TrSn Van Dung Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGH$ 107(07): 1 9 - 2 4
ANH HirdNG CUA DO MAN LEN TOC DO SINH TRlTONG VA TY LE SONG CIJA CA KHOANG c 6 CAM AMPHIPRION PERCULA (Lacepede, 1801) TRl/dNG THANH
Tran VSn Dung Trudng Dai hgc Nha Trang T O M T A T
Do man la mgt trong nhQ'ng ylu td anh hudng Idn din tdc do sinh trudng, ty 1§ sdng va hieu qua uang nudi ciia nhiSu loAi c& ndi chung va cA khoang co cam n6i rieng. Trong nghiSn ciru n^y, 8 mirc do man (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 v& 40%o) dugc thu nghi?m nham tim ra dp mSn thich hgp cho nuoi cd khoang co cam giai dogn trudng th^nh. Kit qua nghien ciru cho thay c^ dugc nu6i 6 dp m3n 35 va 30%o dat t i e dd sinh trudng dSc trung cao nhit (1,37 v^ 1,36%/ngdy), 40. 25 v^
20%o (1,10; 1,07 v^ 0,93%/ngay). thip nhit la d do man 15 va 10%o_(0.67 va p,35%/ngay) (P <
0,05). Tuong tu, ca dugc nuoi o dp man 35 va 30%o dat chieu dai cudi cao nhat (38,07 va 37,96 mm), tilp theo la nuoi o cac do mSn 40, 25 va 20%o (35,05; 34,84 va 33,41 mm), v^ thip nhdt la cr dp man 15 va 10%o (30,88 va 28,07 mm); (P < 0,05) Ty le song ciia cA dat duoc cao nhat o dp man 30 va J5%O (100 va 100%) tuy nhien khong khac biet so vdi cac do man 40, 25 va 20%o (97,41; 98,52 va 97,4 i%), thdp nhit a dp man 10 va 5%o (80,77 va 0%). Tii nghiSn ciru nay co thi nhan thay, dp man thich hpp cho nuoi ca khoang co cam truong thanh dao dpng trong khoang 30 den 35%o nhim dam bao toe dp sinh truang, ty le song va hieu qua kinh te.
Tir khoa: Amphiprion percvia, cd khoang cd cam, dd man, tdc do sinh trudng, ty li sdng.
D A T V A N D E
Ca khoang cd cam {Amphiprion perctila) thudc hg ca Thia bien (Pomacentridae), la mdt trong nhirng loai ca canh cd gia tri kmh te cao, d u g c thj t r u d n g trong va ngoai n u d e rat ua chudng (Allen, 1972; Hoff, 1996). N h d dac diem sdng cgng sinh voi hai qui, su da dgng ve mau sac va kha nang thich nghi cao trong dieu kien nudi nhdt nen loai ca nay da va dang d u g c nudi phd bien d nhieu quy md khac nhau (Gordon, 1999; Wilkerson, 2001).
Nhin chung, ca khoang cd cam cd gia cao hon tir 3 - 5 lan so vdi cac loai ca khoang cd khac, dao ddng tir 200 - 400 ngan ddng/con. Do nhu cau thi t r u d n g c a o trong khi kha nang cung cap con gidng nhan tao hgn che da lam gia tang nguy c o can kiet ngudn Igi t u nhien cua nhieu Ioai ca canh, nhat la trong trirdng hgp sir d u n g cac bien phap khai thac mang tinh hiiy diet (Ha Le Thi Loc, 2005). D^ k h i c phuc van de nay, nhieu nirdc n h u Thai Lan, Philippines va Malaysia da va dang quan tam nghien cu"u sinh san nhan tao nhieu loai ca
'Te! 01696200088. Email tvdungnlu@gmail c
khoang co trong d o cd ca khoang cd cam. 6 n u d e ta, cac nghien cuu ve sinh san nhan tao d u o c bat dau tir nam 2 0 0 0 va da dat d u g c n h u n g thanh cdng nhat dinh tren 3 ddi t u g n g chinh la ca khoang cd den dudi vang (A clarkii), ca khoang cd do {A. frenalus) va ca khoang cd n e m o {A ocellans) (Ha Le Thi Loc, 2 0 0 5 ; Ha Le Thi Loc va Nguyen Thi Thanh Thiiy, 2009).
