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H A N H VI BAO LLJC HOC DUONG CUA HOC SINH
ThS. Pham Minh Thu Vien Tdm ly hoc.
TOM TAT
Nghien ciiu tren mdu gdm 198 hoc sinh tren 4 khSi Idp 7, 8. 9 vd 11 Igi mot sd trudng THCS vd THPT tren dia bdn thanh phd Hd Chi Minh vd thanh phd Hd Noi cho thdy hdnh vi bao luc hoc dudng xdy ra a mite thdp, trong dd hdnh vi xay ra nhiiu nhdt la got ban bing biel hieu, chui, cdi nhau. cd y idm cho ngudi khdc dau long. Nghien cim ciing lim ra mot sd md hinh du bdo cd the idm gidm hdnh vi bao luc hoc dudng cua hoc sinh.
Tir khoa: Hdnh vi bao luc hoc dudng
Ngdy nhdn bdi- 11/4/2016; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 25/4/2017.
ABSTRACT
A survey of 198 students of 7th 8th. 9th and 11th grade at some secondary and high schools in Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi city showed a low rate of students who resort to violence. School violent beha\'iors among students occurred at /ow lever. The most popular violent behaviors were name calling, scolding quan-elling making others hurt intentionally.
The study also found some models which could reduce student violent behaviors.
Keywords: School violent behaviors.
Mffdiu
Hanh vi bao luc la mot dang hanh vi xa hdi, hudng den viec cd y gay ra nhirng hau qua lieu cue cho ngudi khac. Hanh vi bao lire hpc ducmg cung mang ban chat nhu vay nhung khac ve ddi lugng. Dd la hanh vi cd y gay tdn hai hoac cd kha nang gay tdn hai ve the chat, linh than, kinh le cua hoc sinh/nhdm hgc sinh nay ddi vdi hgc sinh/nhdm hgc sinh khac, dii d trong hay d ngoai trucmg hgc.
Tai Viet Nam, tren eac phuang lien thdng tin dai chiing, nhirng hinh anh va tin tuc ve hanh vi bao luc giOa hgc sinh da lan tran. Sir iirng xu thieu nhan ai va su vd cam cua ca hgc sinh tham gia hanh vi bao lire va hgc sinh chirng kien hanh \i bao luc dang la mdi quan tam ciia rat nhieu gia dinh va nha trudng.
Bao luc hgc dudng da trd thiinh ndi tran trd cua toan xa hdi bdi hau qua nghiem trgng ma nd gay ra.
54 TAP CHi TAM LV HOC, Sd 5 (218), 5^2017
Trong nhiing nam gin day, vin di hanh vi bao lire hgc dudng d i dugc cae nha khoa hgc ca trong va ngoai nude quan tam va nghien eiiu d nhieu gdc do khac nhau nhu Xa hdi hgc, Giao due hgc, Tam ly hgc... Nhihig nghien cuu dugc t$p trung d nhiJng ndi dung chinh sau:
- Thuc trgng hdnh vi bgo lire hgc duang ciia hoc sinh
Nhiiu nghien cuu da chi ra ring, hanh vi bao lire d hgc sinh xay ra kha phd biin. Cd 3/4 sd hgc sinh tham gia true tiip vao bao luc hgc dudng, trong dd hgc sinh la nan nhan chiim ty le Idn hon gap 4 lan so vdi hgc sinh gay bao lire va cd d ca hai gidi (Nguyin Thj Hoa, 2014). Cac hanh vi bao luc kha phd bien va da dang d hpc sinh THCS nhu: tay chay, ed lap, de dga ndi xau, tung tin ddn, lang ma, si nhuc, danh dap, Iran lot, diing hung khi tan cdng... (Le Minh Nguyet, 2012); trong khi dd, hinh thiic bao lire tinh thin phd bien nhat d hgc sinh THPT nhu ggi ban bang biet hieu, treu chgc, ndi xau {Nguyen Thi Hoa, 2014).
Nhieu nghien cim ciing da nhan thay nhirng khac biet ve hanh vi bao lire d hgc sinh theo gidi tinh, trinh do giao due. Nam thanh nien hpe sinh chai trd choi true tuyen va trinh do giao due thap se cd hanh vi bao lire cao (Nguyen Thi Phuang Thao va Cao Hao Thi, 2012). Cd su khac biet trong hanh vi giiy han cda hpc sinh nir vdi hgc sinh nam. Cae em nu thudng tham gia vao cac dang giiy han gian tiep nham lam nan nhan tdn thuong ve mat tinh than nhieu hem la tham gia vao eac dang gay han true tiep, khien nan nhan dau dem ve mat the xac (Hoang Xuan Dung, 2010). Ket qua nay cGng dugc Ihay trong nghien ciru cda Nguyen Thi Hoa (2014), loai hinh bao luc tinh than phd bien hon d hgc sinh nG, bao lire the chat phd bien hgn d hgc sinh nam.
