc NGHI£N riftJ
I
^ ^ T o vi tri quan trpng ca \e mat kinh te (cua^ ^ ^ 1 2 viing Dong Bic va Tay Bic) va sinb
^ ^ ^ d i phin Idn dien n'ch Vudn CJudc gia I ^ ^ ^ L i e n thupc dia ban huyen, noi dupc coi Ik khu vuc rimg dSu nguon bao ve cho viing ha luu song Hong. Ngoai ra, Sa Pa con la dia ban
^ 1 tni cua cic dan tpc thieu sd. Cd 6 dan tpc chinh ciing sinh sdng trong huy?n, gdm H'mong, Dao, Kinh, Tay, Day, Xa Phd. Trong dd dan tpc H'mong va Dao chiem da sd vdi 55% vk 25 % tdng dan s6 cua huy?n [5]. Vdi sir da dgng ca vl canh quan lan dan tpc khien Sa Pa til lau dupc bifit dfin \k diem du lich hap din ciia Viet Nam.
Dac bifit lir nSra 1993, Sa Pa ihirc hien chinh sach mo ciia hoan toan cho khach du ljch qudc tfi. Ke tiJ dd so Iupng du khach dfin Sa Pa ngay cang ting tir 161 lupl ngudi nSm 1995 Ien 405000 lupl ngudi nam 2009 [5]. Sir phat trien du lich da tgo them nhieu viec \km cho ngudi dan dia phirong. Vgy su phat irifin ciia du ljch cd anh hudng gi dfin bifin ddng sir d\ing dat tai huyfin Sa Pa trong vdng 20 nSm qua hay khdng? Da c6 mpt sd n ^ e n ciiu vfi du lich tgi Sa Pa, nhu nghifin ciru cita cdc t ^ gia:
Stubhlefield va nnk [6], Grindley va nnk [7], Tordoff A vk nnk [8], Sarah Turner [9], Nguyfin An Thjnh [10],.... Tuy nhien phan Idn cac nghien ciiu n^y mdi chi t|p trung v^o phan tich mdi quan h^ giiJa phat trien du Iich \k sinh ke, g\it& du Iich v^ bao ton. Trong khi dd mdi quan h^ giiia phit irifin du Ijch va bien dgng sir dung dit con it dupc dfi cap dfin. Hon ni^a bifin dpng su dyng dai 1^ mpt trong nhiJng nguyen nhan gSy nfin bien doi mdi limmg, d^c biel la khi hau. Vi vay, nghien cuu mdi quan he giiJa phat trien du Iich vol bifin ddng sir dung dat tgi huyfin mien ndi Sa Pa trong vdng 20 nam qua la vin de can thiet va cap bach.
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Hinh 1. So do vi tri khu vuc nghien ciiu Cdc dli lieu khdng gian duoc su dimg trong nghien cuu nay bao gdm anh vfi linh Landsat 5 TM chup ngay 1/02/1993 va 4/11/2006. Tit ca cdc anh Landsat dupc lai miln phi tir trang web:
hnp://glo\ i^.usgs.sov vdi dp phSn giai 30 x 30m.
Cdc anh nay dupc sii dung dfi tinh bien dpng ldp phii mat dat tren qui md toan huyen Sa Pa.
NgoSj ra, de tai cdn sir dyng anh may bay nSm 1993 va anh SPOT dp phSn gjai cao 5m x 5m n5m 2006 de nghien cuu chi tifit bien dpng su dung dat tai cac diem chia khda. Anh mdy bay va SPOT dupc sij dyng dfi thanh lap ban dd hifin trgng su dyng dil cdc nam 1993, 2006 tir
H.T.T. Hirtmg vd nnk flap chiKhoa hgc DHQGHN: Cdc Khoa hgc Trdi ddt va Moi tnrdng, Tdp 30. So 2 (2014) 1-14
dd thanh lgp ban do bien dpng siJr dung dat giai dogn 1993-2006.
De tai chpn cac mdc thdi gian tren de nghifin ciju vi nam 1993 la nSm Sa Pa dupc Nha nudc quan tam tai thiet va phat Irifin kinh lfi, ndm Sa Pa bat dau md cua hoan loan cho khdeh du lich qudc le, ndm md ciia khau qudc lfi Lao Cai - Trung Qudc. Nam 2006, nganh du Ijch cua Sa Pa dang tren dd phdt trien mgnh va c6 tac dpng khdng nhd den su dung dat, thdi diem gan vdi thirc te nghien ciin de kiem chung nh&ng thay doi do du lich mang lai.
Dif lifiu Ihong ke kinh tfi-xa hpi cap thdn ban dupc thu thap tir cupc dieu tra ndng nghiep, ndng thdn va thiiy san ciia huy^n Sa Pa nam 2006 do Phdng Thdng ke thuc hifin dudi su trg giup ciia Ngin hang Thfi gidi (World Bank). Dii lieu gdc d cap hd gia dinh sau dd dupc tdng hpp thanh cap thdn ban theo cdc chi lieu sau: ti le so hp tham gia du lich, li I§ dan so cdc nhdm dan lOc toe dO ldng dSn so, ti I^ ngheo, dien tich canh tac thao qua trung binh/hd gia dinh. Ngoai ra, thdng tin ve dieu kien ty nhien cua huyen Sa Pa nhu dp cao, dp ddc, kha ndng tifip can dupc ti'nh todn tiJ ban do dia hinh li lfi 1:50.000 nam 2009 do Bd Tai nguyen va Mdi tnrdng xual ban.
2.2. Phucmg phdp nghiin ciru
Nghien ciiu nay da sii dung phuong phap vifin thdm va GIS, phuong phdp dieu tra xa hdi hpc vd cdc phuong phdp phan U'ch thdng ke khdng gian.
a. Phucmg phdp viin thdm vd GIS Phucmg phdp vien thdm dupc sii dung dfi tdch lpc dO: lieu khdng gian vfi bifin ddng ldp phii m$t dit tii anh v^ tinh vd dnh may bay. Khu vyc nghien ciiu Id mien ndi nfin cdc anh ve tinh v^ dnh may hay deu bi anh hudng ciia bdng dia
hinh, vi vgy trudc khi dua vao phan loai, cac anh vien tham deu dupc lpc nhifiu khf quyen va nan chinh bdng dia hinh bdng cdch diing phan mfim MODTRAN-4 code va ATCOR2/3 [11].