Ket qua trong nudi ca canh ndi chung ca khoang cd ndi rieng phu thudc vao nhieu yeu td nhu: he thdng nudi, dinh d u d n g , mat do va cac yeu td mdi t r u d n g va dich benh Trong dd, dp man la mgt trong nhiTng yeu td mdi t r u d n g cd anh h u d n g Idn den sinh trudng, ty le sdng va kha nang nudi rdng rai loai ca nay (Boeuf et al., 2001). Nhieu nghien ciru da chi ra rang do man anh h u d n g den kha nang dieu hda ap suat tham thau, cac hoat dgng trao ddi chat, van ddng. bat mdi, su hinh thanh sac td d cac loai ca bien (Boeuf et al., 2 0 0 1 ; Gaumet et a l , 1995; Morgan and Iwama, 1991). Dd man khdng thich h a p (dudi 20 hoac tren 40%o) la nguyen nhan lam giam ty le nd, keo dai thdi gian phat trien phdi va au triing, gia
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Tr^n van Dung Tgp chi KHOA HQC & C 6 N G N G H $ 107(07): 19-24 tang ty 1^ dj hinh, cac bat thudng ve sSc to,
tgp tinh bit moi, ty dan,... hgu qua iam giam tdc do sinh trudng va ty I? song da dugc ghi nh^n a nhieu loai ca khoang co (Hoff, 1996;
Ignatus et al., 2001; Madhu et al., 2006;
Satheesh, 2002). Tuy nhien, cac nghien ciru vl dg man tren ca khoang co ndi chung cdn nhilu hgn chi, dgc bi?t la tren loai ca khoang cd cam.
Nghien cuu dugc thyc hi?n nhim x^c djuh-dg m^n thich hgp cho nudi c^ khoang co cam gdp phan nang cao toe dg sinh trudng, ty 1? song va hi^u qua nudi thuong mai loai ca nay.
VAT L1$U VA PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUU
Vat lieu nghien ciru
Nghien ciru dugc thyc hien tren loai ca khoang cd cam (A. percula) trudng thanh (4 thang tudi) voi chieu dai toan than 25,27 ± 1,14 mm. Ngudn ca thi nghiem dugc san xuit nhan tgo tir ngudn ca nudi tai Nha Trang, Khanh Hda. Ca dua vao thi nghi?m la nhiing ca the khde mgnh, van dgng linh hoat, ddng cd, khdng di hinh, mau sac tu nhien. Ngudn nude cho thi nghiem dugc bom true tiep tir bien, xir ly bang phuang phap ling, Igc va chlorihe 20 ppm truac khi su dung.
Bo tri thi nghiem
Nghien cuu anh hudng ciia do man len sinh truang va ty le sdng ciia ca khoang co cam trudng thanh (4 thang tudi) dugc bo tri vdi 8 nghiem thirc: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 va 40%o. Thi nghiem dugc bd tri trong cac be thiiy tinh cd the tich 10 L/be vdi mat dg nuoi 3 con/L. Tat ca cac nghiem thuc dugc thuc hien vai 3 lan lap cimg thdi diem. Thi nghiem kit thiic khi ca dugc 6 thang tudi.
Ci dugc cho an Artemia ket hgp vdi thuc Sn tdng hgp VANNA (INVE, Thai Lan) chia lam 4 lin Sn/ngay. Trong dd, ca dugc cho Sn au trimg Artemia 2 lan/ngay (7.00 va 14.00 gia) vai lugng 3 - 5 con/mL. Thiic an tdng hgp VANNA dugc cho an 2 lan/ngay (10.00 va 17.00 gid) vdi lugng 5 - 7% khdi lugng than.
Hang ngay, be nudi dugc tien hanh xi-phdng ket hgp vdi thay nude 30 - 50%. Cac ylu td mdi trudng nude nhu nhiet do, pH, oxy hoa
tan, N H / va NO2' dugc kilm tra va duy tri on djnh trong suot qud trinh thi nghiem a tat ca cac nghi?m thirc.