- Cdc yeu td dnh hudng den hdnh vi bao lire hoc dudng ciia hoc sinh Lien quan den nhirng dac diem ca nhan cua hpc sinh la ngudi gay bao luc va hpc sinh la nan nhan, J.L. Ireland va J. Archer, Tran Thi Minh Dire, Le Minh Nguyet vii Nguyen Thi Hoa da vc nen chan dung cua ngudi gay bao luc va nan nhan vc dac diem tinh each, mong mudn. Ke bat nat (va ke bi bat nat - nan nhan) cd xu hucmg it quy trpng ban than minh hem ngudi khac. Ket qua la hp thucmg ed hanh vi gay han de xay dung hinh iinh ban than... Cudi cimg, ke bat nat va ke bi bat nat tin rang, each lot nhat de dap trii lai bat nat la gay hin. vi nghi ring gay hin vdi ngudi khieu khieh minh se lay dugc su ton trpng ciia ngudi khac va nhu thi hg cam Ihay lot hem (J.L. Ireland va J. Archer, 2002). Trong khi ngudi bit nat thucmg cd tinh each ddc doan, cae em thucmg dua ddi, chay Iheo vai chit, thich lam ngudi Idn. thich hpc tap nhttng nhan vat anh hiing trong phim hanh dpng Cac em cOng la nhihig dira tre cd dac tinh bdc ddng, thing tri. thiiu sir cam thdng. mudn trd thanh Irung tam su chii y. cd nhimg thai do khdng lanh manh vi
TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 5 (218), 5 - 2017 55
bao luc (Trin Thj Minh Dire, 2010); tam ly tu danh gia eao ban than, chua cd kha nang kiim soat cam xuc tdt... (Le Mmh Nguyet, 2012) va tinh ndng nay (Nguyin Thi Phucmg Thao va Cao Hao Thi, 2012). Thdng thudng nhiing em la nan nhan cua tinh trang gay hin trong trudng hgc la nhimg em yiu dudi v i thi ciiit, rut re, nhilt nhat, khdng ed ky nang giao tiip hay ky nang kit ban nen it ban be (Trin Thj Minh Dire, 2010). Nhiing dae diim sinh hgc, dac diem tam ly ca nhan chiu anh hudng cua cae yiu td tam ly xa hdi khac nhau se cd nguy eo tham gia hanh vi bao lire hgc dudng vdi cac vai trd khac nhau: la nan nhan, la ngudi gay bao luc hay la ngudi thudc nhdm hdn hgp nan nhan - gay bao lire (Nguyin Thi Hoa, 2014).
Lien quan din yiu to gia dinh: Nhieu nghien ciru da eho thay, gia dinh cd anh hucmg rit nhiiu tdi hanh vi bao lire ciia hgc sinh, tap trung d dac diem gia dinh, phong each giao due va sir nhin nhan ve hanh vi bao luc cua cha me. Thai do va su dng hd cua cha me ddi vdi hanh vi bao lire (M.I. Singer, F. Kaya va H. Bilgin, 2011); tim gucmg khdng chuan muc cua cha me, phong each giao due thiiu khoa hgc, thieu sir quan tam, su ngheo nan Uong giao tiep, each img xir mang tinh bao luc cua cac thanh vien trong gia dinh (Le Minh Nguyet, 2012) cung cd nhung tae ddng den hanh vi bao luc cua con. Nghien ciru ciia Tran Thi Hdng (2013) cho thiy, viec di hpc va sir gan ket manh cua gia dinh la nhirng yeu td lam giam kha nang tu tap gay rdi eua thanh thieu nien.
Hoan ciinh, tinh hudng cung cd nhirng anh hudng den hanh vi bao luc ciia hgc sinh. Trong hoan canh binh thucmg, it su khieu khieh, hpc sinh nam cd xu hudng thuc hien cac hanh vi gay han nhieu hon hgc sinh nir. Nhung trong hoan canh bi xiic pham. hpc sinh nir ciing thuc hien cac hanh vi gay han cd linh chat bao lire dc "tra dGa" ddi phucmg (Hoang Xuan Dung, 2010): sire ep cua nhdm ban ve viec lu lap gay rdi (T>an Thi Hdng, 2013); sir dung rugu bia (Tran Thi TIdng, 2013; Wendy Marsh Buzy, Renee McDonald, Hrnest N. Jouriles. Paul R.
Swank. David Rosenfield. Jennifer S. Shiraek va Deborah Corbiu-Shindler. 2014) cd lien quan tdi viec trd thanh ngudi gay bao luc hoac nir trd thanh nan nhan bao luc ca ve the chat va linh due bdi nam gidi.
Lien quan den quan niem va truyen thdng: Mac dii gidi truyen thdng giai thich rUng. viec dua cac thdng tin ndi chung va tin lire lien quan den hanh vi bao lire ndi rieng deu luan theo ciic su kien dang dien ra nhung \ iec dua tin na>' cung gian liep khuxcin khieh bao lire hgc dudng (J. Brown va P. Munn. 2008), Dieu tra anh hudng ciia vice iing hp ddi vdi niem tin vc bao luc dua tren nhirng chuan muc nam linh. gay hin va hanh vi ddng tinh tren tre vi thanh nien. Kit qua cho lha\'. mpl sd thdng Iin xa hoi da iing hd cho niem tin \'a su phii hgp trong viec gay han ddi vdi Ihanh nien, nhit la ddi vdi nam (V. Paul Poteal.