Cdc anh mdy bay dupc nan chinh hinh hpc bdng phin mfim PhotoMod tmdc khi lien hanh giai dodn dfi loai bd anh hudng cua meo dia hinh khu vuc mien ntii.
Sau do, nghien cuu sir dyng phuong phap phin loai co kifim dinh Maximum Likelihood thanh lap ban do ldp phti mat dat tii anh Landsat. Cdc mau giai doan dya tren kiem chung thya dia ihang 7/2010 vd kifim chiing qua anh may bay nam 2002 (dp phdn giai 1:52.000). Anh mdy bay dupc giai doan bang mat thudng va qua kiem chirng thuc dia ihang 7/2010. Anh may bay dugc cung cap bdi Trung tdm Luu trii tu lieu, Bp Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng.
Ldp phii mat dat dupc chia thanh 6 ddi tupng la: rirag giau, rimg nghfio, rudng bac thang, nuong ray, cay bui, mdt nudc. Ddi vdi bdn do dupc thanh lap tir anh may bay thi cd thfim Idp dit dan cu. Dg chinh xdc ciia phan loai dugc danh gia qua thyc dia vdi 180 difim kifim chiing va qua ban dd dia hinh nam 2009.
Ban dd lop phu mat dat cua hai thdi ky sau dd dupc chdng xep bang cong cu "Raster calculator" trong phan mfim ArcGIS 9.3 dfi U'nh bien dpng Idp phil mdi dat cho giai doan 1993- 2006. Vl cd 6 Idp su dung dit nen se cd 36 (6x6) kha ndng bien dpng xay ra giiia hai thdi 1^. Dfi de hieu va thuan ti^n cho vific linh loan thdng kfi, cdc khd nang bifin dpng sfi dugc gop lai thanh 6 nhom gdm: (1) khdng thay ddi, (2) suy giam rimg (chuyin lir rimg giau thanh rimg ngheo), (3) phd rimg (chuyen tir dat riing sang khdng rimg), (4) phuc hdi rimg (chuyen tir rimg ngheo thanh rimg giau hoac tir dat khdng rimg
H. T J. Hinmg vd ntiL /Tap chiKfioa hgc DHQGHN: Cdc Khoo hoc Trdi ddi vd Mdi inrdng. Tgp 30. So 2 (2014) I -14
thanh dat rimg), (5) md rdng rudng bac thang, (6) bd hoang dat canh tdc (chuyen tir dat ndng nghifip sang cay bui).
b. Phutmg phdp dieu tra xa hgi ligc De hieu sau hon ve anh hudng ciia phdt trien du Iich dfin bien ddng sir dung ddt cap ho gia dinh, de tai lya chpn 30% sd thdn ban cua huy?n Sa Pa dfi tifin hanh phdng van. Vdi muc tifiu Qm hieu anh hudng aia du lich den bifin dpng sii dung dat nfin chdng tdi lya chpn 13 thdn ban thudng xuyfin cd khach du lich den tham va 9 thon bdn hiu nhu khdng c6 khach du ljch den. Trong dd mpt so thdn ban gan vdi trung tam huyen, sd cdn lai xa irung tam. Tai mdi thdn ban, 20 hd gia dinh dugc lya chpn ngau nhien de lien hdnh phdng van. Chiing tdi da phdng van 512 hg gia dinh (chifim 21% tdng sd hd) tai 25 thdn ban Ihupc 5 xa: Lao Chai, Trung Chai, Ta Phin, San Sa Hd va Nam Cang.
Mau nay dupc coi la cd U'nh dai difin cho loan bp khu vuc nghifin ciiu. Cdc bdng hdi sau dd dupc ma hoa vao co sd du lieu de phuc vu cho phdn lich thong ke. Cac thdng lin chi tifit dupc thdng ke gdm: sd nhan khdu, thanh phan dan lpc, so ngudi tham gia du Ijch, sd ngay tham gia du ljch trong ndm, thu nhgp tir du Ijch, ti lfi thu nhdp du lich/tdng thu nhgp ciia hd, hinh ihirc tham gia du Iich,...
c Phtrong phdp phdn tich thdng kS khdng gian Phuong phap phan tich thdng ke khdng gian trong GIS cho phep xdc djnh moi tuong quan hay khdng luong quan cua mdt hay mot vai thuc Ihfi dja ly trong khdng gian vdi cdc thyc thfi dja Iy khdc [12].