Phuwng phap thu th^p va xur ly so lieu Phmmg phdp xdc dinh toe dp sinh trucmg:
Ca dugc gay me bing dung djch MS-222 10% vd dimg giay tham loai bd het nude trudc khi tiln hanh do chilu dai toan than (khoang each tir mom den cudi vay dudi) bing thudc do cd dg chinh xac I mm.
Toe dg sinh trudng d§c trung ve chieu dai (SGR) dugc xac djnh theo cdng thuc:
S G R = M l - ^ x l 0 0
n-7;
Trong do: SGR: toe dg tang trudng ddc trung ve chilu dai (%/ngay).
Li: chilu dai ciia cd a thdi diem T| (mm).
L2: chilu dai cua cd d thdi diem T2 (mm).
Phuang phdp xdc dinh ty li song:
Ty le song dugc xac djnh bang cdch dem toan bg sd cd tai thoi diem ket thuc thi nghiem va tinh todn theo cdng thiic:
5 = —xlOO Sd Trong dd; S: T^ I? sdng ciia ca (%).
Sc) Sd ca cdn Igi khi ket thuc thi nghiem (con).
Si. Sd cd ban dau (con).
Phirang phdp xdc dinh cdc yeu to moi trudng:
Cdc yeu to mdi trudng trong thi nghiem dugc do 2 lan/ngay vao 7.00 va 14.00 gia. Nhiet dg dugc do bdng nhiet ke thuy ngan, dg man dugc do bing khuc xa ke, pH dugc do bdng may do pH (HANNA pH meter), ham lugng NO2' va NHj dugc do bang test nitrit (Aqua Nite) va test ammonium (Aqua AM), ham lugng oxy hda tan dugc do bdng may do DO (HACH, senslON6).
Phuong phdp xd ly so lieu:
Cdc sd lieu sau khi thu thap dugc phan tich bang phuang phap phan tich phuang sai mpt ylu to (ANOVA) tren phin mIm SPSS 16.0.
Khi cd su khac bigt giiia cac gia tri trung binh ve chieu ddi, tdc dp tang trudng dac trung va ty
Trin van Dung Tgp chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHg 107(07): 19-24 le sdng ciia cac nghiem thirc, phep kiem djnh
Duncan's Test dugc sir dung de xdc djnh sy khac biet cd y nghTa thdng ke giiia cac nghi?m thirc vdi miic y nghTa P < 0,05. Tat ca cac sd li?u trong thi nghiem dugc trinh bay dudi dgng Trung binh (Mean) ± Sai s6 chudn (SE).
KET QUA NGHIEN CUU VA THAO LUAN Cac yeu to moi triro'ng trong thi nghiem Nhin chung, cac yeu td mdi trudng ngoai dp m^n dugc duy tri on dinh va thich hgp vdi sinh trudng ciia ca khoang cd cam trong sudt qua trinh thi nghiem. Nhiet dg dao dgng tu 28 - 30°C, pH tir 7,8 - 8,3, ham lugng oxy hda tan 5,0 - 6,5 mg O3/L, ham lugng NH3 (< 0,01 mg/L) va ham lugng NOi" (< 0,03 mg/L).
Anh hiroug cua do man len ty le song ciia ca khoang co cam
C9 mgn t%.|
Hinh I. Anh hudng cua dp mdn len ty le sdng cua cd khoang cd cam
Cdc ky tu chii- cdi khdc nhau trin cot the hiin s\i- khdc bat thong ki (P < 0,05)
Ty le sdng cua ca khoang cd cam ciing chju dnh hudng Idn bdi do man. Sau 30 ngay thi nghiem, cd dugc nudi d do man 30 vd 35%o dgt ty le song cao nhat (100 va 100%), tuy nhien, khdng cd su khac biet thdng ke ve ty le sdng ciia ca d hai mirc dg man nay so vdi cdc nghiem thiic 40, 25 vd 20%o (97,41 ± 1,61;
98,52 ± 1,48 va 97,41 ± 2,06%; P > 0,05).