Michael S. Kimmel va Riki Wilchins. 2011).
56 TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 5 (218). 5 - 2 0 1 7
Ngoai cac yiu td tren, mot sd yeu td khac nhu: hgc sinh tham gia trd ehoi true myin cd tinh chit bao luc (Nguyin Thj Phuong Thao va Cao Hao Thi, 2012), tiip xuc vdi bao luc trong qua khii (M.I. Singer, F. Kaya va H.
Bilgin, 2011) sg du bao dugc hanh vi bao lire trong tuong lai.
Tdm lai, nhiing nghifin eilu ca trong va ngoai nude da de cap tdi thuc Brang va cac yiu td anh hudng tdi hanh vi bao lire eua hoc sinh. Mot sd nghien eiiu cua Viet Nam dugc tiin hanh tren ddi tugng hgc sinh tir cac trudng dai tra, d thanh thi va ndng thdn ma chua cd tren ddi tugng hgc sinh tir cac trudng diim thudc thanh pho cip trung uong da di cap tdi cae yeu td giao due eda gia dinh, the hien qua phong each giao due nhung chua tim hieu den nhiing ndi dung giao due (nhu giao due tinh yeu thuang); tim hiiu yeu td giao due eua gia dinh qua lang kinh cda phu huynh nhung chua tim hieu yeu td nay qua lang kinh cua hpc sinh. Cd the, gdc nhin cua cha me va gdc nhin cua eon cai (hgc sinh) cd nhiing diem khac nhau. Nhiing diim trdng nay la ggi y cho nghien cim ciia nay. Vi vay, nghien cim dugc tien hanh nham muc dich tim hieu: 1/ Thuc trang hanh vi bao luc hgc dudng ciia hgc sinh; 2/ Hanh vi bao luc cda hgc sinh cd mdi quan he nhu nao vdi cac yeu td nhu giao due cua gia dinh, sir gidp do va ddng cam eda hgc sinh?
Phirgng phap nghien cuu Mdu nghien ciru
Mau khach the nghien ciiu gdm 198 hgc sinh tren 4 khdi Icip 7, 8, 9 va 11 tai mpt sd trudng THCS va THPT tren dia ban Ha Ndi va thanh phd Hd Chi Minh. Khao sat dugc thuc hien vao nam 2015, trong dd cd 40,4% sd hpe sinh nam, 59,6% sd hpc sinh nu; 47,9% sd hpc sinh thudc dia ban Ha Npi va 52,1% sd hgc sinh thudc dia ban thanh phd Hd Chi Minh.
Cong cu nghien cuu
Phuang phap chinh dc Ihu Ihap thdng tin la bang hdi. Cac thang do duge xay dung bao gdm:
- Thang do Hdnh vi bao hrc gdm 12 menh de. dua tren hai lieu chi: dac diem cua hanh vi bao lue va hau qua ciia hanh vi bao luc. Dd la cac hanh vi bao luc dac trung chc) ludi hgc trd gdm 4 loai: bao iuc tinh thin vdi 8 menh di nhu hanh vi ggi ban bang biel hieu xau. Ircu chgc, chi giiu...; bao luc thi chit: 2 menh di nhu hanh vi dam da. xd day; bao lire kinh ti. I menh di nhu hanh vi liy tiin.
cd y lam hdng dd cua ngudi khac va bao luc tinh due: I menh di nhu hanh vi tan tinh, treu ghco cd tinh chat quay rdi linh due. M(5i menh di diu cd 4 phuang an tra Idi. img xdi cac mirc diem: I diem - chua bao gid lain; 2 diim - it lam; 3 diim - thinh thoang lam: 4 diem - lam nhiiu lan. Diim hanh \i bao lire dugc linh bing
TAP CHI TAM Vi HOC, Sd 5 (218). 5-2017
trung binh cdng ciia cac menh di thanh phan. Nhu vay, theo thang diem nay, diem so ma ca nhan dat dugc cang cag thi mile dp thuc hien hanh vi bao lire cang cao.
Dp tin cay Alpha cua Cronbaeh cua thang do = 0,85.
- Thang do Gido due ciia cha me ve tinh yeu thucmg cho con cdi gdm 4 menh di xoay quanh ndi dung nhu cha me nhae nhd, cham sdc mgi ngudi trong gia dinh khi dm dau; biit giup dd, yeu thuong mgi ngudi; khuyen khieh, khen nggi vdi nhiing biiu hien quan tam/chia se. Diem eda thang nay dirge tinh bang trung binh cdng cila cac menh di sau khi da doi diem cac menh de nghich dao.
Dp tin cay Alpha cua Cronbaeh cila thang do = 0,71.
- Thang do Hdnh vi giup dd ciia hgc sinh gdm 12 menh de de cap tdi hanh vi chu ddng trg giup khi thay ngudi khac gap khd khan; tham gia cac hoat ddng tinh nguyen; td thai do benh vuc khi thay ngudi khac bi ddi xir bat cdng...