Trudc lien, de tai sii dung mo hinh hoi qui logic da bdc (MLR) de xdc dinh mdi tuong quan giu:a bien ddng sii dyng dat vd cdc yfiu td dja ly. Cy thfi dfi tai da xac dinh mpt nhdm cdc diem man ngau nhien tren toan khu vyc nghien ciiu, mdi difim la mgt pixel. Sd lucmg dilm ngdu nhifin bdng 10% sd Iupng pixel biln dpng
d mdi Idp bien ddng six dung dat Bifin phu thupc la cac bifin ddng sir dung dat Khu vuc xay ra biln dpng dugc ma hda la 1, khu vyc khong biln ddng la 0. Cac bien ddc lap gdm 9 biln ca ty nhien va kinh tfi xa hdi: ti le s6 hg tham gia du lich, nhdm ddn tdc, ti ifi ngheo, loc do ldng trudng dan sd, dien U'ch thao qua binh quan tren mdi hp gia dinh, khodng each tdi dudng giao thdng, khoang cdch den sdng suoi, dp cao, dp ddc. Cdc bifin tren tdn tgi d 3 dang:
nhi phan (binary) (cdc bifin co dang 0, 1), dinh Iupng (quanlilative) (cdc bifin cd gia tti lien tuc), djnh tinh (qualitative) (cdc biln dupc ma hda dudi dang so tu nhien 0-9 hogc chii cai A- Z). Cac bifin nhi phan la cac bien vfi bien dpng sit dung dit. Cac bifin dinh lugng gdm: ti Ie so hp tham gia du Ijch, ti le ngheo, tdc dg tang trudng dan so, difin n'ch ihao qua binh qudn tten mdi hd gia dinh, khoang each ldi dudng giao ihong, khoang each dfin sdng su6i, dd cao, dp ddc. Bien dan tdc thudc logi dinh tinh vd dupc ma hda theo ky tu nhu: "H" ky hieu cho dan tpc H'mong, "Y" cho dan tdc Dao, ' T " cho ddn tdc Tay, "K" cho dan tdc Kinh va "D" cho dan tdc Day. Thao qua la mdt lai cdy thudc va gia vi mdi dupc dua vao irdng rdng rai d huyfin Sa Pa tir nhiing nam 1990 sau khi cd lenh cam trong cay thudc phifin. Thao qua chi ihi'ch hpp trong dudi tan rimg gia. Ddy la cay trdng mang lai hi?u qua kinh tl cao. Chiing toi dat gia thill rang vific canh tac thao qua cd thfi giam bdt dp luc len dit ndng nghiep va co the anh hudng den Idp phu rimg. Vi vay chiing tdi coi "thdo qud" la mdt biln trong phan tich MLR. Tnrdc khi dua vao phan tich MLR can kilm tra su da cdng tuyln giiia cac bien ddc lap (kifim tta tuong quan giira cac biln. Nlu cdc bifin co tuong quan chat che tW phai loai bdt dl khdng anh hudng din ket qud phan tich thdng ke). Cdc biln cd gia ui Tolerance>0,6 thi dupc chip nhan dua vao phan U'ch [13]. Vi vgy, chi cd 8 bifin dpc lap dupc dua vao phan tfch MLR (bang I).
H.T.T. Huang vd nnL flap chiKhoa hoc DHQGHN: Cdc fOioa hoc Trdi ddt vd Mdi inrdng, Tdp 30. SS 2 (2014) 1-14 5
B u d c tiep theo dfi tai sii dyng p h u a n g phap phan tich thanh p h i n chinh (PCA) dfi nghien ciiu sau hon dnh h u d n g ciia yeu t l du lich dfin bien ddng sii dung dit. Tir kfit qua phdng van, mdt CO sd d u lieu mdi dupc thanh lap d cap dp
Bang 1. Cac bien dugc dua vao phan tJch hoi qui logic
tildn ban gdm 5 bien lien quan den boat dpng du lich, 3 bifin hen quan den bien ddng ldp phii rtmg va 2 bien Uen quan den bien ddng dat ndng nghiep giai doan 1993-2012 (bang 2).
i bac (MLR) Cdc bien phu thuoc
Ten biin Rirng suy giam Phd rimg Rirng phuc hoi Md rgng rugng bac thang
Bo hoang dat canh tdc
Dinh dgng NhiphSn Nhi phan Nhi phan Nhi phan
Nhi phdn
Cac bien doc lap Tin bien
Ti le du ljch (ti le s6 ho tham gia vao du lich tai moi thon ban)
Toe do tang dan so thdi ky 1989-2006 Ti ie ho ngheo 2006
Thanh phan dan tgc (H'mSng, Dao, Tay, Day, Xa Ph6 va hdn hop)
Dien n'ch thao qua/hd gia dinh Do ddc
Khoang each den dirdng giao thong Khoang each den song suoi
Dinh dang Dinh lugng Dinh lugng Dinh luong Djnh tinh Dinh lugng Dinh luoTig Dinh lugng Dinh luong Bang 2. Cdc biln dugc dua v^o ph§n n'ch th^nh phin chinh (PCA)
Tgn biSn Giai thich Don vi
Cdc biin ve bien dgng lap phii rirng
Rirng suy giam Phd rung Riing phuc hoi Bo hoang dit canh tdc Mcr r6ng ruong b5c thang Cdc biin du lich Ti 1? du lich Ngdy du ljch Thu nhap du Ijch Ti le thu nhap du lich Cac loai hinh hoat dgng du lich S (Ban h&ng rong) M (Ldm th6 cim) R (Lam thufi cho cdc nhk hang) H (lam thue tgi cac khdeh san) G (Hudng din vi6n du hch) P (Khuan vdc)
Dien tfch rimg suy giam/tong dien U'ch th6n ban DiSn ti'ch phd rirng/tong dien tfch th6n ban Dien n'ch rimg phuc hoiAong dien n'ch lh6n ban Dien tfch bo hoang/long dien tich thSn ban
Dien n'ch rugng bJic thang md rgng/tong difin tfch thSn ban
So ngudi tham gia du Ijch/tong dan so cua thon ban So ngay trung binh mgt ngudi tham gia vao hoat dong du lich tai mSi thdn ban trong nam
Thu nhap tmng binh/ngudi/nam tai moi thon ban Thu nhap du lich/tong thu nhap cua hg gia dinh Ti te so ngudt tham gia ban hSng rong/tong so ngudi hoat dgng du Ijch
Ti le so ngudi lam tho cam/long so ngudi hoat dgng du lich Ti le so ngudi lam thue cho cac nha hang/tong so ngudi hoat dgng du ljch
Ti le s6 nguoi lara thu6 cho cdc khdeh san/t6ng so ngudi hoat dong du ljch
Ti Ie so ngudi lam hudng din vien/tong so ngudi hoat ddng du lich
Ti 1$ s l ngudi lam k h u ^ vac do cho khach du lich/tong so ngudi ho^t dgng du lich
%
ngdy/ii3m tneu dong/nam
H T.T. Huang vd nnk. flap chiKhoa hgc DHQGHN: Cdc Khoa hgc Trdi ddt va Mdi tnrdng. Top 30. Sd 2 (2014) 1-14
Theo Bryant and Yamold [14] sd man can thifit cho phan U'ch thdnh phan chfnh ldi thieu la 50 hodc sd mdu gip 5 Idn sd hifin. Trong trudng hgp nay so man nhd hon 50 nfin chiing tdi dp dung difiu kien thii 2. Tiic la chi sii dung tir 5 den 7 bifin cho mdi Ian phdn U'ch F*CA. Cac phuong phdp phdn U'ch thong ke nfiu ttfin dugc Ihyc hi?n bdng phin mfim XLSTAT vdi dp tin cay 95% dupc lya chgn dfi kiem chiing cdc gid diilt
3. Ket qua
3.1. Kit qud phdn logi dnh
Kit qua phan logi anh Landsat dugc till hi?n ttong hinh 2, va ket qua gidi dodn anh may hay vd SPOT trong hinh 3. Dp chfnh xdc loan cyc cua phan logi anh Landsat Id 71,!% va 83%
cho ndm 1993 va 2006 (he so Kappa 0,71 va 0,79). Kit qud phan loai anh ve Unh va anh mdy bay deu cho thdy sy phan bo cua Idp phii mgt dat phy thupc nhieu vao dia hinh. Ddt canh tac thudng phan bo dpc theo cac thung liing, ttong dd ni^ng bgc thang phan bd iren cdc sudn niii
thoai, gan khe suoi; nuong ray phan bl xa ngudn nudc hon va tren cac sudn mii ddc. Rung giau tgp trung phan ldn ttong pham vi Vucm quoc gia Hodng Lien, trfin cac day mii cao, sudn ddc khd tilp can. Rung ngheo phdn bl rai rdc xen kfi giita dit ndng nghifip vd rimg giau.