Tilp theo la ca dugc nudi d do man I5%o (88,15 ± 2,59%) va thip nhit d do man I5%o (71,48 ± 2,59%; P < 0,05). Dang chu y, d do man 5%o, cd chet hodn toan sau 5 - 7 ngay thi nghiem (Hinh 1).
Anh hirang ciia do man len toe do sinh trvong cua ca khoang co cam
Hinh 2: Anh hudng ciia dp mgn lin tdc dp sinh truong dgc Irirng ciia cd khoang cd cam Cdc ky tu chu cdi khdc nhau tren cdt the hien str khdc biet thdng ke (P < 0.05)
Ket qua nghien ciru cho thay, do man cd dnh hudng Idn den tdc do sinh trudng dac trung ve chieu dai ciia cd khoang cd cam. Trong dd, ca dugc nudi d dg mgn 35 va 30%o cho tdc do sinh trudng dgc trung ve chieu dai cao nhit (1,37 ± 0,02 va 1,36 ± 0,03%/ngay), tiep theo la cac nghiem thirc 40, 25 va 20%o (1,10 ± 0,07; 1,07 ± 0,04 va 0,93 ± 0,05%/ngay), thap nhit la d nghiem thiic 15 va I0%o (0,67 ± 0,06 va 0,35 ± 0,04%/ngay);
(P< 0,05) (Hinh 2).
c t A
09m*n(S,)
Hinh 3: Anh hudng cua dp mdn ten chieu ddi cudi ciia cd khoang cd cam Cdc ky tu chir cdi khdc nhau tren col the hien su khdc biet thdng ki (P < 0.05)
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trin van Dung Tap chi KHOA HQC &. CONG NGHE 107(07): 19-24 Tuang lu.'dg man cung anh hudng den chieu
dai cudi ciia ca, Trong dd. ca dirge nudi d dg mgn 35 va 30%o dgt chilu dai Idn nhat (38,07
± 1,08 va 37,96 ± 2,04 mm), tilp theo la cac nghiem thirc 40. 25 va 20%o (35,05 ± 2.03;
34.84 ± 1,09 va 33.41 ± 2.05 mm), ihap nhfil la d nghi?m thirc 15 va I0%o (30,88 ± 2.26 vd 28.07 ± 2.52 mm): (P < 0.05) (Hinh 3).
Thao luan chung
Dg man la mgt trong nhCmg yeu td sinh thai cd anh hudng Idn den kha ndng phan bo. tdc dp sinh trudng va ty 1? song ciia nhieu loai ca bien trong dd cd cd khoang co (Moff, 1996;
Wilkerson, 2001) Mdi loai cd kha nang thich nghi vdi mdt khoang dp man nhat djnh tuy thudc vao mdi trudng song va tiing giai dogn phat triln cd thi (Holliday, 1969). Sdng trong mdi trudng cd do man qua cao hay qua thap, ca phai tieu tdn mdt lugng Idn nang lugng (20 - 50%) ciia CO the cho qua trinh dieu hda ap suat tham thau thdng qua viec can bang ndng dd ion K* va Na* giu'a mdi trudng ben trong va ben ngodi co the (Boeuf et al.. 2001;
Morgan and Iwama, 1991). Chinh str tieu hao nang lugng nay la nguyen nhan lam giam tdc do sinh trudng va ty le song cua ca trong thi nghiem (Boeuf et al, 2001, Gaumet et al..