Diim ciia thang nay dugc tinh bang trung binh cdng cua cac menh de. Do tin cay Alpha ciia Cronbaeh eda thang do = 0,82.
- Thang do Ddng cdm Toronto gdm 16 menh de do Spreng va cac ddng nghiep xay dirng (2009), la nhung bieu hien ciia sir ddng cam nhu cam nhan, quan tiim va thau hieu vdi ciim xuc cila ngudi khac: dau budn vdi nhirng ndi dau, vui vdi niem vui ciia ngudi khac,.,. Sau khi phan tich do tin cay, 3 menh di bi loai bd bdi cd tuong quan yeu vdi loan bd thang do. Dp tin cay Alpha cua Cronbaeh cua thang do (gdm 13 menh de) = 0,75. Diem ciia thang la trung binh egng eua cac menh de sau khi da ddi diem cac menh de nghich dao.
Phdn tich so lieu
Cac phep thdng ke sau dupe su dung trong nghien ciru nay:
- Phan tich md ta: De tim hieu thirc trang hanh vi bao lire hpe dudng cua hpc sinh, chiing tdi su dung phep do ty le % va gia tri diem trung binh, dp lech chuan ciia tirng menh de va loan thang do. Trong mot sd phep phan tich, bien sd hanh vi bao lye dugc bien ddi tir 4 phuong an tra Idi nhu da trinh bay d tren thanh 2 phuang an "'chua bao gid thuc hien" va "cd thirc hien".
- Phan tich so sanh: De tim hieu sit khac biet eda hanh vi bao luc hgc dudng thec5 cac bien sd, chiing tdi su dung phep do T-test tren bien ed 2 phuang an (bien sd gidi tinh eda hgc sinh, dia ban khao sat, hdn nhan va trinh dp hgc van ciia cha me).
- Phan tich mdi tuong quan va hdi quy: Phan tich mdi tuong quan dugc ap dung de kiem chung mdi quan he giira hanh vi bao lire hpe dudng cua hpc sinh vdi mpt sd yeu td nhu sir giao due ciia cha me, hanh vi giiip dd va sir ddng cam cua hpc sinh.
58 TAP CHI TAM Vi HOC, Sd 5 (218), 5 - 2017
Di tim hiiu mile dp tae dgng cua cac yiu td, nghien cim sii dung md hinh hdi quy tuyin tinh dem biin va da biin. Md hinh hdi quy don bien va da bien deu dam bao cac diiu kien nhu biin phu thuge (hanh vi bao lire) cd phan bd chuin va cd tuong quan giiia biin ddc lap (hanh vi giup dd cua hgc sinh, su giao due eua cha me va su ddng cam cila hgc sinh) va bien phu thudc. Md hinh hdi quy da bidn dam bao cac diiu kien, khdng ed hien tugng da cdng tuyin (d = 1,971; d ca 3 yeu td Giiip do, Giag due va Ddng cam diu cd do dung sai > 0,1).
Ket qua nghien cihi
/. Thitc trgng hanh vi bgo luc hoc dtrdng cua hoc sinh
* Thuc trgng hdnh vi bgo luc hgc dudng
Thue trang hanh vi bao lye cua hgc sinh trong trudng hpc dugc the hien d cac khia canh sau: hanh vi bao lye, loai hanh vi bao lye nao la phd biin/khdng phd bien d hpc sinh (cu the: hgc sinh cd/khdng tham gia hanh vi nao, tham gia hanh vi dd nhieu hay it, loai hinh hanh vi nao thudng gap hon), sd lugng hanh vi ma hpc sinh thuc hien.
Ket qua nghien ciru cho thay nhiing diem dang luu y sau:
- Nhin chung, d tat ca eac hanh vi bao lye deu cd sy thyc hien ciia hpc sinh (ty le %> hpc sinh cd hanh vi bao luc dugc thay d tat cii cae menh de), my nhien, mirc dp xay ra cua cac hanh vi d mirc Ihap (DTB = 1,61/4). Dieu nay eho thay, hanh vi bao lye hpc ducmg ciia hpc sinh ddi vdi ban it xay ra.