Cdy bui phan bo kha phiic lap, cd mdt ca d dudi thung liing va tten nhihig sudn niSi doc diing.
3.2. Bien dgng ldp phu mat dot huy?n Sa Pa giai dogn 1993-2006
Kfil qua U'nh bifin ddng Idp phii mdt dit giai dogn 1993-2006 cho toan huyen Sa Pa dugc thi hifin ttong hinh 4 va cho mgt sd diem chia khda dugc the hien ttong hinh 5. Kfit qua tfnh hifin ddng tir anh Landsat va anh cd d$ phan giai cao (anh mdy bay va SPOT) deu cho thiy ti le chdt phd rimg da gidm dang kfi ttong giai doan 1993- 2006.
Day Id giai doan rimg dugc tdi sinh vd phyc hdi do giai doan nay Sa Pa dugc Nhd nudc quan tdm phdt trien vd bao v | rimg vdi chinh sdch md ciia cho khach du lich qudc tl, thanh lap Khu bdo ton Hoang Lien Son.
Hinh 2. So do ldp phti mat dil huyen Sa Pa nam 1993
vd 2006 dugc giai doan rir anh Landsat. Hinh 3. So do Idp phu mat dil ciia diem nghiSn ciiu chia khda ndm 1993 va 2006 dugc giai dodn lir inh may bay (1993) vd anh SPOT do phan giai cao (2006).
H.T.T. Huang vd nnk. /Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN Cdc Khoa hpc Trdi ddt vd Mdi Irudng. Tap 30, Sd 2 (2014) 1-14
Dien tich rimg giau ttong giai doan nay cd xu hudng tang len, ttong khi dien tich cdy bui giam manh do chuyfin thanh rimg vd dat ndng nghi$p [12]. Tuy nhien d mpt vai vi tri cyc bp
xay ra hien tupng bd hoang dat canh tdc. Khu vuc it xay ra bien ddng llip trung chii yfiu ttong Vudn qudc gia Hodng Lien vd nhiing khu vyc mii cao, ddc dung khd tifip can.
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Hinh 4. So do bien dgng Idp phu mdt dat huyen Sa Pa giai doan 1993-2006 (didnh lap tit anti
Landsat).
Hinh 5. So do bien dgng ldp phii mat dat t^i diem nghien curu chia kh6a giai doan 1993-2006 (thanh lap tii anh
mdy bay va SPOT 4).
3.3. Cdc nhan to tdc ddng den biin dgng sir dung ddt a Sa Pa
Theo ttang web httpi/ZwwW'.kovcomp.co.uk trong phan tich MLR neu p nhd hon 0.05 va Odds ratio khdc 1 tiu co mdi tuong quan giiia biln phy thudc vd bien ddc lap vdi dp dn cdy 95%. Nfiu Odds ratio nho hon I Id luong quan
am (li Ie nghich), ngupc lgi neu Odds ratio Idn ban 1 la tucmg quan duong (ti 1? thudn).
Kfit qua phan U'ch MLR d bang 3 cho thay bifin dOng sir dung dit d Sa Pa giai doan 1993- 2006 chiu tdc dong long hpp ciia nhieu nhdn td gdm ca nhan to tu nhifin (yfiu lo dja hinh), kinh te- xa hpi (yeu l6 ddn lpc, du Ijch, toe d0 tdng dan so, ngheo ddi) va khd ndng tifip c|p (khodng each den dudng giao thdng, sdng
^ ^ ^ V . ) . Trong dd nhdn td dan tpc, dja hinh,
^ H n a n g tifip can chi phdi hau het cac kifiu bien
^ ^ H su dung dit. Ket qua nay cung tuong ty
^^pighien ciru trudc day cua Vu Kim Chi [13]
tai Son La, cua Castella [15] tai Bdc Kan. Tuy nhien diem khac bifit ttong nghifin ciiu nay la ngodi cdc yfiu to ke tten thi bifin dpng su dung dat tgi Sa Pa cdn chin sy tdc ddng mgnh ciia yfiu to du lich.
Kfil qud phan U'ch MLR cho ihiy biln "du Iich" cd luong quan li lfi nghich vdi bifin "suy gidm rimg" vd ti 1? thugn vdi bifin "bd hoang dat canh tac". Dilu dd cd nghia la kha ndng xay ra suy giam rimg se giam khi ti 16 sd hp iham gia du lich tdng, ngupc Iai kha nang bo hoang dit canh tdc se tdng khi li 16 sd hg tham gia du lich tdng.