1995). Dieu nay giai thich tgi sao cd dirge nudi d do man 10, 15, 20, 25 va 40%o cho tdc dp sinh trudng thap ban so vdi nudi d dp man 30 va 35%o. Cac quan sat them cdn cho thay, d do man 10 va l5%o. cd thudng cd cac bieu hien nhu vgn ddng kem linh hogt. da tdn thirong va mau sac nhat han so vdi nudi d cac dp man cao lion
Tuy nhien. ca khoang cd cam cd kha nang thich irng tdt vdi khoang do man tir 20 - 40%o the hien d si,r khdng khac biet thdng ke vl ty ie sdng giira cac nghiem thirc Kcl qua na>
tuang tu vdi mpl sd nghien ciru khac vl anh hirdng cua dd man len cdc loai ca khoang cd kill cho ring nhdm ca nay cd the thich nghi vdi bien dp dao dgng dd man Idn (Hoff 1996;
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Ignatus el al., 2001; Madhu et al., 2006;
Satheesh, 2001) Nghien ciru ciia Ha Le Thj Lgc (2005) va Ho Nggc Huynh (2010) tren loai ca khoang cd dd {A. Jrenaivs) va khoang CO nemo {A. ocellaris) giai doan trudng thanh cung cho thiy, hai Ioai ca nay cd the sdng d dg man tir 10 - 45%o, trong dd tdc dg sinh trirdng va ty lc song dgt dugc cao nhat d dp mdn 30 va 35%o. Trong dieu kien ty nhien, ca khoang co sinh song d cdc vimg ran san hd, noi cd dg mdn cao va dn djnh, dao dgng ttr 32 din 35%o (Allen. 1972; M>crs. 1991). Tuy nhien, kit qua nghien cuu cho thay, trong dilu ki?n nhdn tgo, cd khoang cd cd the thich nghi dugc d cac dp mdn thap hem 30 va cao hon 35%o. Dilu nay md ra trien vgng Idn cho viec nghien ciiu thuan hoa loai cd khoang cd trong dilu kien nudi nhdt d mdi trudng nude Ig, tham chi trong mdi trudng nude nggt.
KET LUAN VADENGHI Ket luan
Ty le sdng ciia ca khoang cd cam dat dugc cao nhat d do man 35, 30 va 40 (100: iOO va 98.7%). tiep theo Id cd dugc nudi d do man 40, 25 \a 20%o (97.41; 98.52 va 97.41%) va thip nhit la d do man 10 va 5%o (71,48 va 0%).
Ca dirge nudi d dg man 35 va 30%o dgt tdc do sinh trudng dac trung cao nhat (1,37 \a 1.36%/iiga\), tiep theo Id do man 40. 25 va 20%o (1,10; 1,07 \a 0.93%/ngay). thdp nhit la dg man 15 vd 10%o (0,67 \a 0,35%/ngay).
Chieu dai cudi ciia ca dat dugc cao nhdt d dp man 35 \a 30%o (38,07 vd 37.96 mm), tiep theo la cac do man 40. 25 \a 20%o (35,05;
34,84 va 33.41 mm), va thap nhat la cac dp man 15va 10%o (30.88 va 28.07 mm).
De nghi
Can nghien ciru anh hudng cua do man len khd nang dieu hoa dp suat tham thau, sinh san, phat liicn phoi vd au triing nhdm nang cao hieu qua sinh san loai cd nay.
Tran Van Dung Tap chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE 107(07). 19-24 TAI LIEU T H A M K H A O
1. H6 Ngoc Huynh (2010). Nghiin cuu dnh hudng ciia dp muoi. mdt dp vd thuc dn den ty li sdng, tdc dp tdng tnrdng vd mdu sdc cd khoang cd nemo (Amphiprion ocellaris Cuvier. 1830) thuung mai. Luan van Cao hpc. Trudng Ofii hpc Nha Trang. 58 trang.
2 Ha Le Thi Lpc (2005). Nghien ciru ca so sinh hoc phuc vu cho smh san nhdn Igo cd khoang ci'i (Amphirion sp.) viing biin Khdnh Hoa. Luan in Tien sT Ngu Loai Hpc, Vien Hal duang hpc Nha Trang. 174 Uang.
3. Ha L£ Thi Loc vd Nguyen Thi Thanh Thuy (2009). Qud trinh phdt triin phdi vd biin tlii cua cd khoang cd nemo (Amphiprion ocellans Cuvier 1830) Irong dieu kien Ihi nghiem. Tap clii Khoa hpc va Cong nghe Bien. Irang 103 - 109.
4. Nguyen Thi Thanh Thiiy vd N^uxcri Trung Kien (2008) Anh hirang cua dd nnun den ly li sdng vd tdng Irtnmg cua ca khoang cd do (Amphiprion frenalus Brevoort. \i56) gidng. Tgp chi Khoa hpc va Cong nghe bien. so 4/2008. trang 82 - 88.