- Mgt sd hanh vi bao lye xay ra nhieu han nhu ggi ban bang biel hieu xiu/dua ban ra lam trd diia (DTB = 2.37): Chui, cai nhau (DTB = 2,28); Cd y ndi nhirng Idi lam ngudi khac dau Idng (DTB = 1,99). Ty le sd hgc sinh thyc hien cac hanh vi nay nhieu hon so vdi eac hanh vi khac (Mn lucjl la: 81.1%); 80,2%i;
67,9%)). Thdng qua viec tim hieu, cd thi; thay, ten xau ma hpc sinh thudng xuyen gpi ban lien quan den dac diem ve hinh the (bcjo. trdn...); tinh each (de, bua); kit qua hpc tap (ngu...). Nhirng dac diem nay Ihudng dugc ngim hieu cd linh chit khdng tdt dep va hanh vi nay Ihudng dugc sir dung liiu dai, tham chi trd nen phd bien. Nan nhan ciia hanh vi nay. liic dau, ed the cam thiy tuc gian nhung sau thay quen hoac thay 11 di, khdng cdn cam giac gl vi biet hieu dd nua. T'rong khi dd, nhung ddi tugng Ird thanh n^n nhan ciia hanh vi chiri, cai nhau. bi lam dau Idng la nhung em yiu dudi ve thi chat, rut re, nhut nhat. thiiu ky nang giao tiip hay kit ban nen it ban be... (Trin Thi Minh Dire. 2010) vii trong sc3 Ire em bi bit nat. t\ Ic tre ma gia dinh cd dieu kien kinh li khd khan cao hon Ire em ma gia dinh CO dii-u kien kinh Ic kha (Cenlikaya va ddng sy. 2009. din theo Nauvin Thi Hoa. 2014. ir. 14).
TAP CHi TAM LV HOC, Sd 3 (218). 5-2017 59
Bdng 1: Hdnh vi bgo luc hgc duang cim hgc sinh
Hanh vi bao lure
1. Goi ban b^ng biet hieu xau/dua ban ra lam tro dcia 2. Chiri, cai nhau
3. Treu choc, che gieu ban be
4. T4y chay ban be/lam ngirdi khac khong choi vdi ban/
xa lanh, la ban
5. Noi nhCrng Icri co tinh lang nhuc ban 6. Noi xau ban/lung tin don that thiel ve ban be 7. Dam/da/xo day/tal tai/c6 y x6 xat vdi ban 8. Co y noi nhung loi tam ban dau long 9. Bai ep ban lam nhung viec xau ma ho khong thich 10. Lay tien/c6 y lam hong do dac ciia ban 11, Tan tinh/treu gheo c6 linh chat quay r6i tinh due 12, Nhin tin doa/dua thong tin ten mang nhim boi nho ban
Diem trung binh chung tren toan thang do
Khong lam 18,9 19,8 32,1 60,9 44,4 64,8 55,3 58,4 81,6 84,8 89,3 89,8
Co lam 81,1 80,2 67,9 39,1 55,6 35,2 44,7 41,6 18,4 15,2 10,7 10,2
DTB 2,37 2,28 1,99 1,57 1,76 1,52 1,60 1,56 1,23 1,18 1,14 1,13 1,61
DLC 0,96 0,89 0,87 0,84 0,83 0,81 0,79 0,76 0,54 0,45 0,45 0,40 0,45 Ghi chu: Thang do bdnh vi bgo lue theo chi^u lang ddn:
(2 diem). 3/ Thinh Ihodng Idm {3 diem): 4/Ldm nhii-u idn 1/ Chua bao gid (1 diem): 2/ It Idm (4 diem).
- Mgt sd hanh vi bao lye cd tinh chit it xay ra hon nhu nhin tin dga/dua thdng tin len mang nham bdi nhp ban (DTB = 1,13); tan tinh/treu gheo cd tinh chat quay rdi tinh due (DTB = 1,14); liy tiin/cd y lam hdng dd dac ciia ban (DTB = 1,18).
Mae dii hanh vi nhan tin dpa/dua thdng tin len mang nhim bdi nhg ban dugc hpc sinh coi la nhirng hanh vi it xuit hien nhit va cd tinh thing nhit y kiin cao nhung ket qua nghien cim cho ring, vdi 10,2% sd hpc sinh cd hanh vi nay cung dugc coi la mpt ty Ip khdng thip, nhit la khi viec sit dung hinh thirc dua thdng tin nay ham nghTa di nhiiu ngudi ciing biit (mang tinh chit phat tan thdng tin trong pham vi khdng gian rong) cd thi in chira tinh chu y, chir khdng don thuan la su bdt phat, ddng Ihdi cd tim anh hudng Idn din tam ly ca nhan. Thyc te hien nay, mpt sd gia dinh vdi muc dich quan ly gid giic cua con da cho phep con sir dung dien Ihoai scim nhung lai khdng thi kiim soat dugc vice su dung
60 TAP CHI TAM Lt HOC, So' 5 (21 8), 5 - 2017
dien thoai cua con, trong khi mang xa hoi igi nhanh chong tro nen ph6 bien va dem lai nhi6u hung thii. Tuy nhien, nau khong biit each su dung hop ly thi viec dua th6ng tin nham boi nhp nguoi khac khong chi anh huong din tam ly ciia nan nhan, ma tham chi con anh huong khong nho tai chinh nguofi g^y ra hanh vi do.
Ben canh do, vdi 10,7% s6 hpc sinh co hanh vi tan tinh/treu geo co tinh chat quSy rdi tinh dye, trong do ty le lam kha nhieu lan chiem 2,5% thi hanh vi CO tinh chit quay r6i tinh due 6 lira tuoi hoc sinh va trong pham vi nha truong CO xu hucmg nguy hi6m, tham chi co anh huong rat Ion t6i tam ly cua nhOng doi tupfng hpc sinh bi bao lire, nhat la a gidi nu:.