Nfiu ti Ifi sd hp tham gia du Ijch tdng 10%, thi khd ndng xdy ra suy giam rimg se gidm 1/0,81=1,2 lin (10%=10 don vi, do dd Odds Ratio = e-°''^''"'=0,81) trong giai dogn 1993- 2006. Ngugc lgi, nfiu ti lfi sd hg tham gia du Iich
H.T.T Hutmg va nnk. /Tap chiKhoa hoc DHQGHN: Cdc Khoa hpc Trdi ddi .^ Moi Irudng. Tgp SO. Sd 2 (2014) 1-14
tdng 10% till kha ndng bo hoang dat canh tdc sfi tdng 1.2 lin (I0%=10 don vj, do do Odds Ratio
= e''-"'*'"'=l,2) ttong giai doan ndy.
3.4. Mdi quan hi giim biin dgng sir ditng ddt vd du ljch
Ket qua phdn lich MLR d tren da chi ra ring du ljch la mot trong nhirag nhan td dnh hudng dfin biln ddng dit rirng va dit ndng nghifip ben cgnh cac ylu td khac nhu dan tgc, dia hinh, khd ndng tiep cgn. Tuy nhien, phuong phap tren khdng cho chiing ta cai nhin chi tiet vfi dnh hudng cua du ljch dfin bifin d^ng sir dung dit. Vi vay, budc tilp theo chung tdi se ap dyng phuang phap PhSn tich thanh phan chinh (PCA) dl phdn U'ch ky ban anh hirdng ciia ylu to du Ijch dfin hien ddng sir dyng ddt dua ttfin dit Ii?u phdng vin 512 hp gia dinh tai 25 thdn ban chia khoa. Dii lieu vfi bifin ddng sii dyng ddt tai cdc diem chia khda dugc u'nh loan tir anh mdy bay ndm 1993 vd anh SPOT ndm 2006 vdi dO phdn gidi cao.
Bang 3. Ket qua phan tich hoi qui logic da bac (MLR) (chi lifit kfi cdc bi£n cd tuong quan vdi cac lo^i hinh bifin dgng sii dung dat vdi do tin cay 95%) Cac loai hinh bien dpng su dung dat
Suy giam rung Ph^rimg
Phyc hoi rung Ma rong ruong bac thang
Bo hoang dat canh tdc
O c nhSn to tac dong den bien dpng sir dung dat Tl /? du Iich Dan toe Dao Dp cao Dp doc Dp doc
Dien tich thao qua/hp gia dinh Dan tpc Tay
Dpc doc Toe dp tang dan so Dan tpc Day Dp cao Dp doc Dan tpc T&y Tl 14 du ljch Ti le ngheo
Khoang cdch den dudng giao thdng
Khoang cdch den song su6i He so hoi qui -0,021 0,32 -0,001 0,028 -0,014 -0,147 -0,575 0,009 -0,083 -1,078 -0,001 -0,085
•2,524 0,015 0,01 -0,001 0,001
Pr>Chi=
0,003 0,046 0
<0,0001
<0,0001 0,029 0,008
<0,0001 0,012 0,038 0,038
<0.0001 0,039 0,026 0,045 0 0,046
Odds ratio 0,997 1,377 0,999 1,028 0,986 0,863 0,562 1,009 0,921 0,34 0,999 0,919 0,080 1,015 1,01 0,999 1,001
H T.T. Hirtmg va nnk /Top chf Khoa hpc DHQGHN: Cdc Khoa hpc Trdi ddi vd Moi tnrdng. Tpp 30. S6 2 (2014) 1-14
Kfit qua phan u'ch PCA mpt Idn niia khdng dinh c6 mdi tuong quan gii^a nhdn td du lich vdi bifin dOng dat rimg va ddt ndng nghifip. Nhu phan ttfin da irinh bay, cdc bien lien quan den du ljch gim: ti Ifi s6 ngudi tham gia du Iich, sd ngdy tham gia du Ijch/ndm, thu nhgp du iich/ndm, thu nhgp du lich/tong thu nhap cua hg gia dinh, ti lfi so ngudi tham gia vao timg boat dpng du ljch (hdn hang rong, d^t tho cam, hudng din vien, Idm ttong nhd hdng, khach sgn,...). Cdc bien nay dugc U'nh trung binh cho timg thdn ban.
a. Du ljch vd biin dgng ddt iimg NIU nhu phdn U'ch MLR cho thiy li Ifi sd hd tham gia du Ijch co tugng quan li lfi nghjch vdi
"suy gidm rimg" thi phdn U'ch PCA lai cho thiy ti 1? sd ngudi tham gia vao du Ijch ti I? thuan vdi "phyc hdi rimg" (bang 4).
NhCtng thdn bdn nao c6 ti 1$ s6 ngudi tham
gia vao du lich cdng cao thi ti 16 rimg phuc hdi cang cao. Nhu vay kfit qud cua ca 2 phuong phdp dfiu khang dinh mdt difiu: du Iich la mdt nhan td cd anh hudng tich cyc den viec bao ve va duy tn ngudn tai nguyen rimg d Sa Pa.
Ngoai ra, ket qua phan U'ch PCA con cho thay kha ndng phyc hdi rimg cd mdi tuong quan thuan vdi cdc hoat dpng du Ijch nhu ban hang rong va hudng dan vien du Ijch (bang 4).
Kfit qua phdn U'ch PCA d hinh 6 cho thiy su ddi lap giira cac dan tdc trong viec tham gia du Ijch vd bifin dgng dat rimg. Tryc dau tifin thfi hien sy doi lap giira dan tpc H'mong va Dao.
Nhdm dan tpc H'mong d|c trung bdi ti lfi thu nhap du Iich cao, sd ngay tham gia du ljch nhieu va bien dgng dat rimg mgnh mfi thi d nhdm ddn tdc Dao lai ngupc lai. Tryc thii 2 the hien sy ddi lap giiia nhdm ddn tgc H'mong va Kinh ttong viec tham gia du Ijch.