5. Allen G. R. (1972). Anemone fishes. T. F. H publication Inc Ltd, Perth, 288pp.
6. Boeuf, Gilles and Patrick Payan (2001). How should salinity influence fish growth. 130: 411- 423.
7. Gaumet F., Bceuf G., Severe A , Le Roux A., Mayer-Gostan N. (1995) Efjecl.\ of salinity on Ihe ionic balance and growth ojjuvenile lurhol. J Fish Biol, 47. 865-876.'
8. Gordon A. K. (1999). The effect of diet and age~at weaning on growth and survival of clownfish Amphiprion percula Putces:
Pomacentridae, M.Sc. Thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown. South Africa. 90pp.
9. Hoff F. H. (1996). Conditioning, .spawning and rearing of fish with emphasis on marine clownfish, Aquaculture Consultants Inc., Florida, United States of America.
10. Holliday F.G.T. (1969). Effect of salinity on the eggs and larvae of Teleosts. In: Hoar, W.S., Randall, D.J. (Eds.), In: Fish Physiol-ogy, Vol 1, Academic Press, New York, 293-3 I 1.
11. Ignatius B.. Rathore G , Jagdis I., Kandasami D., Victor A.C.C. (200!). Spawning and larval rearing technique for tropical clownfish Amphiprion sehaeiinder captive conditions. J.
Aquacult. Trop. 16 (3): 241-249.
12. IVIadhu K., Madhu R , Krishnan L , Sasidharan C S., Venugopalan K 1^ (2006).
Spawning and larval rearing of Amphiprion ocellaris under captive conditions, IVIar, Fish, Infor. Serv. T. E. Ser, 188, 1-5.
13. Morgan J.D. and Iwama O.K. (1991) Effects of salinity on growth, metabolism and lun regulation in juvenile rainbow trout and .steel head trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus Tshawylscha), Can. J. Fish, Aqua. Sci, 48' 2083-2094.
14. Myers R. F. (1991). Micronesian reef fish. A practical guide lo the identification of the coral reef fishes of the Tropical Central and Western Pacific. A Coral Graphics GUAM, USA. 298pp 15 Satheesh J.M (2002). Biolog}.< of ihe clownfish Amphiprion sebae (Bleeker) from Gulf of Mannar (South east coast of India).
Dissertation, Annamalai University India.
16. Wilkerson, D.J. (2001). Clownfishes A guide to their captive care breeding and natural history.
Microcosm Shelburne Vermont
Tran Van Dung Tgp chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE 107(07): 1 9 - 2 4
S U M M A R Y
EFFECT OF SALINITY ON GROWTH AND SURVIVAL RATE
OF ADULT ORANGE CLOWNFISH AMPHIPRION PERCULA (Lacepede, 1801)
Tran Van Dung Nha Trang University Salinity is one of the important faclors having strong effects on growth rate, survival rate and rearing efficiency of many fish species in general and orange clownfish in particular. In this study, eight levels of salinity were experimented in order to identify the most suitable salinity for rearing adult orange clownfish (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40%ij). Results showed that the fish reared a t the salinities of 35 and 30%o gave the highest specific growth rate (1,37 and 1,36%/day), followed by the salinities of 40, 25 and 2096o (1.10; 1.07 and 0.93%/day). the lowest at the salinities of 15 and I0%o (0.67 vd 0,35%/ngay); (P < 0,05). Similarly, ihe fish reared at the salinities of 35 and 30%o gave the highest standard length (38.07 vd 37.96 mm), followed by the salinities of 40, 25 and 2096D (35,05; 34.84 vd 33,41 mm) and the lowest at the salinities of 15 and 1096.. (30,88 va 28.07 mm); (P < 0,05). The fish reared al the salinities of 30 and 3596o obtained the highest survival rate (IOO and 100%). but not different from those of the salinities of 40, 25 and 20%o (97,41. 98,52 vd 97,41%) and the lowest at the sahnites of 10 and 5%o (80,77 and 0%). From the results of this study, it can be suggested that the most appropriate salinity for rearing the adult orange fish should be between 30 and 35%o in order to optimize the growth, survival rate and economic efficiency.
Key words: Amphiprion percula. orange clownfish. growth rate, salinity, survival rale
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