Mac dii hanh vi l§y tien/co y lam hong do dac cua ban cung la mpt hanh vi it xay ra nhimg vdi miu nghien cOru la hpc sinh tir 4 trudng diem, thupc thanh pho, khong phai thupc dia ban ven do, vdi dac trung la hpc sinh ngoan, thupc gia dinh phu huynh co nghe nghiep on dinh va trinh dp hpc van tir cao dang trd len (hpc van cua cha: 71,6%, hpc van cua me: 71,3%) thi hanh vi nay van duoc coi la hanh vi bao luc nghiem trpng bdi hanh vi nay mang tinh chat pha huy tai san, dong thdi CO kha nang trd thanh thoi quen neu khong duoc quan tam kip thdi.
Ket qua tren cho thay, hanh vi bao lire it xay ra tren doi tuong dien khao sat nhung muc dp xay ra ciia tirng hanh vi la khac nhau.
- Cd su khac nhau ve muc dp thuc hien cua cac loai hinh thuc hanh vi bao lire. Trong cac loai hinh thuc hanh vi bao lire trudng hpc, bao luc the chat xay ra d muc dp nhiau nhit (DTB = 1,94), ti^p d^n la bao lire tinh thin (DTB = 1,64).
Cuoi Cling la bao luc kinh te va tinh due (DTB lan lupl la 1,18 va 1,14).
Hanh vi bao lire cua hpc sinh trong trudng hpc lam cho moi trudng hpc lap trd nen khdng an toan. Nhieu em cam thay sp hai khi di den trudng. Mot so nghien cuu da cho thay, co moi quan he giua hanh vi bao lire vdi cac trieu chung sang chan tam ly. Nghien cuu cua Nguyen Thj Iloa (2014) quan lam Idi doi tupng hpc sinh Iham gia bao luc: nan nhan va thuc hien hanh vi bao luc cho thay, nhom hpc sinh vira la nan nhan vira la ngudi thuc hien hanh vi bao luc CO thai dp khong toi doi vdi trudng hpc mot each ro ret hon so vdi nhom hpc sinh khong thuc hien hanh vi bao luc. Them nCra. hpc sinh vdi vai trd la nan nhan hay hoc sinh vdi vai tro vCra la nan nhan vira la ngudi Ihuc hien hanh vi bao luc co nhung bieu hien ciia chirng lang dpng. giam chu y va co nhung kho khan irong quan he ban be ro ret hon so vdi nhung hpc sinh khong thuc hien hanh vi bao lire. Nghien cuu cua Daniel J. Flannery. Kelly L. Wester va Mark 1. Singer (2004) lai quan tam tdi m6i quan he giua vice chung ki^n hanh vi bao luc \di nhu'ng ion thuang tam ly cua hpc sinh. K§t qua cho Ihiy, nhung hoc sinh chung kien bao luc hpc dudng d muc dp cao co nhi^u kha nitng co
TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, So 5 (21K), 5 - 2017 61
nhung trieu chiing tdn thuong ve mat tam ly hem so vdi nhirng hgc sinh chimg kiin bao luc hgc dudng d mirc thap.
Bdng 2: Hinh thirc bgo luc hgc duang eda hoc sinh
Hinh thijc bao lire 1. Bao lire the chat
2. Bao luc tinh than 3. Bao luc tinh due 4. Bao lire kinh te
Diem trung binh tren toan thang do
BTB 1,94 1,64 1.14 1.18 1,61
BLC 0,72 0,50 0,45 0,44 0,45 - Mac dii hanh vi bao lire xay ra d mirc thap (DTB chung = 1,61/4 diem) nhung hau het cac hpc sinh tham gia khao sat deu khang dinh ban than da timg thuc hien it nhat mpt hanh vi bao luc (92,9% sd hpc sinh tirng thuc hien hanh vi bao lire), tham chi thuc hien nhieu hanh vi vdi ban hpc cua minh. Trong so do, CO 13,7% so hpc sinh da tirng thuc hien tir ! - 2 hanh vi nhung cd tdi 2/3 so hpc sinh (chiem t\' le la 76,3%) da Iirng thuc hien lir 5 hanh vi bao lire trd len.
Trong moi trudng hpc dudng, nhat la dia ban khao sat la nhifng trudng diem thi day la mpt ket qua dang phai luu tam cho cac nha quan ly va giao due.
Bdng 3: So luong hdnh vi bgo luc md hgc sinh thuc hien
So luong hanh vi 0 1 -2 3 - 4 5 - 6 7 - 8 9 - 10
Ty le hoc sinh thuc hien (%) 7.1
13.7 23.7 31,8 15.2 8.5
* So sdnh Ildnh vi bgo luc hoc dudng cua hgc sinh tiieo cdc Idt cdi Khi so sanh hanh vi bao luc ndi chung va cac loai hinh thuc hanh vi bao lire ndi rieng (bao luc the chat, bao luc tinh Ihin. bao lye linh due va bao luc
62 TAPCHITAMLYHOC, So'5 (2IX), 5 - 2 0 1 7
kinh ta) theo cac ti^u chi, kk qua thu duac cho thiy: dii la hpc sinh nam hay hpc sinh nir, du d Ha N6i hay thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, dii vdi tinh trang hon nhan va hoc vin cua cha me cd khac nhau thi hanh vi bao luc hpc dudng ciia hpc sinh vl CO ban khdng cd su khac biet cd y nghTa thong ke (p > 0,05).