Bang 4. Moi tuong quan giua cdc bien du Iich vdi bien dgng sit dyng dat trong phan ti'ch thdnh phdn chinh (PCA)
Bien dgng su dung dat Bien du ljch H^ s6 tuong quan
Phuc h^i rimg Bo hoang dit canh tdc
Tl le so ngudi hoat dgng du ljch 0.5*
Ti lfi s6 ngirdi bdn hdng rong 0.47*
Ti le s6 ngiroi ldm hudng dan vifin 0,56"
Ti le thu nhap du lich trong tong thu nhap 0.59"
cua hp gia dtnh
* Tirong quan chdt vdi dp tin cdy 95%, ** Tirang quan cligi '''di dp tin cpy 9 Tea cac bi£nt
Kroong- DsQtQi: H'mong Daa'Din t$c Dao Kmh-Dan l$c Kmh Biin if ng Sitrioig IXtC 1' Sas ^amimig LUC2:nuinig LUC3 Ri^c 1I5L lung Duljcli
T l . r i K (ODginn t h a m ^ dulich TX: So ngay thamgta duLch/nguni'nlm 13: niu nhip dultcb^ign^iifim T4: Tl 1« ibunhip dul|ch.-lSiig thu nhjp
Hinh 6. Ket qud phan tich PCA giua cdc bien ddn tgc; li Ifi tham gia, thai gian tham gia, thu nhdp du Ijch va bifin dpng dat rimg
10 H.T.T Huaiig \a nnL /Tup i III Khoa hpc DHQGHN. Cdc Khoa hpc Trdi ddi vd /Hdi mrdng. Tpp 30. Sd 2 (2014) 1-14
07S
at
8 '
Htji Of
Variab
\
CK ts
OS
a i c i F I and F2-54.73%)
^-' ^
"r /
F I (34.71 S )
-^
Lib
0 5
\
1
•-.^a' • ,'
rtn .-.-.a
BTS 1
Ten cac biSn:
DSntpc
Hmong; Ddn tgc H'mong Dao: Dan tdc Dao Kinh: Dan tgc Kinh Biin dgng ddt nong nghidp LUC4: Md rgng dien n'ch mdng bgc thang LUC7: Bo hoang dit canh tac (nuong ray) Du lich
Tl: Ti lfi s6 ngirdi tham gia du Ijch T2: So ngdy tham gia du Ijch/ngudi/ndm T3: Thu nhdp du lich/ngudi/nam T4: Ti If thu nhap du lich/t6ng thu nh^p
Hmh 7. Ket qua phan rich PCA gifta cdc bien dan toe; ti I? tham gia, thdi gian tham gia. thu nhdp du Ijch vd bien dgng dat nong nghiep.
Ciing tham gia dn lich nhung nhdm ngudi Kinh dgt dugc thu nhgp du Ijch/ngudi/ndm cao hon ttong khi nhdm ngudi H'mdng Igi cd ti Ie du Ijch ttong tdng tiiu nhgp cao hon. Difiu do chinig td ngudi Kinh dat dupc thu nhgp du Iich cao hem ngudi H'mdng nhung thu nhgp tir du Ijch khdng phdi Id ngudn thu duy nhal cua hp.
Trong khi ddi vdi ngudi H'mdng luy thu nhap tir du ljch khdng cao bdng ngudi Kinh nhung ddy Id nguon thu quan ttpng.
b. Du ljch vd bien dgng ddt ndng nghiep Kfit qua phan U'ch PCA d hinh 7 cho thdy neu li I^ tham gia du Ijch va cac logi hinh du lich cd mdi tuong quan vdi hifin d$ng dat rimg thi li 1^ thu nhgp du Iich trong tdng thu nhap cda hp gia dinh lgi c6 moi tuong quan ti 1^ thuan vdi ti 1? bd hoang ddt canh tdc. Difiu do co nghia khi ti 1^ thu nhgp tir du Iich ciia hp gia dinh cdng cao thi hp co xu hudng bo hoang mgt phan dat canh lac.
Kfit qua phan tich PCA d hinh 7 ciing cho thiy cd sy ddi Igp giUa ddn tpc H'mdng va Dao trong vific Iham gia vdo du Ijch vd ti lfi dil bo hoang. Nfiu nhdm ngudi H'mdng cd li lfi thu nhgp du Ijch trong tdng thu nhgp ciia hp gia dinh cao hon vd ti lfi ddt bd hoang cao hon thi nhdm ngudi Dao Iai ngupc lai. Do dfi lai chi lifin hdnh khao sal d nhiJng xa ndng nghiep noi cd rat il ngudi Kinh cu tni, hon niira ngudi Kinh phdn Idn hogt dpng san xudt phi ndng nghifip nfin kfit qua phan U'ch khdng cho thiy m6i nrong quan giira du lich va bifin dpng su dyng dat d nhdm ngudi Kinh.
4. Thao ludn
4.1. Du lich ldm thay ddi su phdn cdng lao dgng xd hgi vd ca cdu thu nhdp cda hg gia dinh Ve mki tniyfin thdng, lao dpng ciia cdc ddn tpc thieu sd chii yeu dugc chia theo gidi [16].
H.T.T. Huang vd nnk. /Tgp chiKhoa hpc DHQGHN: Cdc Khoa hpc Trdi ddt vd Moi Irudng. Tap 30. Sd 2 (2014) 1-14 \ \
Phu nu dam nhifm cdc cdng viec nhu ndi trg, ddng dng, may vd, thfin thiia,... Dan dng phu ttach cac cdng vific ndng nhpc hon nhu: di rimg, ldm nha, gia cdng cong cu lao ddng [17, 18J. Tuy nhien, ngay nay vdi su phat trien cua du lich, 50 lugng phy nu dan tdc thieu sd tim dugc cdng viec dn dinh tai cac khach sgn va nhd hang tang Ifin. Viec ban hang thd cdm va Idm hudng ddn vien du lich cung phat ttien manh ird thanh mdt nghfi chiJr khdng cdn la vific Iam thfim liic nhdn rdi [16]. Theo kel qua phdng van thdng 7/2012, thu nhgp trung binh tir viec bdn hdng rong Id 14,8 trieu ddng/ngudi/ndm, tir hudng dan vifin Id 20,4 trifiu ddng/ngudi/ndm, cao hon rat nhieu so vdi thu nhgp tir ndng nghiep (5-10 trieu ddng/ngudi/ndm) (kit qua phdng vin thang 7/2012).