K^t qua nay cd khac so vdi nhimg kit qua cua cac nghien ciiru khac trude do: Nghien ciru ciia Nguyin Thi Hoa (2014) cho thiy, cd syr khac biet thep gidi tinh ve loai hinh thuc hanh vi bao luc: bao lire tinh thin pho bien d nu hom, bao lire thi chit phd biin d nam hon. Tuy nhien, trong nghien ciru nay, dudng nhu CO mpt khuon miu chung trong viec thuc hien hanh vi bao luc ciia hpc sinh trong dien khao sat. Cd le, vdi dac thii la hpc sinh ngoan, tir nhimg trudng diem, xuat than tir gia dinh phu huynh cd trinh dp hpc van cao nen cac em nhan duoc su cham sdc va giao due tot hon.
2. Mdi tw&ng quan giira hanh vi bao lire cua hpc sinh trong trirdng hoc vd mot so yeu to
Ket qua phan tich tuong quan giira hanh vi bao luc vdi cac yeu td giao due gia dinh. hanh vi giiip dd cua hpc sinh va sir dong cam cua hpc sinh cho thay, co moi tuong quan nghich giira hanh vi bao luc hpc dudng vdi cac yeu td nay (p < 0,01). Dieu dd cd the dien giai cu the la: neu cha me giao due ve tinh yeu thuong cho con cai cang nhieu va the hien ro thi hanh vl bao lire d tre cang giam; hpc sinh cang thuc hien nhieu hanh vi giup dd ddi vdi ngudi khac nhu giup ngudi gap khd khan, giiip dd va ho tro ban trong hpc lap va trong cac cdng viec khac... thi cang it thirc hien hanh vi bao luc. Ben canh do, nhijng hpc sinh cang the hien ro sir ddng cam vdi cam xuc cua ngudi khac thi hanh vi bao lue eung cang it xay ra. Mac dii, cac mdi tuong quan nay cd y nghTa thdng ke nhung kha yeu (r < 0.3). the hien moi quan he qua long leo va rat de thay ddi.
Bdng 4: Tirang quan giua hdnh vi bao hrc vd nhCrng yeu to khdc
Hanh vi bao luc
Cac v^u to Giao due ciJa gia dinh Manh vi fiii'ip da Dong cam
He so liroTig quan r -0,232**
-0,190**
-0,226**
Cllii Ihicli ** / ' •' O.OI. r id he sii nafiigqiiai! I^earsaii
Tuy nhien, kel qua nay cung ggi y rang, mudn hanh vi bao luc hgc dudng giam. can gia lang cac bien phap giao due linh yeu con ngudi. Irudc hfil la giiio due tinh >cu thuong nhCtng ngudi than trong gia dinh, sau dd dC-n giao due linh
TAP CH! TAM LV HOC, Sd 5 (218), 5 - 2017 hi
yeu thuong ban be va cdng ddng. Ben canh dd, cSn ichoi ggi nhiing cam xiic tich cue trong mdi quan he ban be de tac ddng, lam gia tang hanh vi giiip dd va su ddng cam cua hgc sinh ddi vdi ngudi than trong gia dinh va ban be.
3. Cdc yiu td anh hiring din hdnh vi bgo luc cua hgc sinh Irong tnrong hpc Trong eac yeu td: giao due ciia cha me ddi vdi tre, hanh vi giiip do, ddng cam eua hgc sinh, yeu td nao tac ddng lam thay ddi hanh vi bao lire cua hgc sinh?
Bdng 5: Su dnh hudng cua cdc yeu Id den hdnh vi bgo luc ciia hgc sinh trong trucmg hgc
Yeu to doc ISp 1. Hanh vi giiip da 2. Giao due cua gia dinii 3. Dong cam Hang so Constant
He so hoi quv don bien R-= 0,032*
R-=0,047»*
R^ = 0,045*»
b,=-0,151 b2= -0,206 bj=-0,150
He so hoi quy da bien R- = 0,06*
29,461
P, = -0,043 p, = -0,165*
P,= -0,139
Chd thich: •: khip < 0,05: • • khip < 0.01.