Do sy phat trifin ciia du lich chii yfiu tao co hOi vifc ldm cho phy nfl dan den sy thay ddi ttong phan cdng lao dong xa hpi. Mdt hinh thuc phan cdng lao dpng xa hpi mdi xual hifin, dd la ngudi vg di ra ngodi kifim lifin hd ttg gia dinh, ngudi chdng se d nha phu ttdch cong vifc ddng dng vd chdm sdc con cdi.
Du ljch khdng nhQng lam thay ddi sy phan cdng Iao dpng xd hdi ma cdn thay ddi ca co cdu thu nhgp cua cdc hd gia dinh. Theo kfit qua phdng van, thu nh|.p du lich chifim ldi 66% long thu nh§p tien mdt cua cac hp gia dinh. Difiu dd cd nghia du lich da ttd thdnh mdt ngudn thu quan trpng ciia ngudi ddn dia phuang. Kfit qua phdng vin cho thay 78% sd ngudi dugc hdi cho ring du ljch da gitip cupc sdng ciia hp kha len va 56% ndi rdng du lich gitip hp nang cao nhan tiiuc.
4.2. Du lich ldm gidm dp lire lin ddt rimg Kfit qua phdn lich MLR chi ra ring ti If du Iich cd moi tuong quan am vdi suy giam rimg.
Hay ndi cdch khdc la kha ndng xdy ra chdt pha rimg sfi gidm khi ti Ie sd hd Iham gia vao du lich
ldng. Ddng thdi ket qua phan U'ch PCA cCing cho thiy cd mdi tuong quan thuan giua ti Ie so ngudi tham gia du Iich vdi sy phuc hdi rimg.
Ket qua tir 2 phuong phdp giilp chting ta khang djnh rang du Ijch la mpi nhdn td cd tac ddng tich cyc den vifc duy tri va bao ve tai nguyen rimg.
Theo ket qua phdng van cac hp gia dinh tgi diem nghien ciru chia khda, cd tdi 12% sd ngudi trong dp tuoi lao ddng tham gia vao hoat ddng du ljch. Phin Idn trong s6 hp tham gia vao ban hang rong, del ihd cam va lam hudng dan vien du ljch (chifim 91,3% long s6 ngudi boat ddng du ljch). NhiJng hoat dpng ndy chifim kha nhifiu thdi gian: 210 ngay/nam ddi vdi hoat ddng ban hang rong, 250 ngdy/ndm ddi vdi dfl Ihd cam vd 205 ngdy/nam doi vdi nghfi hudng din vifin du Iich. Hon niJa, nhihig hoat ddng du Iich nhu bdn hdng rong va Iam hudng dan vifin du Iich ddi hdi ngudi dan phai Idm vific each xa noi d, chii yfiu tap trung tgi thj ttdn Sa Pa. Vi vay hp hau nhu khdng cdn thdi gian de vdo rimg khai ihdc lam san. Hon nOa, nguon thu nhap tir rimg ddn din trd nfin khdng cdn quan trpng d6i vdi ngudi dan dia phuong do hg dd cd ngudn thu bo sung tir du Ijch cao hon. Ddy la co hdi Iam hgn chfi sy khai thac rimg va giiip rung phyc hdi tdt ban.
Mat khdc, rirag dugc bdo vf tdt hon nhd If phi thu dugc tir cac difim tham quan du Ijch nhu nui Hdm Rdng hay dinh Phan Xi Pang hodc thufi thu dugc tir hogt ddng kinh doanh nha hang, khach san, dich vu du lich,... [8]. Ndm 2010, mdt ttung tam du lich sinh thdi true thudc Ban quan ly Vudn qudc gia Hodng Lifin da dugc thanh lap. LS phf tham quan tgi cac difim du lich dugc trich 15% phyc vy cho cong tdc hdo tdn. Ben canh dd, cdc xd thudng xuyfin id chirc "Ie dn thfi" bao ve rimg thifing vd td chtjrc cac chuong trinh ve sinh lang ban khuyen khich cdng ddng dja phuong cung nhu khach du ljch tham gia.
H.T.T Huang vd nnL /Tap chiKtioa hoc DHQGHN: Cdc Khoa hpc Trdi dat vd Mdi inrang. Tgp 30. So 2 (2014) 1-14
4.3. Du lich thuc day thdm canh ndng nghiip Vific ddn sd tdng nhanh da Iam cho dat nong nghifip ttd thanh van dfi cap bdch, ddt dai sdn cd de md rdng ruong bac thang ngay cang ft di [16]. Tuy nhien 6 Sa Pa tir diu thgp ky 90 den nay, nhd dp dung hifin dai hda ndng nghiep nhu trong cdc giong liia mdi ndng suat cao cung nhu sir dyng phdn bdn, thudc trir sau ma mdu thuan nay da dupc giai quyet. Tuy nhien, vifc hifin dai hda ndng nghifp chi dupc dp dyng phd bifin lir khi cd ngudn thu nhap bd sung tir du Iich. Ket qud phan u'ch PCA cho thdy cd mdi tucmg quan thugn gii^a ti Ie thu nhap du Ijch vdi chi phi ddu tu cho ndng nghifp. Khi cdc hp gia dinh kifim dugc cang nhieu tien lir boat ddng du lich thi hp sfi ddu tu nhifiu cho sdn xuit ndng nghifp nhu mua Ma giong, phdn bdn, thudc trir sdu gitip cho ndng sudt cao hon. Ngdy nay, ngudi dan dia phuong chi lgp trung tham canh ttfin nhimg thiia rugng bdc thang vd bd hoang mgt phan nuong ray ndng suat thap de phuc hdi thanh rimg. Trong tuong lai tgi nhtJng khu rimg tdi sinh nay, ngudi ddn sfi ttdng thao qua, mdt loai cay cho thu nhap khd cao md khdng mdt nhifiu cdng chdm bdn, dau tu. Cd the ndi du lich da giup gidm dan phuong thuc canh tdc nuong rdy vdn dupc coi Id hfi thdng canh tac kem bfin viing tten dat ddc md Nhd nudc dang ban chfi din phuang thirc canh ldc nay [19]. Mdt Ian niJa, chiing ta cd thfi khing dinh rdng sy phdt trifin cua du ljch da ho trg cho hien dgi hda ndng nghiep, giiip ngudi dan dja phuomg giai quyfit dugc phdn ndo sy thieu hyt lugng thyc va giiip cho vifc su dung ddt ndng nghifip ben viing, hifu qua ban.
cho cac difim chia khda deu cho thay hifin tupng pha rimg dd giam ttong thdi kj 1993-2006. Cd hai phuang phdp phan tich thdng kfi thuc hifin tren 2 ca so dfl lifu khdng gian khac nhau: mot lir ngudn dnh Landsat vdi dp phdn giai tmng binh, mOl tir ngudn anh may bay vd anh SPOT vdi dp phdn giai cao dfiu khdng dinh du Iich la mpt ttong nhihig nhan td cd anh hudng U'ch cue dfin bifin dpng ldp phii rimg vd dit ndng nghiep.
Phuong phap phdn tt'ch hdi qui logic da bac MLR cho thiy biln dpng Idp phii mgt dat tai huyfn Sa Pa ttong giai doan 1993-2006 Id kfit qua tdng hgp ctia nhieu nhan to, bao gdm cd nhan to dia 1^ ty nhien, khd ndng tilp can vd nhdn td kinh te-xa hpi. Trong dd du lich la nhan Id ndi trdi ldm giam su suy giara rung vd Idm tang li lfi bd hoang dat canh ldc.
Kfit qud phdn tt'ch thdnh phan chinh PCA dya tten ngudn d£J lifu difiu tta xa hdi hpc lai cac thdn ban chia khda cho thay li Ie phuc hdi rimg cd tuong quan vdi nhutig hogt dpng du lich chilm nhifiu thdi gian ciia ngudi ddn dia phuang nhu bdn hang rong va Iam hudng ddn vien du Ijch. Trong khi thu nh^p td du Iich Igi anh hudng den ti If bd hoang dat canh tdc theo li lfi thudn. Nhu vay kfit qud nghien cihi ciia de lai khdng djnh ring du Iich la in$i nhan td cd anh hudng tich cyc dfin vifc duy tn ngudn tai nguyen riing tgi huyen Sa Pa giai doan 1993- 2006. Bfin canh dd, du Iich cdn thiic diy hifin dai hda ndng nghiep va gidp cho vific su dung dil ndng nghifip hifu qua ban. B6 la bd hoang nhflng khu vyc nuong ray cdn coi dfi phyc hoi thanh rimg va dau tu nhifiu ban cho rudng bac thang de thu dupc ndng suat lucmg thyc cao hon.
Ldi cam on Ket qud phdn loai anh lir anh Landsat cho
lodn huyfn Sa Pa vd tir anh mdy bay va SPOT
Bdi bdo dugc hodn thdnh trong khudn khd dfi tdi Nghi djnh thu Vift - Bi: "Nghien ciru ldc
H. T. T. Hirtmg vd nnk /Tgp chi Khoa hpc DHQGHN: Cdc Khoa hpc Trdi ddt va Moi inrdng. Tap 30, Sd 2 (2014) i-l4 13
dOng ciia boat ddng kinh tfi - xa hdi tdi bifin dOng SIX dyng dit vd mdi trudng ty nhien trong khung cdnh bien ddi khi hgu loan cau (Nghien cthi ttudng hop tai Ddng bdng sdng Hdng va viing ntii Tay Bac Vift Nam)" va dl tai NAFOSTED"Nghien ciiu bifin ddi mdi trudng khu vyc Tdy Bdc duoi anh hudng ctia bifin ddi khi hiu bdng cdng nghf vifin ihdm vd GIS", ma sd 105.06-2012.20.
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14 H.T.T. Hutmg vd nnL /Tap chiKhoa hpc DHQGHN: Cdc Khoa hpc Trdi ddi va Mdi inrdng. Tdp 30. Sd2(2014) /-14
The Impact of Tourism Development on Land Cover Change in Mountainous Area: A Case Study in Sa Pa District, Lao Cai
Province, Vietnam in Period 1993-2006
Hoang Thi Thu Huofng^•^'^ Vu Kun Chi*, Anton Van Rompeay^, Veerle Vanaclcer^, Isaline Jadin^
^Faculty of Geography. VNU University of Science. 334 Nguyin Trdi. Thanh Xudn, Hanoi. Vietnam 'Division of Geography, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences. K. U. Leuven
^Earth and Life Institute. Georges Lemaitre Center for Earth and Climate Research, Universiti Catltolique de Louvain
* VNU Institute of Viemamese Studies and Development Sciences.
144 Xudn Thuy, Cdu Gidy, Hanoi. Viemam
Abstract: Northern mountainous region of Vietnam has been known as tourism attraction area.
Since 1990s, Vietnam has become increasingly more open to international tourism, and the domestic tourism market has also expanded. This research was carried out in Sa Pa District, a famous tourism area in Lao Cai province in order to test if tourism development is a driver of land cover change. The statistical analyses were appUed at district and village level to find out the relationship between tourism development and land cover change. The results have confirmed that tourism positively relates to reforestation as well as agricultural abandonment and negatively to forest degradation in the study area. Interview also was applied to get an insight understanding of the mechanism by which tourism impacts on land cover changes. The development of tourism has created more jobs, increased incomes for local j>eople, supported agricultural intensification that lead to land abandonment in the marginal area.
Keywords: Tourism, land use/cover change, statistical analysis, livelihood, Sa Pa.