Xem xet mirc do tae dgng cua timg yeu td tdi hanh vi bao luc cua tre, kk qua phan tich hdi quy don bien cho thay, ca ba yeu td su giao due cua cha me.
hanh vi giup dd va su ddng cam eda ban than cd tae ddng cd y nghTa thdng ke tdi hanh vi bao luc cua hgc sinh. Cu the: Hanh vi giiip do giai thich dugc 3,2%
sy bien thien eiia hanh vi bao lye cua hgc sinh; Su giao due eua cha me giai thich dugc 4,7% sy bien thien ciia hanh vi bao luc ciia hgc sinh; Sy ddng cam giai thich dugc 4,5% su bien thien cua hanh vi bao lye eua hgc sinh. Mae dii, mirc do tac ddng ciia ca ba yeu Id nay tdi hanh vi bao lye ciia hgc sinh khdng nhieu nhung ciing cd tinh chat dy bao, ggi md cho viec irng dung trong thyc tiln khi mudn cai thien hanh vi bao lye eiia hgc sinh. Giao due tinh yeu thucmg phai xuat phat tir giao due Irong chinh gia dinh, di tre bi^t yeu thuang chinh nhimg ngudi than eiia minh; khoi ggi y nghTa vd hanh vi giup dd, khuyen khieh va tdn vinh nhirng hanh ddng tdt ciia Ire. Ben canh dd, khai ggi sy ddng cam nhu sy cam thdng, thau hieu vdi nhirng ndi dau ciia ngudi khac... chinh la nhirng each thiic de giam thieu su xuat hien ciia hanh vi bao luc hgc duimg.
Xem xet mirc do tae dgng eda cac yeu td tren khi ket hgp ciing nhau, md hinh hdi quy da bien phii hgp di dy bao vk sy thay ddi ciia hanh vi bao lye d hgc sinh. Sy ciing thay ddi eda yeu Id giao due ciia cha me, hanh vi giiip dd va su ddng cam cua hgc sinh giai thich dugc 6,0%) sy thay ddi ciia hanh vi bao luc cua hgc sinh (R~ = 0,06; p < 0,05). T'uy nhien, sy tac dgng cua cac yen id cd y nghTa
64 TAP CHi TAM LV HOC, So'5 (218), 5 - 2 0 1 7
khac nhau: trong tap hgfp da bien nay, hanh vi giup dd va dong cam ciia hpc sinh khdng cd anh hudng cd y nghTa thdng ke lam thay ddi hanh vi bao lire d hpc sinh nhung ydu td giao due ciia cha me doi vdi hpc sinh cd anh hudng cd y nghia thong ke tdi hanh vi bao luc. Sir anh hudng cua yeu td giao due cua gia dinh cd muc dp manh nh4t (Beta Giao due = -0,165; Dong cam = -0,139; Giiip dd - -0,043).
Ket qua nay la gpi y vh viec sii dung cac bien tac ddng lam thay doi hanh vi bao lire cua hpc sinh. Vi vay, trong viec giam thieu hanh vi bao lire d hpc sinh tai trudng hpc, c4n phai danh sir uu tien cho su giao due tinh yeu thuang con ngudi ciia cha me ddi vdi con cai, bang vice nhac nhd cac em nhan thiic ve tinh yeu thuang va khuyen khieh cac em the hien su quan tam, chia se tinh cam ddi vdi ngudi khac khdng chi b§ng thai dp ma phai bang hanh dpng cu the.
Tom lai, ket qua nghien ciiu ndi len nhung diem chinh sau:
1/ O tat ca cac hanh vi bao lire deu cd sir thuc hien ciia hpc sinh, tuy nhien d mirc dp thap, trong dd gpi ban bang biet hieu, chiri, cai nhau, cd y lam cho ngudi khac dau long la nhirng hanh vi xay ra nhieu nhat; nhan tin, de dpa dua thdng tin len mang vdi muc dich nham bdi nhp la hanh vi it xay ra nhat. Mac dii cac hanh vi bao luc xay ra vdi mirc thap nhung so lupng hpc sinh thuc hien nhieu hanh vi bao luc la dang liru y. Dii hanh vi nao, nhieu hay it thi deu cd kha nang anh hudng tdi tam ly ciia nan nhan.
2/ Khdng nhan thay co su khac biet ve hanh vi bao lire theo cae bien sd gidi tinh, thanh pho, dac diem cha me va gia dinh. Co mpt khuon mau trong hanh vi bao lire cua hpc sinh trong trudng hpc.
3/ Neu cha me giao due ve tinh yeu thucmg cho con cai cang nhieu thi hanh vi bao luc hpc dudng ciia hpc sinh cang giam. Tuong tu, khi hpc sinh cang the hien sir giiip da va su ddng cam ddi vdi ngudi khac Ihi cang it thuc hien hanh vi bao luc.
4/ D6 giam thieu hanh vi bao lire d hpc sinh trong trudng hoc, cha me can giao due, nang cao nhan thire eho cac em ve linh yeu thuang va khuyen khieh eac em the hien su quan tam, chia se tinh cam doi vdi ngudi khac khong chi bang thai dp ma phai bang hanh dpng cu the.
Chu thich
Bai viet sir dung du lieu ciia dc tai cap Bp 2016, Thdi do vd cam cua tre vi thanh nien irong gia dinh do Vien Tam ly hoc chii tri, PGS.TS. Phan Thi Mai Hircmg lam chu nhiem.
Tai lieu tham khao
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2. Trin Thi Minh Diic, Hdnh vi gdy hdn phdn tich tir goc do Tdm ly hgc xd hoi, NXB Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi, 2010.
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